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DYNAMICS
- The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in motion
BRANCHES OF DYNAMICS
KINEMATICS
- The geometry of motion. This term is used to define the motion of a
particle or body without consideration of the forces causing the
motion. It is essentially a treatment of the relations between
displacement; velocity and acceleration.
KINETICS
- The branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on the body
to its mass and acceleration.
NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION
1 A body at rest will remain to be at rest or in motion will remain in
motion along a straight path unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
2 A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an
acceleration in line with and directly proportional to the resultant of
the force system and inversely proportional to its mass.
a=
kF
M
or F= Ma
Rotation
The motion of rigid body in which the particles move in circular
paths with their centers on a fixed straight line called the axis of
rotation.
III
Plane Motion
- The motion of rigid body in which all particles in the body remain at
a constant distance from the fixed reference plane.
TRANSLATION:
Elements:
S = distance
v = velocity
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Vo = initial velocity
t = time
RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
Uniform Motion ( constant acceleration )
s=vt
Variable Acceleration
ds=vdt
dv=adt
vdv=ads
where a maybe a function of velocity v, time t, or distance s, and v maybe
a function of time t or distance s.
Constant Acceleration
Free Falling Body (Vo=o, s=h)
V= Vo + at
v=gt
S= Vot + at2
h= gt2
V2= Vo2 + 2as
v2=2gh
FREE FALLING BODIES
Rectilinear Motion with Variable Acceleration
dV
a= dT
dS
v= dT
ads = vdv
=0 + 24t
=24(3)
a=72 ft/sec2
dV
vo
adT
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ds=vdT
dS
so
vdT
dS =
so
vdT
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= 20t 4.905 t2
S1-S2=30
(30t 4.905 t2) - (20t 4.905 t2) =30
10t=30
t=3 sec
S2= Vo(3) - 4.905(3)2
S2= 45.86 m
2. A man standing @ window 5m tall watches a falling stone pass by the
window in 0.3 sec. From how high above the top of the window way the
stone released?
S2= Vot + gt2
5= Vo(0.3) + (9.81)(0.3)2
Vo=15.20 m/s
S = 5m
t=0.3s
V2=2gh
15.202=2(9.81)h
h=11.77 m
The Centripetal Force and Direction Change
As a bucket of water is
tied to a string and spun
in a circle, the tension
force acting upon the
bucket
provides
the
centripetal force required
for circular motion.
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circular motion.
There are three mathematical quantities that will be of primary interest to
us as we analyze the motion of objects in circles. These three quantities
are speed, acceleration and force. The speed of an object moving in a
circle is given by the following equation.
The equation on the right (above) is derived from the equation on the left
by the substitution of the expression for speed.
The net force (Fnet) acting upon an object moving in circular motion is
directed inwards. While there may by more than one force acting upon the
object, the vector sum of all of them should add up to the net force. In
general, the inward force is larger than the outward force (if any) such
that the outward force cancels and the unbalanced force is in the direction
of the center of the circle. The net force is related to the acceleration of
the object (as is always the case) and is thus given by the following three
equations:
The equations in the middle (above) and on the right (above) are derived
from the equation on the left by the substitution of the expressions for
acceleration.
Sample Problem #1
A 900-kg car moving at 10 m/s takes a turn around a circle with a radius of
25.0 m. Determine the acceleration and the net force acting upon the car.
The solution of this problem begins with the identification of the known
and requested information.
Known Information:
R = 25.0 m
m = 900 kg
v = 10.0 m/s
Requested Information:
a = ????
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Fnet = ????
Answer with
Explanation
Example Problem.
1. Apply the work equation to determine the amount of work done by the
applied force in each of the three situations described below.
Example Problems.
1. A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along an
inclined plane to the height of a seat-top. If the mass of the loaded cart is
3.0 kg and the height of the seat top is 0.45 meters, then what is the
potential energy of the loaded cart at the
height of the seat-top?
