a

R=(a c)

(a-c)/a

6378.104km

6356.755km

6371.004km

0.0033528

2 a
2 c

4 R

4/3 R

40075.036km
39940.670km

510064471.9km

10832.069 10 km

1
3

2
1

1
3

Cl - F - SO24 HCO 3

2
S = -0.08996 + 28.29720R 15 + 12.80832R15
3
5
- 10.67869R15
+ 5.98624R 415 - 1.32311R15

3 - 2

C( 35,15,0)
K15 =
=1
C( 32,4356,15,0)

i /2
S = a i K15

( 3 3)

i= 0

S = a i R it/ 2

(3 4)

i= 0

S =

5
t - 15
b i R tt /2 a
1 + K( t 15)
i= 0

b i = 0.0000K = 0.0162
i= 0

1 V
=
( 3 5)
v t p ,s

t p ,s

( 3 6)

p s ,t

( 3 8)

t
q = -
310
n

v
= =
313
n

1
1
=
, =
, = 1
314

1000
St =
- 0.97266204 10 -3 m 3 kg -1 3 - 22
1000 +

( np)
Stp = St 0 1
3 24

K( s, t , p)

( np)
S, t, p = S, t,0 1
325

K( S, t , p)

E = FTk4

3 - 28

t
n
n
t
Q A = cV
(3 36)
n

 u
K M K M
z

gK
K

2
1

u
KM
gK
gK E
3 - 41
z

M A t t B S SB
=
=
3 - 42
M B t A t SA S

t=

S B tA SA tB t B t A
+
S
S B SA
S B SA

3 - 43

a=

SBt A SA t B
tB tA
,b =
SB SA
SB SA

3 - 45

t + tB
S + SB
t= A
S = A

2
2

2Cl SO 24 Br HCO3 CO 3 F -

T=
4 - 1

dM
QR
(4 - 2)
dt
dM

= 0Q = R
dt

1 M
=
=
(4 5)
k Q

3+
Cr CrO24 Cr

Cd 2+ CdCl + CdCl -3 CdCl 02

Eh = E 0

RT a red
RT
a red
ln
= E 0 2.303
log
nF a ox
nF
a ox

( 4 8)

RT
25 2.303
0.059V / mol pHpE
F

a H2O
RT
Eh = E 0
ln
nF PO 2 aH +4

4 - 9

0.05915
1
Eh = 123
.
log
= 0.74 V
( 4 10)
4
0.21 (10 8.1 ) 4
a H2 O
E0
1
1
pE =
log
= 20.79 + log PO2 pH = 12.5
+
4
0.5915 n
4
PO aH
2


, HCO -3 CO 23

CO 2 (g) + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3 = H + + HCO -3 = 2 H + + CO 23
Ca 2+ CO 23 CaCO 3 (s)

4 7 pH8.1HCO-3 CO 23

p s H - logC +H
4 - 11

p a H - logaH +
4 - 12

pH = pH s +

( E Es) F

4 - 13
2.303RT






pHpK1' pK '2
pK'1 pK'2
CO 2 pK'1 pK'2
pHpK1' pK '2

dCb
B=
( 4 15)
dpH

AT[H ] = [HCO-3 ] 2[CO 23 ] [OH ][B(OH) 4 ]S A 4 -16

A T = [HCO -3 ] 2[CO 2 4 - 17
3 ][B OH 4 ]

CA CO 23 HCO 3 AT

DIC[HCO -3 ] + [CO 23 ] + [CO 2 ]

[HCO -3 ][CO23 ]

CO 23 CaCO 3 CaCO 3

PG' PG

510 -3 0.1cm PG' PG , ,

NO -3
NO -3

NO -2
NH 4+

NH 4+
NH +4 NH 4+
NO -3 - N

H 3 PO 4 1 H + + H 2 PO4 2 H + + HPO24 3 H + + PO 34

k

3HPO 24 PO 4 12 H 3 PO 4 H 2 PO 4
PO34 ( Polyphosphate )

2Mg 2+ Zn 2+ Cd 2+ Ba 2+ Sc 2+ Y 3+ PO 34 CO 3
233
2SO24 CrO 4 AsO 4 VO 4 F OH SiO 3

