Fluid Mechanics Chapter 3 Solution Guide

2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently

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31. A marked particle is released into a flow when t = 0,

and the pathline for a particle is shown. Draw the streakline,
and the streamline for the particle when t = 2 s and t = 4 s.
4m
t3s
6m
t4s
t2s
4m
pathline
60
t0
Solution
Since the streamlines have a constant direction for the time interval 0 t 6 3 s, the
pathline and streakline coincide with the streamline when t = 2 s as shown in Fig. a.
The pathline and streakline will coincide with the streamline until t = 3 s, after
which the streamline makes a sudden change in direction. Thus, the streamline of
the marked particle and the streakline when t = 4 s will be as shown in Fig. b.
marked
particle
streamline
4m
streakline
60
t=2s
(a)
marked
particle
streamline
streakline
60
4m
t=4s
(b)
267
6m
2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
32. The flow of a liquid is originally along the positive x axis

at 2 m>s for 3 s. If it then suddenly changes to 4 m>s along the
positive y axis for t 7 3 s, draw the pathline and streamline
for the first marked particle when t = 1 s and t = 4 s. Also,
draw the streaklines at these two times.
Solution
Since the streamlines have a constant direction along the positive x axis for the time
interval 0 t 6 3 s, the pathline and streakline coincide with the streamline when
t = 1 s as shown in Fig. a.
t=0
The pathline and streakline will coincide with the streamline until t = 3 s, after
which the streamline makes a sudden change in direction. Thus, the streamline and
pathline of the first marked particle and the streakline when t = 4 s will be as shown
in Fig. b.
pathline
t=1s
streamline
x
2m
first marked
particle
streakline
(a)
y
streamline
streakline
first marked
particle
t=4s
4m
t=0
x
t=3s
6m
pathline
t=4s
(b)
268
33. The flow of a liquid is originally along the positive

y axis at 3 m>s for 4 s. If it then suddenly changes to 2 m>s
along the positive x axis for t 7 4 s, draw the pathline and
streamline for the first marked particle when t = 2 s and
t = 6 s. Also, draw the streakline at these two times.
Solution
Since the streamlines have a constant direction along the positive y axis, 0 t 6 4 s,
the pathline and streakline coincide with the streamline when t = 2 s as shown
inFig. a.
The pathline and streakline will coincide with the streamline until t = 4 s, when
the streamline makes a sudden change in direction. The pathline, streamline, and
streakline are shown in Fig. b.
y
pathline
t=2s
streamline
first marked particle
streakline
6m
t=0
(a)
y
t=4s
pathline
t = 6 s streamline
first marked
particle
12 m
streakline
x
t=0
4m
(b)
269
*34. A two-dimensional flow field for a fluid be described

by V = [(2x + 1)i - (y + 3x)j] m>s, where x and y are in
meters. Determine the magnitude of the velocity of a
particle located at (2 m, 3 m), and its direction measured
counterclockwise from the x axis.
3m
Solution
2m
The velocity vector for a particle at x = 2 m and y = 3 m is

= [2(2) + 1]i - [3 + 3(2)]j

The magnitude of V is

= 5 5i - 9j 6 m>s
V = 2V x2 + V y2 = 2 ( 5 m>s ) 2 +
( - 9 m>s ) 2 = 10.3 m>s
Ans.
As indicated in Fig. a, the direction of V is defined by u = 360 - f, where
Thus,

Vx = 5 m/s
V = 5 (2x + 1)i - (y + 3x)j 6 m>s
f = tan-1 a
Vy
Vx
b = tan-1 a
9 m> s
5 m>s
Ans.
270
V
(a)
b = 60.95
u = 360 - 60.95 = 299
Vy = 9 m/s
35. A two-dimensional flow field for a liquid can be

described by V = 3 ( 5y2 - x ) i + (3x + y)j 4 m>s, where x
and y are in meters. Determine the magnitude of the
velocity of a particle located at (5 m, - 2 m), and its
direction measured counterclockwise from the x axis.
Solution
The velocity vector of a particle at x = 5 m and y = -2 m is
V =
=

5( 5y2 - x ) i +
3 5( - 2)2 - 5 4 i
Vy = 13 m/s
(3x + y)j6 m>s
+ 33(5) + ( - 2)4j
= 5 15i + 13j 6 m>s

Vx = 15 m/s
V = 2V x2 + V y2 = 2 ( 15 m>s ) 2 + ( 13 m>s ) 2 = 19.8 m>s
Ans.
(a)
As indicated in Fig. a, the direction of V is defined by

u = tan - 1 a
Vy
Vx
b = tan - 1 a
13 m>s
15 m>s
b = 40.9
Ans.
Ans:
V = 19.8 m>s
u = 40.9
271
36. The soap bubble is released in the air and rises with a
velocity of V = 3 (0.8x)i + ( 0.06t 2 ) j 4 m>s where x is meters
and t is in seconds. Determine the magnitude of the bubbles
velocity, and its directions measured counterclockwise from
the x axis, when t = 5 s, at which time x = 2 m and y = 3 m.
Draw its streamline at this instant.
v
u
Solution
The velocity vector of a particle at x = 2 m and the corresponding time t = 5 s is
5(0.8x)i
V =
3 0.8(2)i
+ ( 0.06t ) j6 m>s
+ 0.06(5)2 j4
= 5 1.6i + 1.5j 6 m>s

Vy = 1.5 m s
V = 2V x2 + V y2 = 2 ( 1.6 m>s ) 2 + ( 1.5 m>s ) 2 = 2.19 m>s
Vx = 1.6 m s
Ans.
(a)
As indicated in Fig. a, the direction of V is defined by

u = tan-1 a
Vy
Vx
b = tan-1 a
1.5 m>s
1.6 m>s
b = 43.2
Using the definition of the slope of the streamline and initial condition at x = 2 m,
y = 3 m.
dy
0.06t 2
v dy
= ;
=
dx
u dx
0.8x
Note that since we are finding the streamline, which represents a single instant in
time, t = 5 s, t is a constant.
y
L3 m
dy
t
L2 m
0.075dx
x
1
x
(y - 3) = 0.075 ln
2
2
t
y = a0.075t 2 ln
When t = 5 s,
y(m)
x
+ 3b m
2
6
5
4
x
y = 0.075 ( 52 ) ln a b + 3
2
x
y = c 1.875 ln a b + 3 d m
2
2
1
x(m)
0.5
y(m)
0.401
1.700
3.760
4.300
4.718
5.060
0 0.5 1
x(m)
(a)
The plot of the streamline is shown in Fig. a
Ans:
V = 2.19 m>s
u = 43.2
272
37. A flow field for a fluid described by u = (2 + y) m>s

and v = (2y) m>s, where y is in meters. Determine the
equation of the streamline that passes through point
(3m,2m), and find the velocity of a particle located at this
point. Draw this streamline.
Solution
As indicated in Fig a, the velocity V of a particle on the streamline is always directed
along the tangent of the streamline. Therefore,
y
v = 2y m/s
dy
= tan u
dx
dy
v
=
dx
u
u = (2 y) m/s
streamline
dy
2y
=
dx
2 + y
x
x
2 + y
dy =
dx
L 2y
L
ln y +
(a)
1
y = x + C
2
At point (3 m, 2 m), we obtain

ln(2) +
1
(2) = 3 + C
2
C = - 1.31
Thus,
ln y +
1
y = x - 1.31
2
ln y2 + y = 2x - 2.61
Ans.
At point (3 m, 2 m)
u = (2 + 2) m>s = 4 m>s S
v = 2(2) = 4 m>s c
The magnitude of the velocity is

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 4 m>s ) 2 + ( 4 m>s ) 2 = 5.66 m>s
Ans.
and its direction is

4 m>s
v
u = tan-1 a b = tan-1 a
b = 45
u
4 m>s
Ans.
Ans:
ln y2 + y = 2x - 2.61
V = 5.66 m>s
u = 45 a
273
*38. A two-dimensional flow field is described by

u = 1 x2 + 5 2 m>s and v = ( - 6xy) m>s. Determine the
(5 m, 1m), and find the velocity of a particle located at this
point. Draw this streamline.
Solution
y
As indicated in Fig a, the velocity V of a particle on the streamline is always directed

dy
= tan u
dx
streamline
u = (x2 + 5) m/s
dy
- 6xy
v
=
= 2
dx
u
x + 5
dy
L y
= -6
x
dx
2
x
L + 5
v = (6xy) m/s
(a)
At x = 5 m, y = 1 m. Then,
ln 1 = - 3 ln 3 (5)2 + 5 4 + C
C = 3 ln 30
ln y = - 3 ln ( x2 + 5 ) + 3 ln 30
ln y + ln ( x2 + 5 ) 3 = 3 ln 30
ln 3 y ( x2 + 5 ) 3 4 = ln 303
y ( x2 + 5 ) 3 = 303
y =
27 ( 103 )
( x2 + 5 ) 3
Ans.
At point (5 m, 1m),
u = ( 52 + 5 ) m>s = 30 m>s S
v = - 6(5)(1) = - 30 m>s = 30 m>s T

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 30 m>s ) 2 + ( 30 m>s ) 2 = 42.4 m>s
Ans.
And its direction is

x
x
ln y = - 3 ln ( x2 + 5 ) + C
Thus
30 m>s
v
u = tan-1 a b = tan-1 a
b = 45
u
30 m>s
Ans.
274
39. Particles travel within a flow field defined by

V = 3 2y2i + 4j 4 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the equation of the streamline passing through
point (1 m, 2 m), and find the velocity of a particle located
at this point. Draw this streamline.
Solution
As indicated in Fig. a, the velocity V of a particle on the streamline is always directed
v = 4 m/s
dy
= tan u
dx
y2 dy =
2dx
x
(a)
1 3
y = 2x + C
3
At x = 1 m, y = 2 m. Then
streamline
dy
v
4
=
= 2
dx
u
2y
L

u = 2y2 m/s
1 3
(2) = 2(1) + C
3
C =
2
3
Thus,
1 3
2
y = 2x +
3
3
y3 = 6x + 2
Ans.
At point (1 m, 2 m)
u = 2 ( 22 ) = 8 m>s S
v = 4 m>s c

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 8 m>s ) 2 + ( 4 m>s ) 2 = 8.94 m>s
Ans.

v
4
u = tan-1 a b = tan-1 a b = 26.6
u
8
Ans.
Ans:
y3 = 6x + 2
V = 8.94 m>s
u = 26.6 a
275
310. A ballon is released into the air from the origin and
carried along by the wind, which blows at a constant rate of
u = 0.5 m>s. Also, buoyancy and thermal winds cause the
balloon to rise at a rate of v = (0.8 + 0.6y) m>s. Determine
the equation of the streamline for the balloon, and draw this
streamline.
v
u
Solution
y v = (0.8 + 0.6y) m/s V

streamline
dy
= tan u
dx
u = 0.5 m/s
dy
0.8 + 0.6y
v
=
=
= 1.6 + 1.2y
dx
u
0.5
y
x
Since the balloon starts at y = 0, x = 0, using these values,
lna
x
dy
dx
=
L0 1.6 + 1.2y
L0
y
1
ln(1.6 + 1.2y) ` = x
1.2
0
1.6 + 1.2y
1.6
lna1 +
(a)
y(m)
b = 1.2x
y=
4 1.2x
( e 1) m
3
3
yb = 1.2x
4
1 +

