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YamamotoTsunetomo
FromWikiquote
YamamotoTsunetomo(12June16591719)wasasamuraiof
theSagadomainintheHizenProvinceofJapan,famousforhis
sayingsinHagakure[IntheShadowofLeaves],acontroversial
expositionofhisviewsonBushido(the"WayoftheWarrior").
HeisalsoknownasYamamotoJocho,thenamehetookafter
becomingamonk.

Hagakure(c.1716)
HagakureIntheShadowofLeaves(alsotranslatedasHidden
bytheLeaves,HiddenbehindtheLeaves,andHiddenLeavesalso
knownasHagakureKikigaki)sayingstranscribed(c.1716)
bythesamuraiscribeTsuramotoTashirovarioustranslations,but
primarilydrawingonthatofWilliamScottWilson(1979).ISBN

Thereissurelynothingotherthanthe
singlepurposeofthepresentmoment....
Livebeingtruetothesinglepurposeof
themoment.

4770011067

Prologue
Theelevenvolumesofthisbookaretobeburnedaftertheyareread.Therearesomepeopleinthis
bookwhoarestillaliveandthisbookmayangerthem,somakesurethebookisburned.Tsunetomo
saidthisrepeatedly.
Chapter1
AlthoughitstandstoreasonthatasamuraishouldbemindfuloftheWayoftheSamurai,it
wouldseemthatweareallnegligent.Consequently,ifsomeoneweretoask,"Whatisthetrue
meaningoftheWayoftheSamurai?"thepersonwhowouldbeabletoanswerpromptlyisrare.This
isbecauseithasnotbeenestablishedinone'smindbeforehand.Fromthis,one'sunmindfulnessofthe
Waycanbeknown.
Negligenceisanextremething.
AstranslatedbyWilliamScottWilson
TheWayoftheSamuraiisfoundindeath.Whenitcomestoeither/or,thereisonlythequick
choiceofdeath.Itisnotparticularlydifficult.Bedeterminedandadvance.Tosaythatdying
withoutreachingone'saimistodieadog'sdeathisthefrivolouswayofsophisticates.Whenpressed
withthechoiceoflifeordeath,itisnotnecessarytogainone'saim.
Weallwanttolive.Andinlargepartwemakeourlogicaccordingtowhatwelike.Butnot
havingattainedouraimandcontinuingtoliveiscowardice.Thisisathindangerousline.Todie
withoutgainingone'saimisadog'sdeathandfanaticism.Butthereisnoshameinthis.Thisisthe
substanceoftheWayoftheSamurai.Ifbysettingone'sheartrighteverymorningandevening,
oneisabletoliveasthoughhisbodywerealreadydead,hegainsfreedomintheWay.His
wholelifewillbewithoutblame,andhewillsucceedinhiscalling.
AstranslatedbyWilliamScottWilson.Thisfirstsentenceofthispassagewasusedasa
militarysloganduringtheearly20thcenturytoencouragesoldierstothrowthemselvesinto
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battle.Varianttranslations:
Bushidoisrealisedinthepresenceofdeath.Inthecaseofhavingtochoosebetween
lifeanddeathyoushouldchoosedeath.Thereisnootherreasoning.Moveonwith
determination.Tosaydyingwithoutattainingonesaimisafoolishsacrificeoflifeis
theflippantattitudeofthesophisticatesintheKamigataarea.Insuchacaseitis
difficulttomaketherightjudgement.Noonelongsfordeath.Wecanspeculateon
whateverwelike.Butifwelivewithouthavingattainingthataim,wearecowards.
ThisisanimportantpointandthecorrectpathoftheSamurai.Whenwecalmlythinkof
deathmorningandeveningandareindespair,Weareabletogainfreedominthe
wayoftheSamurai.Onlythencanwefulfilourdutywithoutmakingmistakesin
life.
BytheWayofthewarriorismeantdeath.TheWayofthe
warriorisdeath.Thismeanschoosingdeathwheneverthere
isachoicebetweenlifeanddeath.Itmeansnothingmore
thanthis.Itmeanstoseethingsthrough,beingresolved.
IhavefoundthattheWayofthesamuraiisdeath.This
meansthatwhenyouarecompelledtochoosebetweenlife
anddeath,youmustquicklychoosedeath.
ThewayoftheSamuraiisindeath.
IhavefoundtheessenceofBushido:todie!
Accordingtotheirnature,therearebothpeoplewhohavequick
intelligence,andthosewhomustwithdrawandtaketimetothinkthings
over.
Itisdifficultforafool'shabitstochangetoselflessness....Becausewe
domostthingsrelyingonlyonourownsagacitywebecomeself
interested,turnourbacksonreason,andthingsdonotturnoutwell.
Asseenbyotherpeoplethisissordid,weak,narrowandinefficient.
Whenoneisnotcapableoftrueintelligence,itisgoodtoconsultwith
someoneofgoodsense.AnadvisorwillfulfilltheWaywhenhemakesa
decisionbyselflessandfrankintelligencebecauseheisnotpersonally
involved.Thiswayofdoingthingswillcertainlybeseenbyothersas
beingstronglyrooted.Itis,forexample,likealargetreewithmanyroots.
Oneman'sintelligenceislikeatreethathasbeensimplystuckinthe
ground.
Welearnaboutthesayingsanddeedsofthemenofoldinordertoentrust
ourselvestotheirwisdomandpreventselfishness.Whenwethrowoffour
ownbias,followthesayingsoftheancients,andconferwithotherpeople,
mattersshouldgowellandwithoutmishap.
Varianttranslation:Whenallyourjudgementsarebasedonyour
ownwisdom,youtendtowardsselfishnessandfailbystraying
fromtherightpath.Yourownjudgementsarenarrowmindedand
havenopersuasivepowerorgrowthforothers.Itisbesttoconsult
awisemanwhenafitdecisiondoesnotoccurtoyou.Awiseman
isafairjudgefromanobjectivepointofview.Heispassing
judgementforthebenefitofothers,notforhisownsake.A
judgementpassedusingonlyone'sownwisdomisjustlike
thrustingastickintothegroundandexpectingittogrow!
Togiveapersonone'sopinionandcorrecthisfaultsisanimportant
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TheWayoftheSamurai
isfoundindeath...Itis
notparticularly
difficult.Bedetermined
andadvance.