H 4 SiO 4 H + H 3 SiO -4 H H 2 SiO24

pH 7.88.35H 3SiO -4

NO -3 N NH 4+ N

4 16NO -3 NNO -2 ,
NH 3+ N 4 17

NO -3 NNO -2 N ,

6NO -3 N
NH 4+ N NO -3

NH 3 NH +4

2 AmmoniaassimilationNH +4 NH 3

NH 4+ NO -3 NO -2

NO -3

NH 3 NH 4+
6DenitrificationNO -3

dV
= F
5 - 1
dt

du
dv
dw
= Fx ,
= Fy ,
= Fz
5 - 2
dt
dt
dt

g

g = 9.80616 0.025928cos2 0.00069cos2 2 0.000003086zm / s 2

d = gdz
5 - 3

1
d( gpm) =
gdz
5 - 4
9.8

p = gz
5 - 5

dp = gdz
5 - 6

1 dp
G=
5 - 7
dz

1 dp
Gn =
5 - 8
dn

1 p
1 p
1 p
Gx =
, Gy =
,G z =
5 - 9
x
y
z

dp
|dz|
g

1
dphPa
gdz
510
100

f x = 2 sin v 2 cos

f y = 2 sin u
( 5 12)

f z = 2 cou

f x = fv
f y = fu
f = 2 sin

sin

df
, =
, f
dy

dV
=
(5 14)
dn

= C a a | Wa | Wa

u

z

( 2 1 )xy
xyz

2 1
z

u
Fx =
( 5 - 15)
z z

1 2 u
Fx = 2
(5 16)
z


1
u
u
u
Fx = K x +
Ky + Kz
x
x y
y z
z
1
v
v
v
Fy = K x +
Ky + Kz
x
x y
y z
z

5 - 17

1



Fz = K x
+ K
+ K

x
x y y y z z z

du
1 p

=
+ 2 sin v + Fx +
dt
x

dv
1 p

=
+ 2 sin u + Fy +
5 - 18
dt
x

d
1 p
=
g + Fz +

dt
z

u + u + u + ( u / x)
x + ( / x) x.

x u +
x y z
+

x
x
u

( x) 2 yz
= u + x + u x +
x
x
x x

( u )

u

x
+
u

z
=
x y z
x
x
x

(v)
( )
xyz
xyz
y
z

( u) (v) ( )
x + y + z x y z

xyz
t

(u) (v) ( )
+
+
+
=0
t
x
y
z

u
v

+ u + v +
+
+ +
=0
( 5 19)
t
x
y
z
x
y
z

=
+u
+v
+
=0
(5 20)
dt t
x
y
z

d
u v
+ +
+
(5 21)
=0
dt
x y z

u v
+
+
=0
(5 21)
x y z

d
=
( 5 23)
dt

1 p

0=
+ 2 sinv
x

(5 24)

1 p

0=
g

1
p
1 p
v=
=
(5 25)
2 sin x f x
p
p
dp = 0 dx +
dz = 0
x
z
p
p dz
=
x
z dx

p
= g
z
dz

= tg
dx
g

v = tg
(5 26)
f

f = 2sin 0

p
p
p
p
dx + dz = dx + dz
x
z 1 x
z 2
p
p
5 25
= g,
= fv
z
x
dz f 2 v 2 1 v1
527
=
dx g 2 1
g
g

v1 = tg 1 , v 2 = tg 2
f
f
tg 2 1 tg 1

tg = 2
2 1

tg =

f d( v)
g d

tg =

d (tg)
d

5 - 27

5 - 28

5 - 29

2 = 0

tg = -

1 tg 1
2 1

v0 =

g
g
g
tg0 , v1 = tg1 , v 2 = tg 2
f
f
f
g
v1 - v 2 = ( tg1 tg 2 )
f
g B1 C1 B2 C 2
=

f L
L

g B1 B2 C1C 2

f
L
g
= ( B1 B2 A 1 A 2 )
fL

=

d =

1
gdz
9.8

9.8 B
9.8 A
B1 B2 =
, A 1A 2 =
g
g
9.8
,
v1 v2 =
(5 30)
( B A )
Lf

K 2 u
0 = 2 sin v + z 2
z
5 - 31

K z 2 v
0 = 2 sin u +
z 2

u
y = K z
, = 0
5 - 32
z x

u = V0 exp( az) cos(45 + az)

