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SMS Knigsberg (1905)

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For other ships of the same name, see SMS Knigsberg.
Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3002, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kreuzer Knigsberg.jpg
SMS Knigsberg at Dar es Salaam
Career (German Empire)
Name: Knigsberg
Namesake:
Knigsberg, East Prussia
Builder:
Kaiserliche Werft, Kiel
Laid down:
12 January 1905
Launched:
12 December 1905
Commissioned: 6 April 1907
Fate: Scuttled 11 July 1915
Status: Partially scrapped in 196365
General characteristics
Class and type: Knigsberg-class light cruiser
Displacement: Full load: 3,814 t (3,754 long tons)
Length: 115.3 m (378 ft 3 in)
Beam: 13.2 m (43 ft 4 in)
Draft: 5.29 m (17 ft 4 in)
Installed power:
13,020 ihp (9,709 kW)
11 water-tube boilers
Propulsion:
triple-expansion steam engines
Speed: 24.1 knots (44.6 km/h; 27.7 mph)
Range: 5,750 nmi (10,650 km; 6,620 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement:
14 Officers
308 Enlisted men
Armament:
10 10.5 cm (4.1 in) guns
10 5.2 cm (2.0 in) guns
2 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes
Armor: Deck: 80 mm (3.1 in)
Conning tower: 100 mm (3.9 in)
SMS Knigsberg ("His Majesty's Ship Knigsberg")[Note 1] was the lead ship of her cl
ass of light cruisers built by the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy). Na
med after Knigsberg, the capital of East Prussia, [Note 2] she was laid down in J
anuary 1905, launched in December of that year, and completed by June 1906. Her
class included three other ships: Stettin, Stuttgart, and Nrnberg. Knigsberg was a
rmed with a main battery of ten 10.5-centimeter (4.1 in) guns and had a top spee
d of 24.1 knots (44.6 km/h; 27.7 mph).
After her commissioning, Knigsberg served with the High Seas Fleet's reconnaissan
ce force. During this period, she frequently escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II's yacht
on visits to foreign countries. In April 1914, the ship was sent on what was to
have been a two-year deployment to German East Africa, but this was interrupted
by the outbreak of World War I in August of that year. Knigsberg initially attemp
ted to raid British and French commercial traffic in the region, but only destro
yed one merchant ship in the course of her career. Coal shortages hampered her a
bility to attack shipping. On 20 September 1914, she surprised and sank the Brit
ish protected cruiser HMS Pegasus in the Battle of Zanzibar.
Knigsberg then retreated into the Rufiji River to repair her engines. Before the
repairs could be completed, British cruisers located Knigsberg, and, unable to st
eam into the river to destroy her, set up a blockade. After several attempts to
sink the ship during the Battle of Rufiji Delta, the British sent two monitors,
Mersey and Severn, to destroy the German cruiser. On 11 July 1915, the two monit
ors got close enough to severely damage Knigsberg, forcing her crew to scuttle th
e ship. The surviving crew salvaged all ten of her main guns and joined Lieutena
nt Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck's guerrilla campaign in East Africa. Knigsberg