Itisveryimportantto
giveadvicetoamanto
helphimmendhis
ways.Itisa
compassionateand
importantduty.
However,itisextremely
difficulttocomprehend
howthisadviceshould
begiven.
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thing.Itiscompassionateandcomesfirstinmattersofservice.Butthewayofdoingthisis
extremelydifficult.Todiscoverthegoodandbadpointsofapersonisaneasything,andtogivean
opinionconcerningthemiseasy,too.Forthemostpart,peoplethinkthattheyarebeingkindby
sayingthethingsthatothersfinddistastefulordifficulttosay.Butifitisnotreceivedwell,theythink
thatthereisnothingmoretobedone.Thisiscompletelyworthless.Itisthesameasbringingshame
toapersonbyslanderinghim.Itisnothingmorethangettingitoffone'schest.
Togiveapersonanopiniononemustfirstjudgewellwhetherthatpersonisofthedisposition
toreceiveitornot.Onemustbecomeclosewithhimandmakesurethathecontinuallytrusts
one'sword.Approachingsubjectsthataredeartohim,seekthebestwaytospeakandtobe
wellunderstood.Judgetheoccasion,anddeterminewhetheritisbetterbyletteroratthetimeof
leavetaking.Praisehisgoodpointsanduseeverydevicetoencouragehim,perhapsbytalking
aboutone'sownfaultswithouttouchingonhis,butsothattheywilloccurtohim.Havehim
receivethisinthewaythatamanwoulddrinkwaterwhenhisthroatisdry,anditwillbeanopinion
thatwillcorrectfaults.
Thisisextremelydifficult.Ifaperson'sfaultisahabitofsomeyearsprior,byandlargeitwon'tbe
remedied.Ihavehadthisexperiencemyself.Tobeintimatewithallone'scomrades,correctingeach
other'sfaults,andbeingofonemindtobeofusetothemasteristhegreatcompassionofaretainer.
Bybringingshametoaperson,howcouldoneexpecttomakehimabetterman?
Varianttranslation:
Itisveryimportanttogiveadvicetoamantohelphimmendhisways.Itisa
compassionateandimportantduty.However,itisextremelydifficulttocomprehendhow
thisadviceshouldbegiven.Itiseasytorecognisethegoodandbadpointsinothers.
Generallyitisconsideredakindnessinhelpingpeoplewiththingstheyhateorfinddifficultto
say.However,oneimpracticalityisthatifpeopledonottakeinthisadvicetheywillthinkthat
thereisnothingtheyshouldchange.Thesameapplieswhenwetrytocreateshameinothersby
speakingbadlyofthem.Itseemsoutwardlythatwearejustcomplainingaboutthem.Onemust
gettoknowthepersoninquestion.Keepafterhimandgethimtoputhistrustinyou.Findout
whatinterestshehas.Whenyouwritetohimorbeforeyoupartcompany,youshouldexpress
concreteexamplesofyourownfaultsandgethimtorecalltomindwhetherornothehasthe
sameproblems.Alsopositivelypraisehisqualities.Itisimportantthathetakesinyour
commentslikeamanthirstingforwater.Itisdifficulttogivesuchadvice.Wecannoteasily
correctourdefectsandweakpointsastheyaredyeddeeplywithinus.Ihavehadbitter
experienceofthis.
Allofman'sworkisabloodybusiness.Thatfact,today,isconsidered
foolish,affairsarefinishedcleverlywithwordsalone,andjobsthat
requireeffortareavoided.Iwouldlikeyoungmentohavesome
understandingofthis.
Tohateinjusticeandstandonrighteousnessisadifficultthing.
Furthermore,tothinkthatbeingrighteousisthebestonecandoand
todoone'sutmosttoberighteouswill,onthecontrary,bringmany
mistakes.TheWayisinahigherplacethanrighteousness.Thisisvery
difficulttodiscover,butitisthehighestwisdom.Whenseenfromthis
standpoint,thingslikerighteousnessarerathershallow.Ifonedoesnot
understandthisonhisown,itcannotbeknown.Thereisamethodof
gettingtothisWay,however,evenifonecannotdiscoveritbyhimself.
Thisisfoundinconsultationwithothers.Evenapersonwhohasnot
attainedthisWayseesothersfromtheside.Itislikethesayingfromthe
gameofgo:"Hewhoseesfromthesidehaseighteyes."Thesaying,
"Thoughtbythoughtweseeourownmistakes,"alsomeansthatthe
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Wecannoteasilycorrect
ourdefectsandweak
pointsastheyaredyed
deeplywithinus.
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highestWayisindiscussionwithothers.