5 - 34

v = V0 exp( az) sin(45 + az)

sin
a2 =
,
Kz
y
y
2
2
V0 = u + v =
=
(5 35)
a 2K z
2 K z sin

0z = - V0 expaz = V0 exp
a

z = - D D = a
a
= K z / sin| | . SI ,

4.3W
V0 / W = 0.0127 / sin| |DWD =

sin| |
WW

V0
V D
= 0 =

2a
2 2 sin
5 - 36

M y = 0 vdz = 0

M x = 0 udz =

y x
( ) =

x
y

2
2
k=
, =

c=
T

c=
k

u = ackexp - kZsinkx - t
6 - 3

w = -ackexp - kZcoskx - t

u = acksinkx - t
6 - 4

w = -ackcoskx - t

w = -ackexpkZ 0 coskx 0 t


uackexpkZ 0 sinkx 0 - t

6 - 5

1
z0 = - aexp - 2 =
aa1 / 535,
535

3
t = kxt =

2
2

1
hh
20

e x - e -x
tanhxtan hx = x
x 0 tanhx
e + e -x

c =
k
g
g
c 2 tanh kh
tan hkh
k
2
g

c
tan h( kh)
6 7
2

2 g
=
tan hkh
T2 2
gT2
=
tan hkh
6 8
2

c =
T
gT
c =
tan hkh
6 9
2

1
h
(h / tanhkhtanh 2 tanh
2

g
gT
gT 2
2
c =
c =
=
6 10
2
2
2
h
h
20 tanhkhtanh2

h
2

g
h
c2 =
2 = gh
2

c = gh
6 11
c 2 =

e p = 0 gzdz = g 2
2

1
1
E p = 0 epdx = 0 g 2 dx = gH 2
6 - 12
2
16

1
1
E k = 0 u 2 + w 2 dz =
gH 2
6 - 13
2
16

1
EE p E k gH 2
6 - 14
8

1
P = Ec
6 15
2

2
t = 0 = 2asin
x

1
2
t = T 0sin x 0

4
2
2
t = T = -2asin x

4
3
2
t = T = 0 sin
x 0

4
2
t = T = 2asin x

2n + 1
x =
n = 01 2
4

n
x = n = 01 2
2

t =

1
3
T Tt =
4
4

2n + 1
Tn = 0 12 0
4

'
+ '
k - k'
k + k'
= 2acos
x
t sin
x
t
6 - 17
2
2
2

'
k - k'
A 2acos
x
t
2
2

+ '

c=

k + k' k

' d
cg =
=
6 - 18
k k' dk
4

Tg =
619
'

1
2 kh

c g = c 1 +

2
sh 2 kh

6 20

cg =

1
c
2

1
ka 2
2

g
g
c2 =
1 + k 2a 2 ) =
6 - 21
(
(1 + 2 2 )
2
2

= -aexpkZ0 sinkx 0 - t + k 2 a 2 cexp 2kZ0 t

= aexpkZ0 coskx 0 - t
6 - 22

-'

u = k 2 a 2 cexp 2kZ0

6 - 23

z 0 = 0 u 0 = k 2 a 2 c

1
V = k 2 a 2 c 0 exp( wkZ) dz = ka 2 c
6 - 24
2

1
1
120
7
10

g( 2 1 )

c=

2 cth 2h 2 + cth 2 h 1
1
2

6 - 25

g( 2 1 )
c=

6 - 26
2( 2 + 1 )

1/ 2

gh1 h 2 (2 1 )

c=

( h1 + h 2 )