3
y = e 1.2x
4
4
y = ( e 1.2x - 1 ) m
3
streamline
Ans.
Using this result, the streamline is shown in Fig. b.
x(m)
(b)
Ans:
y =
276
4 1.2x
(e - 1)
3
311. A ballon is released into the air from point (1 m, 0)

and carried along by the wind, which blows at a rate of
u = (0.8x) m>s. Also, buoyancy and thermal winds cause
the balloon to rise at a rate of v = (1.6 + 0.4y) m>s.
Determine the equation of the streamline for the balloon,
and draw this streamline.
v
u
Solution

v = (1.6 + 0.4y) m/s

V
dy
= tan u
dx
streamline
dy
1.6 + 0.4y
v
=
=
dx
u
0.8x

u = (0.8x) m/s
y
x
The balloon starts at point (1 m, 0).
x
dy
dx
=
1.6
+
0.4y
0.8x
L0
L1
(a)
y
y
x
1
1
ln(1.6 + 0.4y) ` =
ln x `
0.4
0.8
0
1
y = 4(x 1) m
1.6 + 0.4y
1
1
lna
b =
ln x
0.4
1.6
0.8
lna1 +
a1 +
1 2
yb = ln x
4
streamline
1 2
yb = x
4
y = 4 ( x1>2 - 1 ) m
Ans.
Using this result, the streamline is shown in Fig. b.
1m
(b)
Ans:
y = 4 ( x1>2 - 1 )
277
*312. A flow field is defined by u = (8y) m>s,

v = (6x) m>s where x and y are in meters. Determine the
(1 m, 2 m). Draw this streamline.
Solution
dy
= tan u
dx
dy
v
6x
=
=
dx
u
8y
8y dy =
2
v = (6x) m/s

u = (8y) m/s
streamline
6x dx
4y = 3x + C
x
4(2)2 = 3(1)2 + C

(a)
C = 13
Thus

4y2 = 3x2 + 13
Ans.
278
313. A flow field is defined by u = (3x) ft>s and

v = (6y) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine the
equation of the streamline passing through point (3 ft, 1 ft).
Draw this streamline.
Solution
v = (6y) ft/s
dy
= tan u
dx
dy
6y
v
=
=
dx
u
3x
streamline

u = (3x) ft/s
dy
dx
=
L 2y
L x

x
(a)
1
ln y = ln x + C
2
At x = 3 ft, y = 1 ft . Then
1
ln y = ln x - ln3
2
1
x
ln y = ln
2
3
x 2
ln y = lna b
3

y =
x2

9
Ans.
279
Ans:
y = x2 >9
314. A flow of water is defined by u = 5 m>s and

v = 8 m>s. If metal flakes are released into the flow at the
origin (0, 0), draw the streamlines and pathlines for these
particles.
Solution
Since the velocity V is constant, Fig. a, the streamline will be a straight line with
aslope.
dy
= tan u
dx

dy
v
8
=
=
dx
u
5
v = 8 m/s
V

streamline
pathline
u = 5 m/s
y = 1.6x + C
At x = 0, y = 0. Then
C = 0
(a)
Thus

Ans.
y = 1.6x
Since the direction of velocity V remains constant so does the streamline, and the
flow is steady. Therefore, the pathline coincides with the streamline and shares the
same equation.
Ans:
y = 1.6x
280
315. A flow field is defined by u = 3 8x> ( x2 + y2 ) 4 m>s

and v = 3 8y> ( x2 + y2 ) 4 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
point (1 m, 1 m). Draw this streamline.
Solution
dy
= tan u
dx

v=
) x 8y+ y ) m/s V
2
8y> ( x2 + y2 )
y
dy
v
=
=
=
dx
u
x
8x> ( x2 + y2 )
u=
) x 8y+ y ) m/s
2
streamline
x
dy
dx
=
L y
L x
y
ln x = C
x
(a)
y
= C
x
C = 1
Thus,
y
= 1
x
y = x
Ans.
Ans:
y = x
281
*316. A
velocity
components
of
fluid
has
u = 3 30>(2x + 1) 4 m>s and v = 2ty m>s where x and y
are in meters and t is in seconds. Determine the pathline
that passes through the point (2 m, 6 m) at time t = 2 s. Plot
this pathline for 0 x 4 m.
Solution
Since the velocity components are a function of time and position, the flow can be
classified as unsteady nonuniform flow. Because we are finding a pathline, t is not a
constant but a variable. We must first find equations relating x to t and y to t, and
then eliminate t. Using the definition of velocity
x
dx
30
(2x + 1)dx = 30
dt
= u =
;
dt
2x + 1
L2 m
L2 s
( x2 + x ) `
2m
= 30 t `
t
2s
x + x - 6 = 30(t - 2)
t =
1 2
( x + x + 54 )
30
(1)
y
t
dy
dy
= 2
tdt
= v = 2ty;
dt
L6 m y
L2 s
ln y `
ln
y
6m
= t2 `
y(m)
2s
y
= t2 - 4
6
y
2
= et - 4
6
2
y = 6e t
-4
50
40
(2)
Substitute Eq. (1) into Eq. (2),

y = 6e 900 (x
1
+ x + 54)2 - 4
Ans.
30
20
10
The plot of the pathline is shown in Fig. a.

x(m)
y(m)
2.81
3.58
6.00
13.90
48.24
282
3
(a)
x(m)
317. A
velocity
components
of
fluid
has
u = 3 30>(2x + 1) 4 m>s and v = (2ty) m>s where x and y
are in meters and t is in seconds. Determine the streamlines
that passes through point (1 m, 4 m) at times t = 1s, t = 2 s,
and t = 3 s. Plot each of these streamlines for 0 x 4 m.
Solution
classified as unsteady nonuniform. The slope of the streamline is
dy
dy
2ty
v
1
= ;
=
=
ty(2x + 1)
dx
u
dx
30>(2x + 1)
15
y
x
dy
1
=
t
(2x + 1)dx
15 L1 m
L4 m y
ln y `
ln
y
4m
x
1
t ( x2 + x ) `
15
1m
y
1
=
t ( x2 + x - 2 )
4
15
y = 4e t(x
+ x - 2) >15
y = 4e (x
+ x - 2) >15
For t = 1 s,
2

For t = 2 s,
y = 4e 2(x

For t = 3 s,
Ans.
+ x - 2) >15
Ans.
y(m)
45
y = 4e
(x2 + x - 2)>5
Ans.
40
The plot of these streamlines are shown in Fig. a
35
For t = 1 s
30
x(m)
y(m)
3.50
5.22
7.79
13.3
x(m)
y(m)
3.06
6.82
15.2
44.1
t=3s
t=2s
25
20
For t = 2 s
15
10
t=1s
For t = 3 s
x(m)
y(m)
2.68
8.90
29.6
146
x(m)
(a)
Ans:
2
For t = 1 s, y = 4e (x + x - 2)>15
2
(
For t = 2 s, y = 4e 2 x + x - 2)>15
(x2 + x - 2)>5
For t = 3 s, y = 4e
283
fluid
has
318. A
velocity
components
of
u = 3 30>(2x + 1) 4 m>s and v = (2ty) m>s where x and y
are in meters and t is in seconds. Determine the streamlines
that pass through point (2 m, 6 m) at times t = 2 s and
t = 5 s. Plot these streamlines for 0 x 4 m.
Solution
y(m)
For t = 2 s
t=5s
x(m)
y(m)
0
2.70
1
3.52
2
6.00
3
13.35
4
38.80
50
40
For t = 5 s
30
x(m)
y(m)
0
0.812
1
1.58
2
6.00
3
44.33
t=2s
4
638.06
20
10
Since the velocity components are a function of time and position the flow can be
classified as unsteady nonuniform. The slope of the streamline is
dy
dy
2ty
v
1
= ;
=
=
ty(2x + 1)
dx
u
dx
30>(2x + 1)
15
x(m)
(a)
Note that since we are finding the streamline, which represents a single instant in
time, either t = 2 s or t = 5 s, t is a constant.
y
x
dy
1
=
t
(2x + 1)dx
15 L2 m
L6 m y
ln y `
y
6m
ln
x
1
t ( x2 + x ) `
15
2m
y
1
=
t ( x2 + x - 6 )
6
15
y = 6e 15 t(x
1
+ x - 6)
For t = 2 s,

y = 6e 15 (x
2
+ x - 6)
Ans.
For t = 5 s,

y = 6e 3 (x
1
+ x - 6)
Ans.
The plots of these two streamlines are show in Fig. a.
Ans:
2
For t = 2 s, y = 6e 21x + x - 6)>15
1x2 + x - 6) >3
For t = 5 s, y = 6e
284
319. A particle travels along the streamline defined by

y3 = 8x - 12. If its speed is 5 m>s when it is at x = 1 m,
determined the two components of its velocity at this point.
Sketch the velocity on the streamline.
Solution
x(m)
y(m)
0
- 2.29
1
- 1.59
1.5
0
2
1.59
3
2.29
4
2.71
5
3.04
The plot of the streamline is shown in Fig. a. Taking the derivative of the streamline
equation,
3y2
dy
= 8
dx
dy
8
= tan u = 2
dx
3y
When x = 1 m,
y3 = 8(1) - 12;y = - 1.5874
Then
dy
8
`
= tan u `
=
;u 0 x = 1 m = 46.62
dx x = 1 m
3( - 1.5874)2
x=1 m
Therefore, the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity are

u = ( 5 m>s ) cos 46.62 = 3.43 m>s
Ans.
v = ( 5 m>s ) sin 46.62 = 3.63 m>s
Ans.
y(m)
3
3
3
2
1
0
1
2
x(m)
5 m/s
u
46.62
Ans:
u = 3.43 m>s
v = 3.63 m>s
(a)
285
*320. A flow field is defined by u = (0.8t) m>s and

v = 0.4 m>s, where t is in seconds. Plot the pathline for a
particle that passes through the origin when t = 0. Also,
draw the streamline for the particle when t = 4 s.
Solution
Here, u =
dx
. Then,
dt
dx = udt
Using x = 0 when t = 0 as the integration limit,

L0
3 (0.8t) m>s 4 dt
L0
x = 0.4t 2
dx =

Also, v =
dy
. Then
dt
(1)
dy = vdt
Using y = 0 when t = 0 as the integration limit,
L0
dy =
L0
( 0.4 m>s ) dt
(2)
y = 0.4t
Eliminating t from Eqs. (1) and (2)

y2 = 0.4x
This equation represents the pathline of the particle. The x and y values of the
pathline for the first five seconds are tabulated below.
t
1
2
3
4
5
x
0.4
1.6
3.6
6.4
10
y
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
y(m)
A plot of the pathline is shown in Fig. a.