Acertainswordsmaninhisdecliningyearssaidthefollowing:Inone's
life.therearelevelsinthepursuitofstudy.Inthelowestlevel,aperson
studiesbutnothingcomesofit,andhefeelsthatbothheandothersare
unskillful.Atthispointheisworthless.Inthemiddlelevelheisstill
uselessbutisawareofhisowninsufficienciesandcanalsoseethe
insufficienciesofothers.Inahigherlevelhehasprideconcerninghis
ownability,rejoicesinpraisefromothers,andlamentsthelackofability
inhisfellows.Thismanhasworth.Inthehighestlevelamanhasthe
Throughoutyourlife
lookofknowingnothing.Thesearethelevelsingeneral.Butthereis
advancedaily,becoming
onetranscendinglevel,andthisisthemostexcellentofall.This
moreskillfulthan
personisawareoftheendlessnessofenteringdeeplyintoacertain
yesterday,moreskillful
Wayandneverthinksofhimselfashavingfinished.Hetrulyknows
thantoday.Thisis
hisowninsufficienciesandneverinhiswholelifethinksthathehas
neverending.
succeeded.Hehasnothoughtsofpridebutwithselfabasementknows
theWaytotheend.ItissaidthatMasterYagyuonceremarked,"Idonot
knowthewaytodefeatothers,butthewaytodefeatmyself."Throughoutyourlifeadvancedaily,
becomingmoreskillfulthanyesterday,moreskillfulthantoday.Thisisneverending.
AmongthemaximsonLordNaoshige'swalltherewasthisone:"Mattersofgreatconcernshouldbe
treatedlightly."Masterltteicommented,"Mattersofsmallconcernshouldbetreatedseriously."
Amongone'saffairsthereshouldnotbemorethantwoorthreemattersofwhatonecouldcallgreat
concern.Ifthesearedeliberateduponduringordinarytimes,theycanbeunderstood.Thinking
aboutthingspreviouslyandthenhandlingthemlightlywhenthetimecomesiswhatthisisall
about.
Thewayofrevengeliesinsimplyforcingone'swayintoaplaceandbeingcutdown.Thereisno
shameinthis.Bythinkingthatyoumustcompletethejobyouwillrunoutoftime.Byconsidering
thingslikehowmanymentheenemyhas,timepilesupintheendyouwillgiveup.Nomatterifthe
enemyhasthousandsofmen,thereisfulfillmentinsimplystandingthemoffandbeingdeterminedto
cutthemalldown,startingfromoneend.Youwillfinishthegreaterpartofit.
ConcerningthenightassaultofLordAsano'sronin,thefactthattheydidnotcommitseppukuatthe
Sengakujiwasanerror,fortherewasalongdelaybetweenthetimetheirlordwasstruckdownand
thetimewhentheystruckdowntheenemy.IfLordKirahaddiedofillnesswithinthatperiod,it
wouldhavebeenextremelyregrettable.
CommentaryonthetaleofTheFortySevenSamurai(orthe"FortysevenRonin",orAk
Rshi,theAk"vendetta"),emphasizinghisviewthatBushidodemandspromptaction,and
notdelay,orconcernaboutsuccessandfailure.Variant:"Whatif,ninemonthsafterAsano's
death,Kirahaddiedofanillness?"
Althoughallthingsarenottobejudgedinthismanner,Imentionitintheinvestigationofthe
WayoftheSamurai.Whenthetimecomes,thereisnomomentforreasoning.Andifyouhave
notdoneyourinquiringbeforehand,thereismostoftenshame.Readingbooksandlisteningto
people'stalkareforthepurposeofpriorresolution.
Aboveall,theWayoftheSamuraishouldbeinbeingawarethatyoudonotknowwhatisgoing
tohappennext,andinqueryingeveryitemdayandnight.Victoryanddefeataremattersofthe
temporaryforceofcircumstances.
Therearetwothingsthatwillblemisharetainer,andthesearerichesandhonor.Ifonebutremainsin
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strainedcircumstances,hewillnotbemarred.
Oncetherewasacertainmanwhowasveryclever,butitwashis
charactertoalwaysseethenegativepointsofhisjobs.Insuchaway,one
willbeuseless.
Itisnotgoodtosettleintoasetofopinions.Itisamistaketoput
fortheffortandobtainsomeunderstandingandthenstopatthat.At
firstputtingforthgreatefforttobesurethatyouhavegraspedthebasics,
thenpracticingsothattheymaycometofruitionissomethingthatwill
neverstopforyourwholelifetime.Donotrelyonfollowingthedegree
ofunderstandingthatyouhavediscovered,butsimplythink,"Thisis
notenough."
Oneshouldsearchthroughouthiswholelifehowbesttofollowthe
Way.Andheshouldstudy,settinghismindtoworkwithoutputting
thingsoff.WithinthisistheWay.