1/ 2

6 - 27

1
2 + 1 h 1 = 0 h 2 h6 25
2

E 0 = 2 a 20 g / 4


a / a 0 = [ 2 / 2 - 1 ]1/2 30

2 h 1
2 h 2
h1 / h 2 / cth
cth
1


f 2 sin

g d g 2
N =
2
dz c 0

6 - 28

1/2

6 - 29

fN
6 - 30

d / dzg 2 / c 20

N2 2

tan = 2
f2

1/ 2

6 - 31

12 / sin

f
= a exp y sin t x
c
c

g
f

u = a exp y sin t x
6 - 32
c
c
c

v=0

c = gh

cf = 2 sin

c = gh xu

f
f
y = +baexp - b y = -baexp b
c
c



, , = f / y

K2 = k 2x + k 2y

6 - 34

c = , cx =
,c y =
,
6 35
K
kx
ky

cx =

kx
B
2 , cy =
K
K2k y

6 - 36

k y = 0 = 200km ( = 45 )

k x
=(6 - 37)
1
2
K + 2
R
1
2 = f 2 / ghh
R
gh
R=
6 - 38
f

d( + f )
=0
6 - 39
dt

g
h

c2 =
tan h 2

2
g 0

c 20 =
2

c2

h
tan h 2
2 =

c0 0

c
/T

=
=
c 0 0 / T0 0
c

h
=
= tan h 2

c0 0

h / 0
c

=
= tan h 2

c0 0
/ 0

6 - 40

c 1 dt
A' B
c 2 dt
sin 2 =
A' B
sin 1 =

sin 1
6 - 41
sin 2

E / E 0 = H 2 / H 20

H
L0
n c
=
0 0
6 - 42
H0
L
nc

L0
L 0 L
L

n 0c 0

nc

D=

n 0c 0
nc

1/ 2

c0

1
D=
2 kh
c 1+

sh2 kh

KM
fc = 2
7 - 1
D

KM
fm = 2
7 - 2
X

FV' = gS / Er / D 3 3cos 2 - 1
7 8

Fh' = 3 / 2gS / Er / D 3 sin 2

7 9


Fv / Fv' = M / SD 3 / D 3 = 2.17
7 10


Fv / Fv1 = M / S1 D 13 / D 3 = 19454

711

= K( Mr ) / D 3 ( E cos 2 1)
r

= KM / D3 ( 3 cos 2 1) rdr
r

= 3 / 2 K ( Mr 2 ) / D3 ( cos 2 1 / 3)

7 - 12

B || 90 | |

2 0| | 90

TM

T
cos = sinsin + coscoscosT
7 19

h 0 = 3 / 2h a sin2 - 1 / 3sin2 - 1 / 3

7 21

h1 = 1 / 2h a sin2 sin2 cosT

7 - 22

h 2 = 1 / 2h a cos2 cos2 cos2T

7 23

x = - / 4 / 4 / 2sin 2 x / = 1

u = - / ThAcos 2 x / sin2 t / T
= -A g / hcos 2 x / sin 2 t / T
7 27

u = A g / hcos 2 x /
7 28



u = A g / h
7 - 29

= 0
t

u = -A g / h cos(2 x / )sin(2 t / T)
(7 33)

v + A g / h cos(2y / )cos(2 t / T)

(7 34)

4
1mmHg = 1.33hPa hPa
3
3
1hPa = 0.75mmHg mmHg
(8 - 3)
4

p
mg = gdz - dz
z
1 p
g=
(8 4)
z

dp
= -g
(8 - 5)
dz

1 z
H=
gdz
(8 - 6)
g 0 0

at

E = E 0 10 b + t
(8 - 7)

e
f = 100
(8 - 8)
E


1
0 = fVg k - P
(8 - 9)

f = 2sin

1 p
0=
+ fv g
(8 - 10)
x
1 p
0=
fu g
(8 - 11)
y

1 p
ug =
(8 - 12)
f y
1 p
vg =
(8 - 13)
f x

SA
ZSA
1000 ), Z 1000

(ElNi n o)

Q L = LC E ( q 0 q a ) U
(814)
Q S = C H ( T0 Ta ) U
(8 - 15)

0 = C D | V| V
(8 - 16)

ENSO (ElNi n o ) (SouthernOscillation)

( ) ( LaNi n a)

( NH 4+ - N)
( NO -3 - N)

gPOL / gORG
CF =
gPOL / gSW

x
2
1
L p = 201log

b
k
2r

c
x
2
1
L p = 201log f + 20 log

b
k
2r

Xxdx +
x

0 x = 1 + x
(10 - 1)

2
p
0 x = 1 + 2 = x
x

(10 - 2)

p p
=
x s x

p p
2
0 2 =
s x
t

(10 - 2)'

 p
1
2
=

t 2 s 2 x 2
1 +
x

(10 - 3)