From Eqs. (1) and (2), when t = 4 s,
y2 = 0.4x
x = 0.4 ( 42 ) = 6.4 my = 0.4(4) = 1.6 m

1
Using the definition of the slope of the streamline,

dy
dy
v
0.4
= ;
=
dx
u
dx
0.8t
y
L1.6 m
dy =
t(y - 1.6) =
y = c
1
dx
2 L6.4 m
1
(x - 6.4)
2
1
(x - 6.4) + 1.6 d m
2t
(a)
286
10
x(m)
*320. (continued)
When t = 4 s,
y(m)
1
y =
( x - 6.4) + 1.6
2(4)

y =
y=
1
x + 0.8
8
1
x + 0.8
8
0.8
The plot of the streamline is shown is Fig. b.
x(m)
(b)
287
321. The velocity for an oil flow is defined by

V = 1 3y2 i + 8 j 2 m>s, where y is in meters. What is the
(2 m, 1m)? If a particle is at this point when t = 0, at what
point is it locatedwhen t = 1 s?
Solution
Since the velocity components are a function of position only, the flow can be
classified as steady nonuniform. Here, u = 1 3y2 2 m>s and v = 8 m>s . The slope of
the streamline is defined by
dy
dy
v
8
= ;
= 2
dx
u
dx
3y
y
L1 m
3y2dy = 8
y3 `
= 8x `
1m
dx
L2 m
x
2m
y - 1 = 8x - 16
y3 = 8x - 15(1)
Ans.
From the definition of velocity

dy
= 8
dt
y
L1 m
dy =
y`
y
1m
L0
= 8t `
1s
8 dt
1s
0
y - 1 = 8
Ans.
y = 9 m
Substituting this result into Eq. (1)
93 = 8x - 15

Ans.
x = 93 m
Ans:
y3 = 8x - 15, y = 9 m
x = 93 m
288
322. The circulation of a fluid is defined by the velocity

field u = (6 - 3x) m>s and v = 2 m>s where x is in meters.
Plot the streamline that passes through the origin for
0 x 6 2 m.
Solution
x(m)
0.25
0.5
0.75
y(m)
0.089
0.192
0.313
0.462
x(m)
1.25
1.5
1.75
y(m)
0.654
0.924
1.386
Since the velocity component is a function of position only, the flow can be classified
as steady nonuniform. Using the definition of the slope of a streamline,
dy
dy
v
2
= ;
=
dx
u
dx
6 - 3x
L0
dy = 2
dx
6
3x
L0
x
2
y = - ln (6 - 3x) `
3
0
6 - 3x
2
y = - ln a
b
3
6
y =
The plot of this streamline is show in Fig. a
2
2
ln a
b
3
2 - x
Ans.
y(m)
1.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
x(m)
(a)
Ans:
y =
289
2
2
ln a
b
3
2 - x
323. A stream of water has velocity components of

u = -2 m>s, v = 3 m>s for 0 t 6 10 s; and u = 5 m>s,
v = - 2 m>s for 10 s 6 t 15 s. Plot the pathline and
streamline for a particle released at point (0, 0) when t = 0 s.
Solution
Using the definition of velocity, for 0 t 6 10 s
y(m)
dx
dx
= u;
= -2
dt
dt
L0
dx = - 2
L0
30
dt
20
(1)
x = ( -2t) m
10
When t = 10 s, x = -2(10) = - 20 m
A
20
dy
dy
= v;
= 3
dt
dt
y
L0
dy = 3
L0
15
10
x(m)
(a)
dt
(2)
y = (3t) m
When t = 10 s, y = 3(10) = 30 m
The equation of the streamline can be determined by eliminating t from Eq. (1)
and (2).
3
y = - x
Ans.
2
For 10 6 t 15 s.
dx
dx
= u;
= 5
dt
dt
x
L-20 m
dx = 5
dt
L10 s
x - ( - 20) = 5(t - 10)

(3)
x = (5t - 70) m
At t = 15 s, x = 5(15) - 70 = 5 m
dy
dy
= v;
= -2
dt
dt
y
L30 m
dy = -2
dt
L10 s
y - 30 = -2(t - 10)
(4)
y = ( -2t + 50) m
When t = 15 s, y = - 2(15) + 50 = 20 m
Eliminate t from Eqs. (3) and (4),
2
y = a - x + 22b
5
Ans.
The two streamlines intersect at ( -20, 30), point B in Fig. (a). The pathline is the
path ABC.
290
Ans:
3
For 0 t 6 10 s, y = - x
2
2
For 10 s 6 t 15 s, y = - x + 22
5
*324. The velocity field is defined by u = (4x) m>s and

v = (2t) m>s, where t is in seconds and x is in meters.
Determine the equation of the streamline that passes
through point (2 m, 6 m) for t = 1 s. Plot this streamline for
0.25 m x 4 m.
Solution
x(m)
0.25
0.5
0.75
y(m)
4.96
5.31
5.51
5.65
6.20
6.35
classified as unsteady nonuniform. Using the definition of the slope of the streamline,
dy
dy
v
2t
t
= ;
=
=
dx
u
dx
4x
2x
y
L6 m
dy =
t
dx
2 L2 m x
t
x
ln
2 2
t
x
y = ln + 6
2 2
y - 6 =
1 x
For t = 1 s, y = a ln + 6bm
2 2
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a.
Ans.
y(m)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
(a)
291
x(m)
325. The velocity field is defined by u = (4x) m>s and

v = (2t) m>s, where t is in seconds and x is in meters.
Determine the pathline that passes through point (2 m, 6 m)
when t = 1 s. Plot this pathline for 0.25 m x 4 m.
Solution
x(m)
0.25
0.50
0.75
y(m)
5.23
5.43
5.57
5.68
6.21
6.38
classified as unsteady nonuniform. Using the definition of velocity,
x
dx
dx
dt
= u = 4x;
=
dt
L2 m 4x
L1 S
x
t
1
ln x `
= t`
4
2m
1s
1 x
ln = t - 1
4 2
1 x
ln + 1
4 2
t =
(1)
y
t
dy
= v = 2t;
dy =
2t dt
dt
L6 m
L1 s
y - 6 = t2 `
t
1s
(2)
y = t + 5
Substitute Eq. (1) into (2),

2
1 x
y = a ln + 1b + 5
4 2
y = a
1 x
1 2x
ln
+ ln + 6b
16
2
2 2
Ans.
The plot of this pathline is shown in Fig. (a)

y(m)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
x(m)
Ans:
y =
(a)
292
1 2x
1 x
ln
+ ln + 6
16
2
2 2
326. The velocity field of a fluid is defined by u = ( 12 x ) m>s,

v = ( 18 y2 ) m>s for 0 t 6 5 s and by u = ( - 14 x2 ) m>s,
v = ( 14 y ) m>s for 5 6 t 10 s, where x and y are in meters.
Plot the streamline and pathline for a particle released at
point (1 m, 1 m) when t = 0 s.
Solution
Using the definition of velocity, for 0 t 6 5 s,
dx
dx
1
= u;
= x
dt
dt
2
x
dx
1
=
dt
L1 m x
L0 2
1
t
2
ln x =
When t = 5 s,x = e 2 (5) = 12.18 m
x = ae 2 t b m
(1)
dy
dy
1
= v;
= y2
dt
dt
8
y
dy
L1 m y
1
dt
L0 8
1 y
1
- a b`
= t
y 1m
8
1 -
1
1
= t
y
8
y - 1
1
= t
y
8
y a1 -
When t = 5 s, y =
y = a
8
= 2.667 m
8 - 5
1
tb = 1
8
8
b mt 8 s
8 - t
(2)
The equation of the streamline and pathline can be determined by eliminating

tfrom Eqs. (1) and (2)
x(m)
y(m)
1.38
1.67
y = a
8
bm
8 - 2 ln x
11
12.18
1.95
2.22
2.50
2.67
For 5 s < t 10 s,
dx
dx
1
= u;
= - x2
dt
dt
4
x
dx
1
= dt
2
4 L5 s
L12.18 m x
293
326.(continued)
- a
x = a
When t = 10 s,x =
1
1
1
b = - (t - 5)
x
12.18
4
1
t
= - 1.1679
x
4
4
b mt 4.6717 s
t - 4.6717
(3)
4
= 0.751 m
10 - 4.6717
dy
dy
1
= v;
= y
dt
dt
4
y
t
dy
1
=
dt
4 L5 s
L2.667 m y
y
1
= (t - 5)
2.667
4
y
1
= e 4 (t - 5)
2.667
ln
y = c 2.667e 4 (t - 5) d m
(4)
When t = 10 s,y = 2.667e 4 (10 - 5) = 9.31 m

Eliminate t from Eqs. (3) and (4),
y = 2.667e 4 34( x + 1.1679) - 54

1
= c 2.667e ( x - 0.08208) d m
1
x(m)
0.751
y(m)
9.31
6.68
3.43
11
12.18
3.00
2.83
2.75
2.69
2.67
The two streamlines intersect at (12.18, 2.67), point B in Fig. (a). The pathline is the
path ABC.
y(m)
10
C
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 A
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0.751
12.18
Ans:
x(m)
For 0 t 6 5 s, y =
8
8 - 2 ln x
For 5 s 6 t 10 s, y = 2.67e 11>x - 0.0821)

294
327. A two-dimensional flow field for a liquid can be

described by V = 3( 6y2 - 1 )i + (3x + 2) j4 m>s, where x
and y are in meters. Determine a streamline that passes
through points 16 m, 2 m2 and determine the velocity at
this point. Sketch the velocity on the streamline.
Solution
We have steady flow since the velocity does not depend upon time.
u = 6y2 - 1
20 m s
v = 3x + 2
dy
v
3x + 2
=
= 2
dx
u
6y - 1
L2
( 6y2 - 1 ) dy =
L6
(3x + 2)dx
6
2y3 - y ` = 1.5 x2 + 2x `
2
2y - y -
3 2(2)
23 m/s
30.5 m s
- 2 4 = 1.5x + 2x 2
2y3 - 1.5x2 - y - 2x + 52 = 0
x
6
3 1.5(6)2
+ 2(6) 4
Ans.
At (6 m, 2 m)
u = 6(2)2 - 1 = 23 m>s S
v = 3(6) + 2 = 20 m>s c
V = 2 ( 23 m>s ) 2 + ( 20 m>s ) 2 = 30.5 m>s
Ans.
Ans:
2y3 - 1.5x2 - y - 2x + 52 = 0
V = 30.5 m>s
295
*328. A flow field for a liquid can be described by