Aboveall,theWayof
theSamuraishouldbe
inbeingawarethatyou
donotknowwhatis
goingtohappennext,
andinqueryingevery
itemdayandnight...

Incarefullyscrutinizingtheaffairsofthepast,wefindthattherearemany
differentopinionsaboutthem,andthattherearesomethingsthatare
quiteunclear.Itisbettertoregardsuchthingsasunknowable.
Itisnaturalthatonecannotunderstanddeepandhiddenthings.Those
thingsthatareeasilyunderstoodarerathershallow.
Intheeyesofmercy,nooneshouldhavehatefulthoughts.Feelpity
forthemanwhoisevenmoreatfault.Theareaandsizeofmercyis
limitless.
Militaryaffairsarenotmattersforonepersonalone,regardlessof
howusefulhetriestobe.Moneyissomethingthatonecanborrowfrom
people,butagoodmancannotsuddenlybecomeby.Oneshouldsustain
amankindlyandwellfromthefirst.Andinhavingretainersitwillnotdo
tonourishoneselfalone.Ifyoudividewhatyouhaveandfeedyourlower
ranks,youwillbeabletoholdgoodmen.
Apersonwhoisdiscreetinspeakingwillbeusefulduringthegoodtimes
andwillavoidpunishmentduringthebad.
Itisnaturalthatone