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion whether it is vertical or horizontal motion - has kinetic energy. There are
many forms of kinetic energy - vibrational (the energy due to vibrational
motion), rotational (the energy due to rotational motion), and translational
(the energy due to motion from one location to another). To keep matters
simple, we will focus upon translational kinetic energy. The amount of
translational kinetic energy (from here on, the phrase kinetic energy will
refer to translational kinetic energy) that an object has depends upon two
variables: the mass (m) of the object and the speed (v) of the object. The
following equation is used to represent the kinetic energy (KE) of an
object.
Example Problems
1. Determine the kinetic energy of a 625-kg roller coaster car that is
moving with a speed of 18.3 m/s.
2. If the roller coaster car in the above problem were moving with twice
the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy?
3. Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling Brother's
Circus, had a kinetic energy of 12 000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of
water. If Missy's mass is 40 kg, then what is her speed?
Power
Power is the rate at which work is done. It is the work/time ratio.
Mathematically, it is computed using the following equation.
This new equation for power reveals that a powerful machine is both
strong (big force) and fast (big velocity). A powerful car engine is strong
and fast. A powerful piece of farm equipment is strong and fast. A
powerful weightlifter is strong and fast. A powerful lineman on a football
team is strong and fast. A machine that is strong enough to apply a big
Example Problems:
1. Two physics students, Will N. Andable and Ben Pumpiniron, are in the
weightlifting room. Will lifts the 100-pound barbell over his head 10 times
in one minute; Ben lifts the 100-pound barbell over his head 10 times in
10 seconds. Which student does the most work? ______________ Which
student delivers the most power? ______________
Explain your answers.
2. During a physics lab, Jack and Jill ran up a hill. Jack is twice as massive
as Jill; yet Jill ascends the same distance in half the time. Who did the
most work? ______________ Who delivered the most power? ______________
Explain your answers.
4. Your household's monthly electric bill is often expressed in kilowatthours. One kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy delivered by the flow
of l kilowatt of electricity for one hour. Use conversion factors to show how
many joules of energy you get when you buy 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity.
Momentum
Momentum is a commonly used term in sports. A team that has
the momentum is on the move and is going to take some effort to stop. A
team that has a lot of momentum is really on the move and is going to be
hard to stop. Momentum is a physics term; it refers to the quantity of
motion that an object has. A sports team that is on the move has the
momentum. If an object is in motion (on the move) then it has
momentum.
Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion." All objects have
mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in
motion. The amount of momentum that an object has is dependent upon
two variables: how much stuf is moving and how fast the stuf is moving.
Momentum depends upon the variables mass and velocity. In terms of an
equation, the momentum of an object is equal to the mass of the object
times the velocity of the object.
Momentum = mass velocity
In physics, the symbol for the quantity momentum is the lower case "p".
Thus, the above equation can be rewritten as
p=mv
where m is the mass and v is the velocity. The equation illustrates that
momentum is directly proportional to an object's mass and directly
proportional to the object's velocity.
The units for momentum would be mass units times velocity units. The
standard metric unit of momentum is the kgm/s. While the kgm/s is the
standard metric unit of momentum, there are a variety of other units that
are acceptable (though not conventional) units of momentum. Examples
include kgmi/hr, kgkm/hr, and gcm/s. In each of these examples, a
mass unit is multiplied by a velocity unit to provide a momentum unit.
This is consistent with the equation for momentum.
Exercises:
Express your understanding of the concept
momentum by answering the following questions.
1. Determine the momentum of a ...
a. 60-kg halfback moving eastward at 9 m/s.
b. 1000-kg car moving northward at 20 m/s.
c. 40-kg freshman moving southward at 2 m/s.
and
mathematics
of
Compare the velocities of these three players. How many times greater
are the velocity of the halfback and the velocity of the tight end than the
velocity of the lineman?
Which player has the greatest momentum? Explain.