V = 5 (2x + 1) i - y j 6 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the magnitude of the velocity of a particle
located at points 13 m, 1 m2. Sketch the velocity on the
streamline.
Solution
We have steady flow since the velocity does not depend upon time.
u = 2x + 1
v = -y
dy
-y
v
=
=
dx
u
2x + 1
-
dy
dx
=
L y
L (2x + 1)
- ln y =
1
ln (2x + 1) + C
2
1
- y = (2x + 1)2 + C
1
- 1 = (2(3) + 1)2 + C
C = - 3.65
y
- y ` = (2x + 1) 2 `
1
1
2
x
3
- y + 1 = (2x + 1) -
3 2(3)
1
y = 3.65 - (2x + 1)2
+ 1 42
1
Ans.
u = 2(3) + 1 = 7 m>s
v = - 1 m>s
V = 2 ( 7 m>s ) 2 +
7 m/s
1m s
( - 1 m>s ) 2 = 7.07 m>s
296
Ans.
7.07 m/s
x
329. Air flows uniformly through the center of a

horizontal duct with a velocity of V = ( 6t 2 + 5 ) m>s,
where t is in seconds. Determine the acceleration of the flow
when t = 2 s.
Solution
Since the flow is along the horizontal (x axis) v = w = 0. Also, the velocity is a
function of time t only. Therefore, the convective acceleration is zero, so that
u
0V
= 0.
0x
0V
0V
+ u
0t
0x
= 12t + 0
a =
= (12t) m>s2
When t = 2 s,
a = 12(2) = 24 m>s2
Ans.
Note: The flow is unsteady since its velocity is a function of time.
Ans:
a = 24 m>s2
297
24 in.
330. Oil flows through the reducer such that particles

along its centerline have a velocity of V = (4xt) in.>s, where
x is in inches and t is in seconds. Determine the acceleration
of the particles at x = 16 in. when t = 2 s.
x
Solution
Since the flow is along the x axis, v = w = 0
a =
0u
0u
+ u
0t
0x
= 4x + (4xt)(4t)
= 4x + 16xt 2
=
When t = 2 s, x = 16 in. Then
a =
3 4(16) 3 1
3 4x ( 1
+ 4t 2 ) 4 in.>s2
+ 4 ( 22 ) 4 4 in.>s2 = 1088 in.>s2
Note: The flow is unsteady since its velocity is a function of time.
Ans:
1088 in.>s2
298
331. A fluid has velocity components of u = (6y + t) ft>s

and v = (2tx) ft>s where x and y are in feet and t is in
seconds. Determine the magnitude of acceleration of a
particle passing through the point (1 ft, 2 ft), when t = 1 s.
Solution
For two dimensional flow, the Eulerian description gives
a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
Writing the scalar component of this equation along the x and y axes,
ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 1 + (6y + t)(0) + (2tx)(6)
= (1 + 12tx) ft>s2
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 2x + (6y + t)(2t) + (2tx)(0)
= ( 2x + 12ty + 2t 2 ) ft>s2
When t = 1 s, x = 1 ft and y = 2 ft, then
ax = 31 + 12(1)(1) 4 = 13 ft>s2
ay =
3 2(1)
+ 12(1)(2) + 2 ( 12 ) 4 = 28 ft>s2
Thus, the magnitude of the acceleration is

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 13 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 28 ft>s2 ) 2 = 30.9 ft>s2
Ans.
Ans:
30.9 ft>s2
299
*332. The velocity for the flow of a gas along the

center streamline of the pipe is defined by
u = ( 10x2 + 200t + 6 ) m>s, where x is in meters and t is
in seconds. Determine the acceleration of a particle when
t = 0.01 s and it is at A, just before leaving the nozzle.
A
x
0.6 m
Solution
a =
0u
0u
+ u
0t
0x
0u
0u
= 200 = 20 x
0t
0x
a =
3 200
When t = 0.01 s, x = 0.6 m.

a =

5 200
+ ( 10x2 + 200t + 6 ) (20x) 4 m>s2
3 10 ( 0.62 )
= 339 m>s2
+ 200(0.01) + 6 4 320(0.6) 4 6 m>s2
300
Ans.
333.
A
fluid
has
velocity
components
of
u = ( 2x2 - 2y2 + y ) m>s and v = (y + xy) m>s, where x
and y are in meters. Determine the magntiude of the
velocity and acceleration of a particle at point (2 m, 4 m).
Solution
Velocity.
At x = 2 m, y = 4 m,
u = 2 ( 22 ) - 2 ( 42 ) + 4 = - 20 m>s
v = 4 + 2(4) = 12 m>s
The magnitude of the particles velocity is

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( - 20 m>s ) 2 + ( 12 m>s ) 2 = 23.3 m>s
Ans.
Acceleration. The x and y components of the particles acceleration, with w = 0 are

ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 - 2y2 + y ) (4x) + (y + xy)( - 4y + 1)

At x = 2 m, y = 4 m,

ax = - 340 m>s2
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 - 2y2 + y ) (y) + (y + xy)(1 + x)

At x = 2 m, y = 4 m,
ay = - 44 m>s2
The magnitude of the particles acceleration is

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( - 340 m>s2 ) 2 +
( - 44 m>s2 ) 2 = 343 m>s2
Ans.
Ans:
V = 23.3 m>s
a = 343 m>s2
301
334. A fluid velocity components of u = ( 5y2 - x ) m>s

and v = ( 4x2 ) m>s, where x and y are in meters. Determine
the velocity and acceleration of particles passing through
point (2 m, 1 m).
Solution
Since the velocity components are a function of position only the flow can be
classified as steady nonuniform. At point x = 2 m and y = 1 m,
u = 5 ( 12 ) - 2 = 3 m>s
v = 4 ( 22 ) = 16 m>s

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 3 m>s ) 2 + ( 16 m>s ) 2 = 16.3 m>s
Ans.
Its direction is

16 m>s
v
b = 79.4
uv = tan-1a b = tan-1a
u
3 m>s
Ans.
For two dimensional flow, the Eulerian description is

a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
Writing the scalar components of this equation along the x and y axis
ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 5y2 - x ) ( - 1) + 4x2(10y)
= ( x - 5y2 ) + 40x2y

ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 5y2 - x ) (8x) + 4x2(0)
= 8x ( 5y2 - x )
At point x = 2 m and y = 1 m,
ax =
32
- 5 ( 12 ) 4 + 40 ( 22 ) (1) = 157 m>s2
ay = 8(2) 3 5 ( 12 ) - 2 4 = 48 m>s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 157 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 48 m>s2 ) 2 = 164 m>s2
Ans.
Its direction is

ua = tan-1a
ay
ax
b = tan-1
48 m>s2
157 m>s2
Ans.
= 17.0
302
Ans:
V = 16.3 m>s
uv = 79.4 a
a = 164 m>s2
ua = 17.0 a
335. A fluid has velocity components of u = ( 5y2 ) m>s

and v = ( 4x - 1 ) m>s, where x and y are in meters.
point 11 m, 1 m2 . Find the components of the acceleration
of a particle located at this point and sketch the acceleration
on the streamline.
Solution
Since the velocity components are independent of time but are a function of position,
the flow can be classified as steady nonuniform. The slope of the streamline is
dy
dy
v
4x - 1
= ;
=
dx
u
dx
5y2
y
y(m)
L1 m
5y2dy =
L1 m
(4x - 1)dx
2
1
1
( 6x2 - 3x + 2 ) where x is in m
5
For two dimensional flow, the Eulerian description is
y3 =
a =
ay = 20 m/s2
a = 36.1 m/s2
ax = 30 m/s2
0
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
3
(a)
x(m)
Writing the scalar components of this equation along x and y axes,

ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 5y2(0) + (4x - 1)(10y)

= 40xy - 10y
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 5y2(4) + (4x - 1)(0)
= 20y2
ax = 40(1)(1) - 10(1) = 30 m>s2
ay = 20 ( 12 ) = 20 m>s2

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 30 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 20 m>s2 ) 2 = 36.1 m>s2
Ans.
Its direction is

u = tan-1a
ay
ax
b = tan-1
20 m>s2
30 m>s2
Ans.
= 33.7
The plot of the streamline and the acceleration on point (1 m, 1 m) is shown in Fig.a.
x(m)
y(m)
0
0.737
0.5
0.737
1
1
2
1.59
3
2.11
4
2.58
5
3.01
Ans:
a = 36.1 m>s2
u = 33.7 a
303
*336. Air flowing through the center of the duct has been
found to decrease in speed from VA = 8 m>s to VB = 2 m>s
in a linear manner. Determine the velocity and acceleration
of a particle moving horizontally through the duct as a
function of its position x. Also, find the position of the
particle as a function of time if x = 0 when t = 0.
B
A
VA 8 m/s
VB 2 m/s
x
3m
Solution
Since the velocity is a function of position only, the flow can be classified as steady
nonuniform. Since the velocity varies linearly with x,

V = VA + a
VB - VA
2 - 8
bx = 8 + a
bx = (8 - 2x) m>s
LAB
3
Ans.
For one dimensional flow, the Eulerian description gives

a =
0V
0V
+ V
dt
dx
= 0 + (8 - 2x)( - 2)
= 4(x - 4) m/s2
Ans.
using the definition of velocity,

x
t
dx
dx
=
= V = 8 - 2x;
dt
dt
L0 8 - 2x
L0
-
x
1
ln(8 - 2x) ` = t
2
0
1
8
ln a
b = t
2
8 - 2x
ln a
8
b = 2t
8 - 2x
8
= e2 t
8 - 2x
x = 4 ( 1 - e -2 t ) m
Ans.
304
337. A fluid has velocity components of u = ( 8t 2 ) m>s

and v = (7y + 3x) m>s, where x and y are in meters and
t is in seconds. Determine the velocity and acceleration of a
particle passing through point x = 1 m, y = 1 m when
t = 2 s.
Solution
Since the velocity components are functions of time and position the flow can be
classified as unsteady nonuniform. When t = 2 s, x = 1 m and y = 1 m.
u = 8 ( 22 ) = 32 m>s
v = 7(1) + 3(1) = 10 m>s
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 32 m>s ) 2 + ( 10 m>s ) 2 = 33.5 m>s
Ans.
Its direction is

10 m>s
v
b = 17.4
uv = tan-1a b = tan-1a
u
32 m>s
Ans.
uv

a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
Writing the scalar components of this equation along the x and y axes,
ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 16t + 8t 2(0) + (7y + 3x)(0)
= (16t) m>s2
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 8t 2 ) (3) + (7y + 3x)(7)
3 24t 2
When t = 2 s, x = 1 m and y = 1 m.
ax = 16(2) = 32 m>s2
+ 7(7y + 3x) 4 m>s2
ay = 24 ( 22 ) + 737(1) + 3(1) 4 = 166 m>s2

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 32 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 166 m>s2 ) 2 = 169 m>s2
Ans.
Its direction is

ua = tan-1a
ay
ax
b = tan-1a
166 m>s2
32 m>s2
b = 79.1
Ans.
ua
Ans:
V = 33.5 m>s
uV = 17.4
a = 169 m>s2
ua = 79.1 a
305
338. A fluid has velocity components of u = (8x) ft>s

and v = (8y) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine the
equation of the streamline and the acceleration of particles
passing through point (2 ft, 1 ft). Also find the acceleration
of a particle located at this point. Is the flow steady or
unsteady?
Solution
Since the velocity components are the function of position but not the time, the flow
is steady (Ans.) but nonuniform. Using the definition of the slope of the streamline,
dy
dy
8y
y
v
= ;
=
=
dx
u
dx
8x
x
streamline
v = (8y) ft/s
x
dy
dx
=
L1 ft y
L2 ft x
ln y `
y
1 ft
= ln x `
y =
u = (8x) ft/s
x
2 ft
x
ln y = ln
2
(a)
1
x
2
Ans.

a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 8x(8) + 8y(0)
= (64x) ft>s2
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + (8x)(0) + 8y(8)
= (64y) ft>s2
At x = 2 ft, y = 1 ft . Then
ax = 64(2) = 128 ft>s2ay = 64(1) = 64 ft>s2