Forasamurai,asimplewordisimportantnomatterwherehemay
cannotunderstanddeep
be.Byjustonesinglewordmartialvalorcanbemadeapparent.In
andhiddenthings.
peacefultimeswordsshowone'sbravery.Introubledtimes,too,one
Thosethingsthatare
knowsthatbyasinglewordhisstrengthorcowardicecanbeseen.
easilyunderstoodare
Thissinglewordistheflowerofone'sheart.Itisnotsomethingsaid
rathershallow.
simplywithone'smouth.
Awarriorshouldnotsaysomethingfaintheartedevencasually.He
shouldsethismindtothisbeforehand.Evenintriflingmattersthedepthsofone'sheartcanbe
seen.
Whendiscussingthingswithsomeone,itisbesttospeakappropriatelyaboutwhateverthesubject
maybe.Nomatterhowgoodwhatyouaresayingmightbe,itwilldampentheconversationifitis
irrelevant.
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Whensomeoneisgivingyouhisopinion,youshouldreceiveitwithdeepgratitudeeventhough
itisworthless.Ifyoudon't,hewillnottellyouthethingsthathehasseenandheardaboutyou
again.Itisbesttobothgiveandreceiveopinionsinafriendlyway.
Thereisasayingthatgreatgeniusmatureslate.Ifsomethingisnotbroughttofruitionoveraperiod
oftwentytothirtyyears,itwillnotbeofgreatmerit.Whenaretainerisofamindtodohiswork
hurriedly,hewillintrudeupontheworkofothersandwillbesaidtobeyoungbutable.Hewill
becomeoverenthusiasticandwillbeconsideredratherrude.
Ifyouareslaininbattle,youshouldberesolvedtohaveyourcorpsefacingtheenemy.
IfeveryonewereinaccordandleftthingstoProvidence,theirheartswouldbeatease.Iftheyarenot
inaccord,thoughtheywoulddoactsofrighteousness,theylackloyalty.
Thereisnotamanwhodoesnotgetsenilebythetimehereachessixty.Andwhenonethinksthathe
willnotbesenile,heisalreadyso.
Ifoneisbutsecureatthefoundation,hewillnotbepainedbydeparturefromminordetailsor
affairsthatarecontrarytoexpectation.Butintheend,thedetailsofamatterareimportant.
Therightandwrongofone'swayofdoingthingsarefoundintrivialmatters.
Chapter2
Thesupremestyleofloveisunknownlove.Iftheaffectionisknownbythebeloved,thatloveis
snob.Ifyousacrificeyourlifeforthebeloved,andsherecognisesyourloveafteryoudie,yoursoul
wouldbeappraised.
Afaultlesspersonisonewhowithdrawsfromaffairs.Thismustbedonewithstrength.
Thereissurelynothingotherthanthesinglepurposeofthepresent
moment.Aman'swholelifeisasuccessionofmomentaftermoment.
Ifonefullyunderstandsthepresentmoment,therewillbenothing
elsetodo,andnothingelsetopursue.Livebeingtruetothesingle
purposeofthemoment.
Everyoneletsthepresentmomentslipby,thenlooksforitasthoughhe
thoughtitweresomewhereelse.
Totalkaboutotherpeople'saffairsisagreatmistake.Topraisethem,too,
isunfttting.Inanyevent,itisbesttoknowyourownabilitywell,toput
fortheffortinyourendeavors,andtobediscreetinspeech.
Theheartofavirtuouspersonhassettleddownandhedoesnotrush
aboutatthings.Apersonoflittlemeritisnotatpeacebutwalks
aboutmakingtroubleandisinconflictwithall.
Itisagoodviewpointtoseetheworldasadream.Whenyouhave
somethinglikeanightmare,youwillwakeupandtellyourselfthatitwas
onlyadream.Itissaidthattheworldweliveinisnotabitdifferentfrom
this.

Everyoneletsthe
presentmomentslipby,
thenlooksforitas
thoughhethoughtit
weresomewhereelse.