was partially broken up in 196365 for scrap, and the remains sank into the river
bed.
Contents [hide]
1 Design
2 Service history
2.1 World War I
2.1.1 Battle of Rufiji Delta
3 Footnotes
4 Citations
5 References
6 Further reading
Design[edit]
Line-drawing of the Knigsberg class[Note 3]
Main article: Knigsberg-class cruiser (1905)
Knigsberg and her sisters were designed to serve both as fleet scouts in home wat
ers and in Germany's colonial empire. This was a result of budgetary constraints
that prevented the Kaiserliche Marine from building more specialized cruisers s
uitable for both roles.[1]
Knigsberg was 115.3 meters (378 ft 3 in) long overall and had a beam of 13.2 m (4
3 ft 4 in) and a draft of 5.29 m (17 ft 4 in) forward. She displaced 3,814 t (3,
754 long tons; 4,204 short tons) at full combat load. Her propulsion system cons
isted of two 3-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines powered by eleven coal-fi
red water-tube boilers rated at 13,020 indicated horsepower (9,709 kW). These pr
ovided a top speed of 24.1 knots (44.6 km/h; 27.7 mph) and a range of approximat
ely 5,750 nautical miles (10,650 km; 6,620 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). Kni
gsberg had a crew of 14 officers and 308 enlisted men.[2]
The ship was armed with ten 10.5 cm SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts. Ther
e were two side by side forward on the forecastle, six amidships, three on eithe
r side, and two side by side aft.[3] The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degr
ees, which allowed them to engage targets out to 12,700 m (41,700 ft).[4] They w
ere supplied with 1,500 rounds of ammunition, for 150 shells per gun.[2] Knigsber
g also carried ten 5.2 cm (2.0 in) SK guns in single mounts.[5] She was also equ
ipped with a pair of 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes submerged
in the hull on the broadside. The ship was protected by an armored deck that wa
s 80 mm (3.1 in) thick amidships. The conning tower sides were 100 mm (3.9 in) t
hick.[2]
Service history[edit]
Pre-war photo of Knigsberg
Knigsberg was ordered under the contract name "Ersatz Meteor" and was laid down a
t the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel on 12 January 1905.[Note 4] She was launched on
12 December 1905, when the Oberbrgermeister of Knigsberg, Siegfried Krte, christene
d the ship, after which fitting-out work commenced. She was commissioned into th
e High Seas Fleet for sea trials on 6 April 1907. Her trials were interrupted at
the beginning of June when she was tasked with escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II's ya
cht Hohenzollern during three sailing regattas including Kiel Week. The two ship
s then cruised the North Sea and stopped at Nordkapp, where from 3 to 6 August,
Wilhelm II met Czar Nicholas II of Russia. After returning to Germany, Knigsberg
resumed her sea trials, which lasted from 9 August to 9 September. She visited h
er namesake city from 21 to 23 September and was later assigned to the fleet sco
uting forces to replace the cruiser Medusa on 5 November. At this time, Knigsberg
was again used to escort Wilhelm II's yacht, this time in company with the new
armored cruiser Scharnhorst and the dispatch boat Sleipner on a visit to Britain
. The ships stopped in Portsmouth and the Thames, and were visited by Queen Wilh
elmina of the Netherlands.[6]

On 17 December, Knigsberg was tasked with another goodwill visit, this time escor
ting the Kaiser's brother, Prince Heinrich, and a delegation of naval officers t
o Malm, Sweden to meet King Oscar II. The visit lasted until 20 December. Knigsber
g participated in the normal peacetime routine of individual and squadron traini
ng for 1908 without incident. The year ended with a major training cruise, first
in the Baltic and North Sea and later into the Atlantic, that ended in early De
cember. The ship then went into drydock over the winter of 190809 for periodic ma
intenance, emerging for service again in early February 1909. A typical training
routine followed for the next two years, interrupted only by a collision with t
he new cruiser Dresden on 16 February 1910 in the Kiel Bay, and two trips escort
ing the Kaiser in 1910; the first to Helgoland on 913 March and the second to Bri
tain from 8 to 27 May. The collision with Dresden caused significant damage to b
oth ships, though no one on either vessel was injured. Both ships were repaired
in Kiel.[7] Dresden also won the Kaiser's Schiepreis (Shooting Prize) for excelle
nt gunnery in the reconnaissance force during this period.[8] From December 1909
to September 1910, Fregattenkapitn (Frigate Captain) Adolf von Trotha served as
the ship's commander.[5]
From 8 March to 22 May 1911, Knigsberg cruised in the Mediterranean Sea with Wilh
elm II aboard Hohenzollern. On 10 June, Knigsberg was replaced in the reconnaissa
nce force by the new cruiser Kolberg; Knigsberg was transferred to Danzig, where
she was placed out of service on 14 June for modernization work. On 22 January 1
913, the ship was recommissioned for service with the fleet, to replace the crui
ser Mainz which was also being modernized. This service lasted until 19 June, wh
en Knigsberg was again placed in reserve in Kiel. During this period of active se
rvice, she was assigned to the training squadron from 1 to 18 April. In early 19
14, the high command decided to send Knigsberg to German East Africa, where she w
ould replace the current station ship, the old unprotected cruiser Geier.[8]
SMS Knigsberg at Bagamoyo, June 1914
On 1 April 1914, Fregattenkapitn Max Looff took command of the ship. Knigsberg lef
t Kiel on 25 April, stopped in Wilhelmshaven, and then left three days later for
a two-year deployment to German East Africa. She steamed into the Mediterranean
Sea and stopped in Spanish and Italian ports before entering the Suez Canal.[8]
[9] After passing through the canal, she stopped briefly in Aden before arriving
in Dar es Salaam, the capital of German East Africa, on 5 June. Two days later,
the Schutztruppe (Protection Force) celebrated their 25th anniversary in the co
lony; the deputy commander of the Schutztruppe presented Looff with a model of t
he cruiser Schwalbe, which had been the longest serving warship with the unit. Kn
igsberg surveyed the harbor at Bagamoyo later in the year.[10] The African colon
ial subjects considered the ship to be quite impressive, particularly her three
funnels, which were assumed to signify a warship more powerful than one with onl
y two funnels. The ship acquired the nickname Manowari na bomba tatu, or "the ma
n of war with three pipes".[11]
As tensions in Europe rose in the aftermath of the assassination of Archduke Fra
nz Ferdinand of Austria, Looff decided to abandon the normal peacetime training
schedule and returned to Dar es Salaam on 24 July to replenish his coal and othe
r stores. He also made efforts to organize a coast watcher network to report ene
my ships and to protect German shipping in the area. On 27 July, Looff received
a message from the Admiralstab (Admiralty Staff) informing him of the worsening
political situation in Europe.[12] Concurrently, the cruisers of the British Cap
e Squadron, HMS Astraea, Hyacinth, and Pegasus, arrived with the intention of bo
ttling up Knigsberg at the colony's capital Dar es Salaam. Looff got his ship rea
dy to sail and left port on the afternoon of 31 July 1914, with the three slower
British ships shadowing him. Looff used a rain squall and his ship's superior s
peed to break contact with his British pursuers the following day.[13] Knigsberg
steamed off Aden until 5 August, when word of the outbreak of hostilities betwee