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 128 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 64 ft>s2 ) 2 = 143 ft>s2
Ans.
Its direction is

u = tan-1a
ay
ax
b = tan-1a
64 ft>s2
128 ft>s2
b = 26.6
Ans.
u
Ans:
y = x>2, a = 143 ft>s2
u = 26.6 a
306
339. A fluid velocity components of u = ( 2y2 ) m>s and

v = (8xy) m>s, where x and y are in meters. Determine the
equation of the streamline passing through point (1 m, 2 m).
Also, what is the acceleration of a particle at this point? Is
the flow steady or unsteady?
Solution
Since the velocity components are the function of position, not of time, the flow can
be classified as steady (Ans.) but nonuniform. Using the definition of the slope of
the streamline,
y v = (8xy) m/s
dy
dy
8xy
4x
v
= ;
=
=
dx
u
dx
y
xy2
y
L2 m
y2 y
2

u = (2y2) m/s
y dy =
2m
L1 m
streamline
4x dx
= 2x2 `
x
1m
y2
- 2 = 2x2 - 2
2
x
(a)
y2 = 4x2
Ans.
y = 2x
(Note that x = 1, y = 2 is not a solution to y = -2x.)
For two dimensional flow, the Eulerian description gives.
a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
Writing the scalar components of this equation along the x and y axes
ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 2y2(0) + 8xy(4y)
= ( 32xy2 ) m>s2
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 2y2(8y) + (8xy)(8x)
= ( 16y3 + 64x2y ) m>s2
ax = 32(1) ( 22 ) = 128 m>s2
ay =
3 16 ( 23 )

+ 64 ( 12 ) (2) 4 = 256 m>s2
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 128 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 256 m>s2 ) 2 = 286 m>s2
Ans.
Its direction is

u = tan-1a
ay
ax
b = tan-1a
256 m>s2
128 m>s2
b = 63.4
Ans.
u
307
Ans:
y = 2x
a = 286 m>s2
u = 63.4 a
*340.The velocity of a flow field is defined by

V = 5 4 yi + 2 xj 6 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration of a
particle that passes through point (2 m, 1 m). Find the equation
of the streamline passing through this point, and sketch the
velocity and acceleration at the point on this streamline.
Solution
The flow is steady but nonuniform since the velocity components are a function of
position, but not time. At point (2 m, 1 m)
u = 4y = 4(1) = 4 m>s
v = 2x = 2(2) = 4 m>s
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity is

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 4 m>s ) 2 + ( 4 m>s ) 2 = 5.66 m>s
Ans.

0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
a =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
ax =
= 0 + 4y(0) + (2x)(4)

= (8x) m>s2
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
ay =

= 0 + 4y(2) + 2x(0)
= (8y) m>s2
At point (2 m, 1 m),
ax = 8(2) = 16 m>s2
ay = 8(1) = 8 m>s2
a = 2ax2 + ay2
= 2 ( 16 m>s ) 2 + ( 8 m>s ) 2
= 17.9 m>s2

dy
dy
v
2x
x
= ;
=
=
dx
u
dx
4y
2y
y
L1 m
2y dy =
y2 `
y
1m
y2 - 1 =
y2 =
x dx
L2 m
x2 x
`
2 2m
x2
- 2
2
1 2
x - 1
2
308
Ans.
*340. (continued)
The plot of this streamline is shown is Fig. a

x(m)
y(m)
22
0
1.87
2.65
3.39
4.12
y(m)
y(m)
4
V = 5.66 m/s
v = 4 m/s
2
45
ay = 8 m/s2
u = 4 m/s
1
a = 17.9 m/s2
ax = 16 m/s2
6
x(m)
(a)
309
x(m)
341. The velocity of a flow field is defined by

V = 54 xi + 2j6 m>s, where x is in meters. Determine the
magnitude of the velocity and acceleration of a particle that
passes through point (1 m, 2 m). Find the equation of the
streamline passing through this point, and sketch these
vectors on this streamline.
Solution
Since the velocity components are a function of position but not time, the flow can
be classified as steady nonuniform. At point (1 m, 2 m),
u = 4x = 4(1) = 4 m>s
y(m)
y(m)
v = 2 m>s
The magnitude of velocity is
V = 2u + v = 2 ( 4 m>s ) + ( 2 m>s ) = 4.47 m>s
2
Ans.

0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
a =
V = 4.47 m/s
v = 2 m/s
u = 4 m/s
x(m)
0u
0u
0u
ax =
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 4x(4) + 2(0) = 16x
y(m)
0v
ay =
0t
+ u
y(m)
0v
0v
+ v
0x
0y= 4.47 m/s
V
v = 2 m/s
=30 + 4x(0) + 2(0) = 0

a = 16 m/s2
u = 4 m/s
ax = 16(1) = 16 m>s2ay = 0

2
a0 = ax 1= 16 m>s
3
2
x(m)
Ans.
x(m)
dy
dy
2
1
v
= ;
=
=
dx
u
dx
4x
2x
y
1
dx
dy =
2 L1 m x
L2 m
y - 2 =
1
ln x
2
1
y = a ln x + 2b
2
Ans.
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a

x(m)
e -4
y(m)
2.35
2.55
2.69
2.80
Ans:
V = 4.47 m>s, a = 16 m>s2
1
y = ln x + 2
2
310

u = ( 2x2 - y2 ) m>s and v = ( -4xy) m>s, where x and y
are in meters. Determine the magnitude of the velocity and
acceleration of a particle that passes through point
11 m, 1 m2 . Find the equation of the streamline passing
through this point, and sketch the velocity and acceleration
at the point on this streamline.
Solution
be classified as steady but nonuniform. At point (1 m, 1 m),
u = 2x2 - y2 = 2 ( 12 ) - 12 = 1 m>s
v = - 4xy = - 4(1)(1) = - 4 m>s
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 1 m>s ) 2 +
( - 4 m>s ) 2 = 4.12 m>s
Ans.

a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 - y2 ) (4x) + ( - 4xy)( - 2y)

= 4x ( 2x2 - y2 ) + 8xy2
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 - y2 ) ( - 4y) + ( - 4xy)( - 4x)

= - 4y ( 2x2 - y2 ) + 16x2y
ax = 4(1) 3 2 ( 12 ) - 12 4 + 8(1) ( 12 ) = 12 m>s2
ay = - 4(1) 3 2 ( 12 ) - 12 4 + 16 ( 12 ) (1) = 12 m>s2
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 12 m/s2 ) 2 + ( 12 m/s2 ) 2 = 17.0 m>s2
Ans.

dy
dy
4xy
v
= ;
= - 2
dx
u
dx
2x - y2
( 2x2 - y2 ) dy = - 4xydx
2x2dy + 4xydx - y2dy = 0
However, d ( 2x2y ) = 2 ( 2xydx + x2dy ) = 2x2dy + 4xydx. Then
d ( 2x2y ) - y2dy = 0
311
342. (continued)
Integrating this equation,

2x2y -
y3
= C
with the condition y = 1 m when x = 1 m,

2 ( 12 ) (1) C =
13
= C
3
y(m)
5
3
y(m)
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0 ay =
Thus,
2x2y -
y3
3
5
3
6x2y - y3 = 5

x2 =
1.5
y3 + 5

6y
1.36 1.0
Taking the derivative of this equation with respect to y
1.0
v = 4 m/s
6y ( 3y2 ) - ( y3 + 5 ) (6)
2y3 - 5
dx
=
=
2x
dy
6y2
( 6y ) 2
0.5
0.5
y(m)
2y3 - 5 =
0
1.5
2.0
x(m)
y(m)
y = 1.357
3.0 m
3.0
2.5
2.5
x2 = 1.3573 + 5
a = 17.0 m/s2
2
2.0 ay = 12 m/s
x = 0.960
2.0m
y(m) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
1.5
x(m) 1.83 1.31 1.10 1.00 0.963 0.965 0.993 1.04 1.10 u1.17
1.25 1.33
= 1 m/s
1.5
1.36 1.0
1.0
v = 4 m/s
ax = 12 m/s2
V = 4.12 m/s
0.5
1.0
0.960
dx
= 0;
dy
The corresponding x is
V = 4.12 m/s
0.5
2y3 - 5
dx
=
dy
12xy2
Set
1.5
u = 1 m/s
Ans.
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.960
2.0
x(m)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
x(m)
Ans:
V = 4.12 m>s
a = 17.0 m>s2
y3 + 5
x2 =
6y
312

u = (- y>4) m>s and v = (x>9) m>s, where x and y are in
meters. Determine the magnitude of the velocity and
acceleration of a particle that passes through point
(3 m, 2 m). Find the equation of the streamline passing
through this point, and sketch the velocity and acceleration
at the point on this streamline.
Solution
be classified as steady nonuniform. At point (3 m, 2m)
-y
2
= - = - 0.5 m>s
4
4
u =
x
3
= = 0.3333 m>s
9
9
v =
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( - 0.5 m>s ) 2 + ( 0.333m>s ) 2 = 0.601 m>s
Ans.

a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
Writing the scalar components of this equation along the x and y are
+ 2 ax = 0u + u 0u + v 0u
1S
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + a
= a-
( + c ) ay =
-y
x
1
b(0) + a ba - b
4
9
4
1
xb m>s2
36
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0y
0y
= 0 + a
= c-
-y 1
x
ba b + a b(0)
4
9
9
1
y d m>s2
36
ax = -
1
(3) = - 0.08333 m>s2
36
ay = -
1
(2) = - 0.05556 m>s2
36
a = 2ax2 + ay2
= 2 (- 0.08333 m>s2 ) 2 + (- 0.05556 m>s2 )

= 0.100 m>s2
313
Ans.
343. (continued)
Using the definition of slope of the streamline,

x>9
dy
dy
v
4x
= ;
=
= dx
u
dx
- y>4
9y
y
L2 m
ydy = - 4
xdx
L3 m
x
9y2 y
`
= - ( 2x2 ) `
2 2m
3m
9y2
- 18 = - 2x2 + 18
2
9y2 + 4x2 = 72
y2
x2
+
= 1
72>4
72>9
y2
x2
+
= 1
(4.24)2
(2.83)2
Ans.
This is an equation of an ellipse with center at (0, 0). The plot of this streamline is
shown in Fig. a
y(m)
3
2 m
y
3
2 m
ax = 0.0833 m/s2
v = 0.333 m/s
V = 0.601 m/s
ay = 0.0556 m/s2
2
2
2 m
2
u = 0.5 m/s
3
x(m)
3
a = 0.100 m/s2
2
2 m
(a)
314
Ans:
V = 0.601 m>s
a = 0.100 m>s2
x2 > 14.242 2 + y2 > 12.832 2 = 1
*344. The velocity of gasoline, along the centerline of a

tapered pipe, is given by u = (4tx) m>s, where t is in seconds
and x is in meters. Determine the acceleration of a particle
when t = 0.8 s if u = 0.8 m>s when t = 0.1 s.
Solution
The flow is unsteady nonuniform. For one dimensional flow,
a =
Here, u = (4 tx) m>s. Then
0u
0u
+ u
0t
0x
0u
0u
= 4x and
= 4t. Thus,
0t
0x
a = 4x + (4tx)(4t) = ( 4x + 16t 2x ) m>s2