1
x

2 p 2
=
(10 - 4)
t 2 s x 2

p
c2 =
s

(10 - 5)

1
1
1
c2 =
=
=
(10 - 5)

1 s

p s p

2
2
2
=c
(10 - 6)
t 2
x 2

= a e j( wt kx )
(10 7)
2
k =
(10 - 7)

1 (10 6) a k1 a
x

1
a J = c 2a 2 a k 1 a k
2
-4
3
-8
3
10 J pc 10 = 1000kg / m

cp
t = s
=
(10 - 8)
cv

c =

(10 - 9)

1
c0
ct =
=
0 0 (1 Vt t )
(1 Vt t )
c 0 =

1
0 c 0 t 0
0 0

Vt t 1

c t = c 0 1 + Vt t
(10 - 11)

1
V t = c 0 0.0354 t
(1012)
2 t

c = c t c 0 =

1
Vt
2

c0
1
cs =
c 0 + c 0 (Vsk - Vs )
(10 - 16)
2
(1 + Vs )(1- Vsk )

c s = c 0 0.00083
(10 - 17)


c0
V p = 0.00022c 0 p
(10 19)
2 pk

c p =

I
TL = 10 log = 20 log r
(10 - 21)
I0

dc c dt c dS c dp
=
+
+
(10 23)
dz t dz S dz p dz
dt
dS
G t =
G s =

dz
dz
dp
Gp =
= 0.1
dz
dc c
c
c
=
Gt +
G s + 0.1
(10 - 24)
dz t
S
p
c
c
G s

t
p

c=
=
(10 25)
s
t

s s = t

1
2 4
1

+
K

(10 26)

3
c

2c 3
v c p

B 2 k
= A 2 +
(10 27)
1 + 2 k

I 2 = I 1 e -n(r2 -r1 )
(10 - 28)


10(log I 2 log I 1 )
10 log I 2 10 log I 1 = ( r2 r1 ), =
(10 29 )
r2 r1

Ir
pr
10 log = 20 log
(10 30)
Ii
pi

2
2 p
2 p
=
c
(10 31)
t 2
x 2

p( x, t ) = p( x)e jwt
(10 32)

d 2 p( x)
+ k 2 p ( x) = 0
(10 33)
2
dx

k =

c0

p( x) = Ae jkx + Be jkx
(10 34)

p( x, t ) = Aej ( t kx ) + Be j( t +kx )
(10 35)



2) , 0
x
3) c 0 = =
, c
k
t 0

Pa = 4 r12 J 1 = 4r22 J 2
(10 36)

J=

Pa
4 r 2

(10 37)

Pa
(10 38)
2 lr

d dz dn
n
=
(10 39 )
ds ds dz

c
c = c(z) n 0
c( z)

J=

n
n
=0,
=0
x
y

dx
= ,
ds

dy
=
ds

dx
= cos ,
ds

dz
= sin
ds

cos 0 cos 1
cos
=
=
=
c0
c1
c( z)

dn d
d
dn dz
d
dn
= [ n sin ] = n cos
+ sin
= n cos + sin 2
dz ds
ds
dz ds
ds
dz

d dos dn
=
ds
n dz

(10 40)

cos 0
d
dc
dc

= P
c0
ds
dz
dz
d
dc
d
, ,
ds
dz
ds

P =

dx
dz
= dos , = sin
ds
ds

x=

A cos ds = A cot dz
B

(10 41)

x=

c
cos 0 dz
c0

(10 42)

c
1 cos 2 0
c0

dc
10 7a
= G c ( ),
dz

2
2

1
1

x tan 0 + + z =

(10 43)

cos 0
1
1
1

x = tan 0 z = -
cos 0

1. L

E = lim

Lcos = L cos d

0 4

(10 - 45)

E u (z) =

/2

L(z , , ) cos( ) d
=0 =0

(10 - 46)

E d (z) = -

L(z, , ) cos( ) d
=0 = /2

(10 - 47)

E 0 = lim

L i = Ld

0 4

(10 - 48)

2 /2

L(z, , ) cos( )d

E u (z) =

(10 - 49)

=0 =0

E d (z) = -

L(z , , ) cos()d

(10- 50)