Peoplewithintelligencewilluseittofashionthingsbothtrueandfalseandwilltrytopushthrough
whatevertheywantwiththeircleverreasoning.Thisisinjuryfromintelligence.Nothingyoudowill
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haveeffectifyoudonotusetruth.
Inaffairslikelawsuitsoreveninarguments,bylosingquicklyonewillloseinfinefashion.Itislike
sumo.Ifonethinksonlyofwinning,asordidvictorywillbeworsethanadefeat.Forthemost
part,itbecomesasqualiddefeat.
Feelingdeeplythedifferencebetweenoneselfandothers,bearingillwillandfallingoutwith
peoplethesethingscomefromaheartthatlackscompassion.Ifonewrapsupeverything
withaheartofcompassion,therewillbenocomingintoconflictwithpeople.
Apersonwhoknowsbutalittlewillputonanairofknowledge.Thisisamatterofinexperience.
Whensomeoneknowssomethingwell,itwillnotbeseeninhismanner.
Chapter10
Thebasicmeaningofetiquetteistobequickatboththebeginningandendandtranquilinthe
middle.
Aseverythinginthisworldisbutasham,Deathistheonlysincerity.
Chapter11
Ifawarriorisnotunattachedtolifeanddeath,hewillbeofnousewhatsoever.Thesayingthat"All
abilitiescomefromonemind"soundsasthoughithastodowithsentientmatters,butitisinfacta
matterofbeingunattachedtolifeanddeath.Withsuchnonattachmentonecanaccomplishanyfeat.
Meditationoninevitabledeathshouldbeperformeddaily.Everyday
whenone'sbodyandmindareatpeace,oneshouldmeditateuponbeing
rippedapartbyarrows,rifles,spearsandswords,beingcarriedawayby
surgingwaves,beingthrownintothemidstofagreatfire,beingstruckby
lightning,beingshakentodeathbyagreatearthquake,fallingfrom
thousandfootcliffs,dyingofdiseaseorcommittingseppukuatthedeath
ofone'smaster.Andeverydaywithoutfailoneshouldconsiderhimself
asdead.
Thereisasayingoftheelders'thatgoes,"Stepfromundertheeavesand
you'readeadman.Leavethegateandtheenemyiswaiting."Thisisnot
amatterofbeingcareful.Itistoconsideroneselfasdeadbeforehand.
Peoplewillbecomeyourenemiesifyoubecomeeminenttooquicklyin
life,andyouwillbeineffectual.Risingslowlyintheworld,peoplewill
beyouralliesandyourhappinesswillbeassured.
Inthelongrun,whetheryouarefastorslow,aslongasyouhavepeople's
understandingtherewillbenodanger.Itissaidthatfortunethatisurged
uponyoufromothersisthemosteffective.

Everydaywithoutfail
oneshouldconsider
himselfasdead.

LateNightIdleTalk
Althoughitisunfittingforsomeonelikemetosaythis,indyingitismyhopenottobecomea
Buddha.Rather,mywillispermeatedwiththeresolutiontohelpmanagetheaffairsofthe
province,thoughIberebornasaNabeshimasamuraiseventimes.Oneneedsneithervitalitynor
talent.Inaword,itisamatterofhavingthewilltoshouldertheclanbyoneself.
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Howcanonehumanbeingbeinferiortoanother?Inallmattersofdiscipline,onewillbeuselessunlesshe
hasgreatpride.Unlessoneisdeterminedtomovetheclanbyhimself,allhisdisciplinewillcometo
naught.Although,likeateakettle,itiseasyforone'senthusiasmtocool,thereisawaytokeepthisfrom
happening.Myownvowsarethefollowing:
NeverbeoutdoneintheWayoftheSamurai.
Tobeofgoodusetothemaster.
Tobefilialtowardmyparents.
Tomanifestgreatcompassion,andtoactforthesakeofMan.
IfonededicatesthesefourvowstothegodsandBuddhaseverymorning,hewillhavethestrengthof
twomenandwillneverslipbackward.Onemustedgeforwardliketheinchworm,bitbybit.The
godsandBuddhas,too,firststartedwithavow.

Externallinks
HagakureKikigaki:OratedAphorismsofYamamotoJocho
(http://www.hyoho.com/Hagakure1.html)
Hagakure:TheBookoftheSamurai
(http://web.archive.org/19991106065029/www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Towers/9151/hagakure.htm)
ZenandtheArtofDivebombing,orTheDarkSideoftheTao
(http://www.friesian.com/divebomb.htm)byKelleyL.Ross,Ph.D.(http://www.friesian.com/ross/)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Yamamoto_Tsunetomo&oldid=1679048"
Categories: Martialartists Philosophers 1710sdeaths
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon7February2014,at14:05.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.

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