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1) Two thousand years ago, Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) held that the earth
was a fixed center of the universe round which the moon, the sun,
planets, and stars revolve in circular orbits.
8) In 1970s, Hawking and Penrose proved that the universe must, per
necessity, have a beginning, known in mathematics as the point of
singularity, where density takes the value of infinity . Nevertheless,
science has not been able to reveal what the first moment of the life of the
universe was like. The popular model now assumes that immediately
after the emergence of the universe, it was a fireball of an extreme density
and temperature. Then the fireball began to expand, while its temperature
dropped rapidly forming what is known as "radiation soup".
In the early fractions of the first moment, the universe was so hot that
the temperature reached millions of billions of degrees. It consisted of a
mixture of matter and radiation where photons collided, forming
elementary particles such as protons and neutrons. These particles
neutralized each other, transforming into energy in about 3 minutes and
46 seconds the temperature dropped to about 900 million degrees. So,
protons and neutrons began to intermingle forming simple stable atoms
(such as heavy hydrogen). In the following hundreds of thousands of
years, the matter of the universe became hot and opaque like the star core.
After 700,000 years the temperature dropped to 3000 degrees and
electrons and protons were fused, forming stable helium atoms. There
were no longer electrons where photons diffused. The universe became
permeable to photons. Matter and energy were no longer interfused.
Rather, they developed independent of one another.
About one billion years after the 'Big Bang', stars and galaxies began
to be formed. Matter inside stars grew again and started to radiate due to
the occurrence of nuclear reactions which formed the heavier elements.
These, in turn, were the source which developed later into the heavenly
bodies we are now able to see and observe.
On the other hand, the Qur'anic ayah states that the heavens and
earth were joined together (the Qur'anic term is "Ratq", in the sense of
union). Taking into account the evolution of the universe since its birth,
we will find the first event was the separation of matter and radiation
when the universe was about 100 thousand years old. At that time, matter
was formed of nuclei of hydrogen, helium, and some other elements as
well as cluster floating in the 'radiation soup'. In this form of matter
during the universe's infancy was the origin of all kinds of materials that
exist now in the universe whether on earth, or overhead in the sky.
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