Since u = 0.8 m>s when t = 0.1 s,

0.8 = 4(0.1) x
x = 2m
The position of the particle can be determined from

dx
= u = 4 tx;
dt
ln x `
dx
t dt
= 4
L2 m x
L0.15
x
2m
= 2t 2 `
t
0.15
x
ln = 2t 2 - 0.02
2
x
2
e 2t - 0.02 =
2
- 0.02
x = 2e 2t
x = 2e 2(0.8 ) - 0.02 = 7.051 m

2
Thus, t = 0.8 s,
a = 4(7.051) + 16 ( 0.82 ) (7.051)

= 100.40 m>s2
= 100 m>s2
Ans.
315
345. The velocity field for a flow of water is defined by

u = (2x) m>s, v = (6tx) m>s, and w = (3y) m>s, where t is
in seconds and x, y, z are in meters. Determine the
acceleration and the position of a particle when t = 0.5 s if
this particle is at (1 m, 0, 0) when t = 0.
Solution
The flow is unsteady nonuniform. For three dimensional flow,
a =
0V
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
+ w
0t
0t
0t
0t
Thus,

0u
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
+ w
0t
0x
0y
0t
ax =
= 0 + 2x(2) + (6tx)(0) + 3y(0)
= (4x) m>s2
0v
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
+
0t
0x
0y
0t
ay =
= 6x + 2x(6t) + 6tx(0) + 3y(0)
= (6x + 12tx) m>s2
0w
0w
0w
0w
+ u
+ v
+ w
0t
0x
0y
0z
az =
= 0 + 2x(0) + 6tx(3) + 3y(0)
= (18tx) m>s2
The position of the particle can be determined from

ln x = 2t
x = ( e 2t ) m
dx
= 2 dt
L1 m x
L0
dx
= u = 2x;
dt
dy
= v = 6tx = 6te 2t ;
dt
L0
dy = 6
y =
y =
L0
te 2tdt
t
3
( 2te 2t - e 2t ) `
2
0
3
( 2te 2t - e 2t + 1 )
2
dz
9
= w = 3y = 3 2te 2t - e 2t + 1 4 ;
dt
2
L0
dz =
z =
9
( 2te 2t - e 2t + 1 ) dt
2 L0
t
9 2t
1
1
c te - e 2t - e 2t + t d `
2
2
2
0
z =
9 2t
( te - e 2t + t + 1 ) m
2
316
345. (continued)
When, t = 0.5 s,

x = e 2(0.5) = 2.7183 m = 2.72 m
y =
Thus, z =
Ans.
3
3 2(0.5)e 2(0.5) - e 2(0.5) + 14 = 1.5 m
2
Ans.
9
3 0.5e 2(0.5) - e 2(0.5) + 0.5 + 14 = 0.6339 m = 0.634 m
2
ax = 4(2.7183) = 10.87 m>s2
ay = 6(2.7183) + 12(0.5)(2.7183) = 32.62 m>s2
az = 18(0.5)(2.7183) = 24.46 m>s2
Ans.
Then
a = 5 10.9i + 32.6j + 24.5k6 m>s2
Ans.
317
Ans:
x = 2.72 m
y = 1.5 m
z = 0.634 m
a = 510.9i + 32.6j + 24.5k6 m>s2
346. A flow field has velocity components of

u = -(4x + 6) m>s and v = (10y + 3) m>s where x and y
are in meters. Determine the equation for the streamline
that passes through point (1 m, 1 m), and find the
acceleration of a particle at this point.
Solution
Since the velocity components are the function of position but not of time, the flow
can be classified as steady but nonuniform. Using the definition of the slope of the
streamline,

dy
10y + 3
=
dx
- (4x + 6)
dy
v
= ;
dx
u
y
x
dy
dx
= 10y
+
3
4x
+ 6
L1 m
L1 m
y
x
1
1
ln(10y + 3) `
= - ln(4x + 6) `
10
4
1m
1m
10y + 3
1
1
10
lna
b = lna
b
10
13
4
4x + 6
1
ln a
4
10y + 3 10
10
b = ln a
b
13
4x + 6
4
10y + 3 10
10
b = a
b
13
4x + 6
2
10y + 3
10
b
= a
13
4x + 6
y = c
411
Ans.
- 0.3 d m
(4x + 6)5>2
dV
dV
dV
+ u
+ v
dt
dx
dy
a =

At point (1m, 1m),
ax =
du
du
du
+ u
+ v
dt
dx
dy
= 0 + 3 - (4x + 6)( - 4) 4 + (10y + 3)(0)

= 34(4x + 6) 4 m>s2
ay =
dv
dv
dv
+ u
+ v
dt
dx
dy
= 0 + 3 - (4x + 6)(0) 4 + (10y + 3)(10)

= 310(10y + 3) 4 m>s2
ax = 434(1) + 64 = 40 m>s2 S
ay = 10310(1) + 34 = 130 m>s2 c
318
346. (continued)
The magnitude of acceleration is

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 40m>s2 ) 2 + ( 130m>s2 ) 2 = 136 m>s2
Ans.

u = tan-1 a
ay
ax
b = tan-1 a
130 m>s2
40 m>s2
b = 72.9
Ans.
u
Ans:
y =
411
14x + 62 5>2
a = 136 m>s2
u = 72.9 a
319
- 0.3
347. A velocity field for oil is defined by u = (100y) m>s,

v = ( 0.03 t 2 ) m>s, where t is in seconds and y is in meters.
Determine the acceleration and the position of a particle
when t = 0.5 s. The particle is at the origin when t = 0.
Solution
Since the velocity components are a function of both position and time, the flow can
be classified as unsteady nonuniform. Using the defination of velocity,

dy
= v = 0.03t 2;
dt
L0
t 2 dt
L0
y = ( 0.01t 3 ) m
dy = 0.03

When t = 0.5 s,
y = 0.01 ( 0.53 ) = 0.00125 m = 1.25 mm
dx
= u = 100y = 100 ( 0.01t 3 ) = t 3;
dt
L0
dx =
Ans.
L0
t 3 dt
1
x = a t4b m
4

When t = 0.5 s,

x =
1
( 0.54 ) = 0.015625 m = 15.6 mm
4
Ans.
For a two dimensional flow, the Eulerian description gives

a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
Write the scalar components of this equation along the x and y axes,

ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + (100y)(0) + ( 0.03t 2 ) (100)
= ( 3t 2 ) m>s2
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0.06t + (100y)(0) + 0.03t 2(0)
= (0.06t) m>s2
When t = 0.5 s,

ax = 3 ( 0.52 ) = 0.75 m>s2 S
ay = 0.06(0.5) = 0.03 m>s2 c

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 0.75 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 0.03 m>s2 ) 2 = 0.751 m>s2
Ans.

u = tan-1 a
ay
ax
b = tan-1a
0.03 m>s2
0.75 m>s2
b = 2.29
Ans.
u
320
Ans:
y = 1.25 mm
x = 15.6 mm
a = 0.751 m>s2
u = 2.29 a
*348. If u = ( 2x2 ) m>s and v = ( -y) m>s where x and y

are in meters, determine the equation of the streamline that
passes through point (2 m, 6m), and find the acceleration of
a particle at this point. Sketch the streamline for x 7 0, and
find the equations that define the x and y components of
acceleration of the particle as a function of time if x = 2 m
and y = 6 m when t = 0.
Solution
Since the velocity components are a function of position but not time, the flow can be
classified as steady but nonuniform. Using the definition of the slope of the streamline,
dy
-y
=
dx
2x2
dy
v
= ;
dx
u
x
dy
1
dx
= 2 L2 m x2
L6 m y
ln y `
y
6m
ln
ln
1 1 x
a b`
2 x 2m
y
1 1
1
= a - b
6
2 x
2
y
2 - x
=
6
4x
y
2-x
= e 1 4x 2
6
y = c 6e 1 4x 2 d m
2-x
Ans.
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a.

For two dimensional flow, the Eulerian description gives.
a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y

ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 ) (4x) + ( - y)(0)
= ( 8x3 ) m>s2
ay =
dv
dv
dv
+ u
+ v
dt
dx
dy
= 0 + ( 2x2 ) (0) + ( - y)( - 1)
= (y)m>s2
ax = 8 ( 23 ) = 64 m>s2 S
ay = 6m>s2 c

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 64 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 6m>s2 ) 2 = 64.3m>s2
Ans.

u = tan-1a
ay
ax
b = tan-1a
6 m>s2
64 m>s2
b = 5.36
Ans.
u
321
348. (continued)
Using the definition of the velocity,
y(m)
dx
dx
= u;
= 2x2
dt
dt
x
dx
=
dt
2
L2 m 2x
L0
1 1 x
- a b`
= t
2 x 2m
5
4
1 1
1
- a - b = t
2 x
2
x - 2
= t
4x
x = a
2
bm
1 - 4t
dy
dy
= v;
= -y
dt
dt
y
ln
y
6m
= t
6
= t
y
6
= et
y
y = ( 6e -t ) m
Thus,

Then,
u = 2x2 = 2 a
ax =
ay =
4
(a)
t
dy
=
dt
y
L0
L6 m
- ln y `
2
2
8
b = c
d m>s and v = - y =
1 - 4t
( 1 - 4t ) 2
( - 6e -t ) m>s
64
du
= -16(1 - 4t)-3( -4) = c
d m>s2
dt
(1 - 4t)3
dv
= ( 6e -t ) m>s2
dt
Ans.
Ans.
x(m)
0.5
y(m)
12.70
7.70
6.00
5.52
5.29
5.16
5.08
322
x(m)
349. Air flow through the duct is defined by the velocity

field u = ( 2x2 + 8 ) m>s v = ( - 8x) m>s where x is in
meters. Determine the acceleration of a fluid particle at the
origin (0, 0) and at point (1 m, 0). Also, sketch the streamlines
that pass through these points.
x1m
Solution
Since the velocity component are a function of position but not time, the flow can
be classified as steady but nonuniform. For two dimensional flow, the Eulerian
description gives
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
a =
ax =

=
ay =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
30
+ ( 2x2 + 8 ) (4x) + ( -8x)(0) 4
3 4x ( 2x2
+ 8 ) 4 m>s2
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 + 8 ) ( - 8) + ( - 8x)(0)
At point (0, 0),
3 - 8 ( 2x2
ax = 4(0) 3 2 ( 02 ) + 8 4 = 0
+ 8 ) 4 m>s2
ay = - 8 3 2 ( 02 ) + 8 4 = - 64 m>s2 = 64 m>s2 T
Thus,
a = ay = 64 m>s2 T
Ans.
At point (1 m, 0),
ax = 4(1) 3 2 ( 12 ) + 8 4 = 40 m>s2 S
ay = - 8 3 2 ( 12 ) + 8 4 = - 80 m>s2 = 80 m>s2 T

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 40 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 80 m>s2 ) 2 = 89.4 m>s2
Ans.

u = tan-1 a
ay
ax
b = tan-1 a
80 m>s2
40 m>s2
b = 63.4 cu
Ans.