=0 = / 2

r 2 Ld

1
E
(10 51)
A
4 0

Es =

 =
|| =

sin2 ( a w )
sin 2 ( a + w )

tg 2 ( a w )

(10 52 )
tg 2 ( a + w )

n a sin a = n w sin w

dI ( ) d / d
( ) =
=
(10 55)
Edv
Edv

b = 2 ( ) sin( )d
0

(10 56)

b f = 2 ( ) sin( ) d

(10 57)

b b = 2 ( ) sin( ) d

(10 58)

/2

1 1
Tr c = ln
r Tr

Eu
( )R =

Ed

dE d ( z) = 2 aL cos dr sin d
a

(10 59)

dE db ( z)
= 2 aL sin d = aE d 0 ( z) = aDE d ( z)
dz
2

(10 60)

dE db ( z)
= bDE d ( z)
(10 60)'
dz



dE ( z )
d
= (aD + b) E d ( z) + bE u ( z)
(10 61)
dz

dE ( z )
u
= ( aD + b) E u ( z) + bE d ( z)
(10 62)
dz

aD( aD + 2b )

dL
= cL + L*
(10 66)
dr

L u ( 0) = L u ( z) exp( c )dz

(10 70)

Ls = 2 L u ( 0) + rL s Ta + L* = L w + L r Ta + L*
(10 71)
nw

C0 =
Cr =

L0 Lb 0
Lb 0
L r L br
Lb r

(10 72)
(10 73)

dL br
= cL br + L*
(10 74)
dr
dL r
= cL r + L*
(10 75)
dr

C r = = = C 0 exp( cr )

(10 77)

Cr
= e 1
C0

1
(10 78)
c + K cos

4
re = re
c

4
c=
(10 79)
re
r = re =

L L b ( R) E d
C0 = r
=
Lb
Ed R

(10 81)

RE d




H( r)

A
Pr = Pt
(10 82)
2 1 2 r exp( 2 K r )
( H + nr )

c t
r=
(10 83)
2n

A
Pf = Pt
(10 84)
2 1 2 f C exp( K f r )
( H + nr )

A
PR = Pt
(10 85)
2 1 2 R N exp( k R r )
( H + nr )

Pf
fC
=
(10 86)
PR R N

a (1 e 2 )
r=
(11 1)
1 + e cos

a3
(11 2)
GM

GM
V0 =
(11 3)
a
GM
hg = 2 (R6378km
R

g
V0 = R
(11 4)
R +h

T = 2

2 hc 2
1
B( , t ) = 5
(11 5)
exp( hc / kT) 1

ElNi n no

L w ( ) = (1 ) Ed (0 ) R / n 2w Q
(11 8)

L w ( 443)
K( 490) = 0.022 + 01
.

K w (550)

1. 2996

(11 11)

bb + bb
i
t w E d ( 0 ) w

i
Lw =
(11- 14)
2

3n w Q
aw + ai

a
b
a i = f i (c i ) b b i = f i (c i ) c i i f i

d pc = 10 3.0+0.5logk

(11 -19)

t
H meas = c
(11 - 22)
2

d = H sat ( 2p + 16H 2 ln 2 / c 2 )

(11 23)

(01) ( ) = rk 4t cos 4 | g (y1) ( )|2 (2 k sin ,0)
(11- 27)
g (1)
y ( )

( k ) = |cos |1/ 2 ug 1/ 2 k 7 /2
(11- 28)

0 =
|cos|1/2 sin 1/2 cos 4 | g (01) ( )| 2 ( u *2 g 1 k ) 1/ 2
(11- 29)
2 2

0 = 1 V 1 + 2 V 2 + 3 V 3 cos 2
(11 - 30)

0 = 10[G( ) + H( )log10V]
(11- 31)





0 = u(1 + b1 cos + b 2 cos2) / (1 + b 1 + b 2 )

log10u = c1 + c 2 + c 3 2 + log10V
(11- 32)
V10m




0 = 10 + V (1 + b 1 cos + b 2 cos 2 )
(11- 33)

R
DR
LS = R / 2L R =
=
(11- 37)
2R / D R
2

'S r

's = r sin / 2sin = sin

(11- 39)