dy
v
- 8x
x dx
=
=
; dy = - 8
2
2
dx
u
2x + 8
L
L 2x + 8
y = - 2 ln ( 2x2 + 8 ) + C
323
349. (continued)
For the streamline passing through point (0, 0),

0 = - 2 ln3 2 ( 02 ) + 8 4 + C
Then y = c 2 ln a
C = 2 ln 8
8
b d m
2x2 + 8
Ans.
For the streamline passing through point (1 m, 0),

0 = - 2 ln3 2 ( 12 ) + 8 4 + C
y = c 2 ln a
For point (0, 0)
C = 2 ln 10
10
b d m
2x2 + 8
Ans.
x(m)
y(m)
-0.446
-1.39
-2.36
-3.22
-3.96
For point (1 m, 0)
x(m)
y(m)
0.446
-0.940
-1.91
-2.77
-3.52
y(m)
y = 2 ln
x(m)
10
2x2 + 8
2
3
y = 2 ln
1
0
8
2x2 + 8
Ans:
At point (0, 0),
a = 64 m>s2w
At point (1 m, 0),
a = 89.4 m>s2, u = 63.4 c
For the streamline passing through point
(0, 0),
8
bd m
2x2 + 8
For the streamline passing through point
(1 m, 0),
y = c 2 ln a
y = c 2 ln a
324
10
bd m
2x2 + 8
350. The velocity field for a fluid is defined by

u = y> ( x2 + y2 ) and v = 3 4x> ( x2 + y2 ) 4 m>s, where x and
y are in meters. Determine the acceleration of particles
located at point (2 m, 0) and that of a particle located at
point (4 m, 0). Sketch the equations that define the
streamlines that pass through these points.
Solution
Since the velocity components are a function of position but not time, the flow
can be classified as steady but nonuniform. For two dimensional flow, the Eulerian
description gives
a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
Write the scalar components of this equation along x and y axes,

ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + a
=
ay =
y
2
x + y
4x3 - 6xy2
( x2 + y2 ) 3
( x2 + y2 ) (0) - y(2x)
( x2 + y2 ) (1) - y(2y)
4x
+ a 2
b
2
2
2 2
x + y
(x + y )
( x2 + y2 ) 2
m>s2
0v
0v
0v
+ u + v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + a
y
2
x + y
4y3 - 36x2y
( x2 + y2 ) 3
( x2 + y2 ) (4) - 4x(2x)
( x2 + y2 ) (0) - 4x(2y)
4x
+ a 2
b
2
2
2 2
x + y
(x + y )
( x2 + y2 ) 2
m>s2
At point (2 m, 0)
ax =

4 ( 23 ) - 6(2) ( 02 )
ay =
( 22 + 02 ) 3
= 0.5 m>s2 S
4 ( 03 ) - 36 ( 22 ) (0)
( 22 + 02 ) 3
= 0
Thus a = ax = 0.5 m>s2 S
Ans.
325
350. (continued)
At point (4 m, 0)
ax =

ay =
4 ( 43 ) - 6(4)(0)
( 42 + 02 ) 3
= 0.0625 m>s2 S
4 ( 03 ) - 36 ( 42 ) (0)
( 42 + 02 ) 3
= 0
Thus

a = ax = 0.0625 m>s2 S
Ans.

4x> ( x2 + y2 )
dy
v
4x
=
=
=
; ydy = 4 xdx
2
2
dx
u
y
y> ( x + y )
L
L
y2
= 2x2 + C
2
y2 = 4x2 + C
For the streamline passing through point (2 m, 0),
02 = 4 ( 22 ) + CC = -16
Then

y2 = 4x2 - 16
y = { 24x2 - 16x 2m
Ans.
For the streamline passes through point (4 m, 0)
02 = 4 ( 42 ) + CC = -64
Then

y2 = 4x2 - 64
y = { 24x2 - 64x 4m
326
350. (continued)
For the streamline passing through point (2 m, 0)

x(m)
y(m)
2
0
3
4.47
4
6.93
5
9.17
6
11.31
7
13.42
8
15.49
9
17.55
For the streamline passing through point (4 m, 0)

x(m)
y(m)
4
0
5
6.00
6
8.94
7
11.49
8
13.86
9
16.12
y(m)
20
15
y = 4x2 16
10
5
x(m)
5
y = 4x2 64
10
15
20
Ans:
For point (2 m, 0),
a = 0.5 m>s2
y = { 24x2 - 16
For point (4 m, 0),
a = 0.0625 m>s2
y = { 24x2 - 64
327
351. As the value is closed, oil flows through the nozzle

such that along the center streamline it has a velocity of
V = 6 ( 1 + 0.4x2 ) (1 - 0.5t) m>s where x is in meters and
tis on seconds. Determine the acceleration of an oil particle
at x = 0.25 m when t = 1 s.
x
0.3 m
Solution
Here V only has an x component, so that V = u. Since V is a function of time at
eachx, the flow is unsteady. Since v = w = 0, we have
ax =
=

0u
0u
+ u
0t
0x
0
0x
3 6( 1
3 6( 1
+ 0.4x2 ) (1 - 0.5t) 4 +
+ 0.4x2 ) (0 - 0.5) 4 +
3 6( 1
3 6( 1
Evaluating this expression at x = 0.25 m, t = 1 s, we get
+ 0.4x2 ) (1 - 0.5t) 4
0
3 6 ( 1 + 0.4x2 ) (1 - 0.5t) 4
0x
+ 0.4x2 )( 1 - 0.5t ) 4 3 6(0 + 0.4(2x))(1 - 0.5t) 4
as = - 3.075 m>s2 + 1.845 m>s2
= - 1.23 m>s2
Ans.
Note that the local acceleration component ( - 3.075 m>s2 ) indicates a deceleration
since the valve is being closed to decrease the flow. The convective acceleration
( 1.845 m>s2 ) is positive since the nozzle constricts as x increases. The net result
causes the particle to decelerate at 1.23 m>s2.
Ans:
- 1.23 m>s2
328
*352. As water flows steadily over the spillway, one of its

particles follows a streamline that has a radius of curvature
of 16 m. If its speed at point A is 5 m>s which is increasing at
3 m>s2, determine the magnitude of acceleration of the
particle.
Solution
The n - s coordinate system is established with origin at point A as shown in Fig. a.

Here, the component of the particles acceleration along the s axis is
an
streamline
as = 3 m>s2
Since the streamline does not rotate, the local acceleration along the n axis is zero,
0V
so that a b = 0. Therefore, the component of the particles acceleration along
0t n
the n axes is
an = a
0V
V2
b +
0t n
R
= 0 +
( 5 m>s ) 2
16 m
Thus, the magnitude of the particles acceleration is
a = 2as2 + an2 = 2 ( 3 m>s2
= 1.5625 m>s2
) 2 + ( 1.5625 m>s2 ) 2
= 3.38 m>s2
Ans.
329
as
S
(a)
16 m
353. Water flows into the drainpipe such that it only has a
radial velocity component V = ( - 3>r) m>s, where r is in
meters. Determine the acceleration of a particle located at
point r = 0.5 m, u = 20. At s = 0, r = 1 m.
s
r 0.5 m
u
Solution
Fig. a is based on the initial condition when s = 0, r = rD. Thus, r = 1 - s. Then the
radial component of velocity is
V = -
3
3
= ab m>s
r
1 - s
This is one dimensional steady flow since the velocity is along the straight radial line.
The Eulerian description gives
a =
0V
0V
+ V
0t
0s
= 0 + a= c
3
3
bcd
1 - s
(1 - s)2
9
d m>s2
(1 - s)3
When 1 - s = r = 0.5 m, this equation gives

a = a
9
b m>s2 = 72 m>s2
0.53
Ans.
The positive sign indicates that a is directed towards positive s.

Note there is no normal component for motion along a straightline.
s
r
r0 = 1 m
(a)
Ans:
72 m>s2
330
354. A particle located at a point within a fluid flow has

velocity components of u = 4 m>s and v = - 3 m>s, and
acceleration components of ax = 2 m>s2 and ay = 8 m>s2.
Determine the magnitude of the streamline and normal
components of acceleration of the particle.
Solution

V = 2 ( 4 m>s ) 2 +
a = 2 ( 2 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 8 m>s2 ) 2 = 8.246 m>s2
a = 2i + 8j
u = tan-1
( - 3 m>s ) 2 = 5 m>s
3 m/s
u s = cos 36.870i - sin 36.870j

S
= 0. 8i - 0.6j
as = a # us = (2i + 8j) # (0.8i - 0.6j)
as = - 3.20 m>s2
as = 3.20 m>s2
a = 2as2 + an2
3
= 36.870
4
4 m/s
Ans.
(8.246)2 = (3.20)2 + an2
an = 7.60 m>s2
Ans.
Ans:
as = 3.20 m>s2
an = 7.60 m>s2
331
355. A particle moves along the circular streamline, such

that it has a velocity of 2 m>s, which is increasing at 3 m>s2.
Determine the acceleration of the particle, and show the
acceleration on the streamline.
3 m/s
4m
Solution
The normal component of the acceleration is
an =
V2
=
r
( 3 m>s ) 2
4m
= 36.9
= 2.25 m>s2
4m

a = 2as2 + an2 = 2 ( 3 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 2.25 m>s2 ) 2 = 3.75 m>s2
u = tan-1a
2.25 m>s2
an
b = tan-1a
b = 36.9
as
3 m>s2
a = 3.75 m/s2
Ans.
(a)

as = 3 m/s2
an = 2.25 m/s2
Ans.
The plot of the acceleration on the streamline is shown in Fig. a.
Ans:
a = 3.75 m>s2
u = 36.9 c
332
*356. The motion of a tornado can, in part, be described

by a free vortex, V = k>r where k is a constant. Consider
the steady motion at the radial distance r = 3 m, where
V = 18 m>s. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration
of a particle traveling on the streamline having a radius of
r = 9 m.
r=9m
Solution
Using the condition at r = 3 m, V = 18 m>s .
V =
Then
k
k
;18 m>s =
k = 54 m2 >s
r
3m
V = a
54
b m>s
r
54
b m>s = 6 m>s . Since the velocity is constant, the streamline
9
component of acceleration is
At r = 9 m, V = a
as = 0
The normal component of acceleration is

an = a
Thus, the acceleration is
0V
V2
b +
= 0 +
0t n
r
( 6 m>s ) 2
9m
= 4 m>s2
a = an = 4 m>s2
Ans.
333
357. Air flows around the front circular surface. If

the steady-steam velocity is 4 m>s upstream from the
surface, and the velocity along the surface is defined
by V = (16 sin u) m>s, determine the magnitude of the
streamline and normal components of acceleration of a
particle located at u = 30.
V
4 m/s
u
0.5 m
Solution
The streamline component of acceleration can be determined from
as = a
0V
0V
b + V
0t s
0s
However, s = ru. Thus, 0 s = r 0 u = 0.5 0 u. Also, the flow is steady, a

0V
0V
0V
=
= 2
= 2(16 cos u) = 32 cos u. Then
0s
0.5 0 u
0u
0V
b = 0 and
0t s
as = 0 + 16 sin u(32 cos u) = 512 sin u cos u = 256 sin 2u

When u = 30,
as = 256 sin 2(30) = 221.70 m>s2 = 222 m>s2
Ans.
V = (16 sin 30) m>s = 8 m>s

The normal component of acceleration can be determined from
( 8 m>s ) 2
0V
V2
an = a b +
= 0 +
= 128 m>s2
0t n
R
0.5 m
Ans.
Ans:
as = 222 m>s2
an = 128 m>s2
334
358.Fluid particles have velocity components of

u = (8y), v = (6x) m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the streamline and the normal component of
acceleration of a particle located at point (1 m, 2 m).
Solution
us
6 m/s
At x = 1 m, y = 2 m
u = 8(2) = 16 m>s
16 m/s
v = 6(1) = 6 m>s
6
= 20.55
16
u s = cos 20.55i + sin 20.55j
u = tan-1
= 0.9363i + 0.3511j
Acceleration. With w = 0, we have

ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 8y(0) + 6x(8) = 48x
ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 8y(6) + 6x(0) = 48y

At x = 1 m, and y = 2 m,
ax = 48(1) = 48 m>s2
ay = 48(2) = 96 m>s2
Therefore, the acceleration is
And its magnitude is
a = 5 48i + 96j 6 m>s2
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 48 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 96 m>s2 ) 2 = 107.33 m>s2
Since the direction of the s axis is defined by us, the component of the particles
acceleration along the s axis can be determined from
as = a # us = 348i + 96j 4 # 30.9363i + 0.3511j 4
= 78.65 m>s2 = 78.7 m>s2
Ans.
The normal component of the particles acceleration is

an = 2a2 - as2 = 2 ( 107.33 m>s2 ) 2 - ( 78.65 m>s2 ) 2 = 73.0 m>s2
Ans.
Ans:
as = 78.7 m>s2
an = 73.0 m>s2
335
359. Fluid particles have velocity components of

u = (8y) m>s and v = (6x) m>s, where x and y are in
meters. Determine the acceleration of a particle located at
point (1 m, 1 m). Determine the equation of the streamline,
passing through this point.
Solution
Since the velocity components are independent of time, but a function of position,
the flow can be classified as steady nonuniform. For two dimensional flow, (w = 0),
the Eulerian description is
0V
0V
0V
a =
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
ax =
= 0 + 8y(0) + 6x(8)
= 48x
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
ay =
= 0 + 8y(6) + 6x(0)
= 48y
At point x = 1 m and y = 1 m
ax = 48(1) = 48 m>s2
ay = 48(1) = 48 m>s2
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 48 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 48 m>s2 ) 2 = 67.9 m>s2
Ans.
Its direction is
u = tan-1a
ay
ax
b = tan-1a
48 m>s2
48 m>s2
Ans.
b = 45a
The slope of the streamline is

dy
dy
v
6x
= ;
=

dx
u
dx
8y
y
L1 m
8ydy =
4y2 `
(1)
y
1m
2
6xdx
L1 m
= 3x2 `
x
1m
Ans.
4y - 3x = 1
Ans:
a = 67.9 m>s2
u = 45 a
4y2 - 3x2 = 1
336
*360. A fluid has velocity components of u = ( 2y2 ) m>s

and v = (8 x y) m>s, where x and y are in meters. Determine
the magnitude of the streamline and normal components of
acceleration of a particle located at point (1m, 2m).
Solution
dy
8xy
r dy
4x
= ;
=
=
2
dx
u dx
y
2y
L2 m
y dy =
4x dx
L1 m
x
y2 y
`
= 2x2 `
2 2m
1m
y2
- 2 = 2x2 - 2
2
y2 = 4x2
y = 2x
(Note that x = 1, y = 2 is not a solution y = - 2x.) Two equation from streamline

is y = 2x (A straight line). Thus, R S and since the flow is steady,

V2
= 0
R
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
ax =
0t
0x
0y
Ans.
an =
= 0 + 2y2(0) + (8xy)(4y) = ( 32xy2 ) m>s2

ay =
0v
0v
0v
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + 2y2(8y) + (8xy)(8x)
= ( 16y3 + 64x2y ) m>s2
At (1 m, 2 m),

ax = 32(1) ( 22 ) = 128 m>s2
ay =
3 16 ( 23 )
+ 64 ( 12 )( 2 ) 4 = 256 m>s2
a = as = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 128 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 256 m>s2 )
as = 286 m>s2
337
Ans.
361. A fluid has velocity components of u = ( 2y2 ) m>s

and v = (8x y) m>s, where x and y are in meters. Determine
the magnitude of the streamline and normal components of
the acceleration of a particle located at point (1m, 1m).
Find the equation of the streamline passing through this
point, and sketch the streamline and normal components of
the velocity and acceleration at point.
Solution
x(m)
y(m)
23>2
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1.0
3.61
5.74
7.81
9.85
Since the velocity component is independent of time and is a function of position,

the flow can be classified as steady nonuniform. The slope of the streamline is

dy
8xy
4x
=
=
dx
y
2y2
dy
v
= ;
dx
u
y
L1 m
y dy =
y2
2
y
1m
4x dx
L1 m
= 2x2 `
y(m)
1m
4x2 - y2 = 3 where x and y are in m
Ans.
10
For two dimensional flow (w = 0), the Eulerian description is

a =
0V
0V
0V
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y

ax =
0u
0u
0u
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2y2 ) (0) + (8xy) (4y)
= ( 32xy2 ) m>s2
0v
0v
0v
ay =
+ u
+ v
0t
0x
0y
= 0 + ( 2y2 ) (8y) + (8xy) (8x)
= ( 16y3 + 64x2y ) m>s2
7
6
5
as = 85.4 m/s2
4
3
a = 18.2 m/s2
At point x = 1 m and y = 1 m
a = 68.2
ax = 32(1) ( 12 ) = 32 m/s2
ay = 16 ( 13 ) + 64 ( 12 ) (1) = 80 m>s2
1
an = 11.6 m/s2
Thus,

a = 5 32i + 80j 6 m>s2
338
3
(a)
x(m)
361. (continued)

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 32 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 80 m>s2 )
= 86.16 m>s2 = 18.2 m>s2
and its direction is
ay
80 m>s2
ua = tan-1a a b = tan-1a
b = 68.2
x
32 m>s2
tan u =
dy
dx
x=1 m
y=1 m
4(1)
1
= 4; u = 75.96
Thus, the unit vector along the streamline is

u = cos 75.96i + sin 75.96j = 0.2425i + 0.9701j
Thus, the streamline component of the acceleration is
as = a # us = (32i + 80j) # (0.2425i + 0.9701j)
= 85.37 m>s2 = 85.4 m>s2
Ans.
Then
an = 2a2 - as2 = 2 ( 86.16 m>s2 ) 2 - ( 85.37 m>s2 ) 2
= 11.64 m>s2 = 11.6 m>s2
Ans.
Ans:
4x2 - y2 = 3
as = 85.4 m>s2
an = 11.6 m>s2
339

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31. A marked particle is released into a flow when t = 0,

32. The flow of a liquid is originally along the positive x axis

33. The flow of a liquid is originally along the positive

*34. A two-dimensional flow field for a fluid be described

The velocity vector for a particle at x = 2 m and y = 3 m is

= [2(2) + 1]i - [3 + 3(2)]j

( - 9 m>s ) 2 = 10.3 m>s

As indicated in Fig. a, the direction of V is defined by u = 360 - f, where

V = 5 (2x + 1)i - (y + 3x)j 6 m>s

u = 360 - 60.95 = 299

35. A two-dimensional flow field for a liquid can be

(3x + y)j6 m>s

= 5 15i + 13j 6 m>s

V = 2V x2 + V y2 = 2 ( 15 m>s ) 2 + ( 13 m>s ) 2 = 19.8 m>s

As indicated in Fig. a, the direction of V is defined by

= 5 1.6i + 1.5j 6 m>s

V = 2V x2 + V y2 = 2 ( 1.6 m>s ) 2 + ( 1.5 m>s ) 2 = 2.19 m>s

As indicated in Fig. a, the direction of V is defined by

The plot of the streamline is shown in Fig. a

37. A flow field for a fluid described by u = (2 + y) m>s

At point (3 m, 2 m), we obtain

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 4 m>s ) 2 + ( 4 m>s ) 2 = 5.66 m>s

and its direction is

*38. A two-dimensional flow field is described by

As indicated in Fig a, the velocity V of a particle on the streamline is always directed

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 30 m>s ) 2 + ( 30 m>s ) 2 = 42.4 m>s

And its direction is

39. Particles travel within a flow field defined by

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 8 m>s ) 2 + ( 4 m>s ) 2 = 8.94 m>s

And its direction is

y v = (0.8 + 0.6y) m/s V

Since the balloon starts at y = 0, x = 0, using these values,

Using this result, the streamline is shown in Fig. b.

311. A ballon is released into the air from point (1 m, 0)

As indicated in Fig. a, the velocity V of a particle on the streamline is always directed

v = (1.6 + 0.4y) m/s

The balloon starts at point (1 m, 0).

Using this result, the streamline is shown in Fig. b.

*312. A flow field is defined by u = (8y) m>s,

4y2 = 3x2 + 13

313. A flow field is defined by u = (3x) ft>s and

314. A flow of water is defined by u = 5 m>s and

315. A flow field is defined by u = 3 8x> ( x2 + y2 ) 4 m>s

Substitute Eq. (1) into Eq. (2),

The plot of the pathline is shown in Fig. a.

The plot of these streamlines are shown in Fig. a

The plots of these two streamlines are show in Fig. a.

319. A particle travels along the streamline defined by

Therefore, the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity are

u = ( 5 m>s ) cos 46.62 = 3.43 m>s

v = ( 5 m>s ) sin 46.62 = 3.63 m>s

*320. A flow field is defined by u = (0.8t) m>s and

Using x = 0 when t = 0 as the integration limit,

Eliminating t from Eqs. (1) and (2)

A plot of the pathline is shown in Fig. a.

x = 0.4 ( 42 ) = 6.4 my = 0.4(4) = 1.6 m

Using the definition of the slope of the streamline,

The plot of the streamline is shown is Fig. b.

321. The velocity for an oil flow is defined by

From the definition of velocity

322. The circulation of a fluid is defined by the velocity

323. A stream of water has velocity components of

4y2 = 3x2 + 13

( - 1 m>s ) 2 = 7.07 m>s

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 13 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 28 ft>s2 ) 2 = 30.9 ft>s2

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( - 20 m>s ) 2 + ( 12 m>s ) 2 = 23.3 m>s

( - 44 m>s2 ) 2 = 343 m>s2

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 3 m>s ) 2 + ( 16 m>s ) 2 = 16.3 m>s

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 157 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 48 m>s2 ) 2 = 164 m>s2

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 30 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 20 m>s2 ) 2 = 36.1 m>s2

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 32 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 166 m>s2 ) 2 = 169 m>s2

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 128 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 64 ft>s2 ) 2 = 143 ft>s2

a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 128 m>s2 ) 2 + ( 256 m>s2 ) 2 = 286 m>s2

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 4 m>s ) 2 + ( 4 m>s ) 2 = 5.66 m>s