n Britain and Germany belatedly reached the ship.[14]

World War I[edit]
At the outbreak of World War I, Knigsberg was ordered to attack British commerce
around the entrance to the Red Sea. A lack of coal hampered Looff's efforts; the
British prevented his collier Koenig from leaving Dar es Salaam and purchased a
ll the coal in Portuguese East Africa to deny it to Knigsberg.[15] Looff then rad
ioed the German steamer Zieten to warn her against using the Suez Canal, where s
he would have been confiscated. Knigsberg chased after the German freighter Golde
nfels, whose officers mistook the ship for a British cruiser and refused to stop
. Knigsberg was forced to fire a warning shot across the bow of Goldenfels to for
ce the ship to stop so that Looff could warn her captain of the state of war.[16
]
On 6 August, Knigsberg found a British ship off the coast of Oman, the freighter
City of Winchester. A prize crew took the ship along with Knigsberg, and the two
vessels met Zieten four days later in the Khuriya Muriya Islands, where coal fro
m City of Winchester was transferred to Knigsberg. The freighter was thereafter s
unk. The British crew was taken aboard Zieten, which departed the following day
and stopped in Mozambique. Meanwhile, the steamer Somali, under the command of K
orvettenkapitn (Corvette Captain) Zimmer, had left Dar es Salaam with a cargo of
1,200 t (1,200 long tons; 1,300 short tons) of coal on the night of 34 August to
resupply Knigsberg; the two ships met ten days later.[16] By the time Looff rende
zvoused with Somali, his ship was down to a mere 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short to
ns) of coal. Somali transferred some 850 t (840 long tons; 940 short tons) of co
al to the cruiser, which permitted a sweep to Madagascar. No British or French s
hips were found, however, and so Knigsberg met Somali again on 23 August and took
on coal for four days of cruising.[17]
In the meantime, British warships bombarded Dar es Salaam and destroyed the Germ
an wireless station there.[18] By this time, Knigsberg ' s engines required a thorough
overhaul, and Looff needed to find a secluded area where the work could be comp
leted. He settled on the Rufiji Delta, which had recently been surveyed by the s
urvey ship Mwe.[16] On 3 September 1914 at high tide, Knigsberg passed over the ba
r at the mouth of the Rufiji and slowly made her way up the river. Coast watcher
s were stationed at the mouth of the river and telegraph lines were run to ensur
e the Germans would not be surprised by British ships searching for them.[19] Zi
mmer, who was sending small coastal steamers to resupply Knigsberg, observed a Br
itish cruiserPegasuspatrolling the coast for two weeks. He deduced that the ship w
ould likely have to coal at Zanzibar on Sundays, and so Looff decided to attack
the ship in port before he began his overhaul. He considered the action justifie
d, since Britain had rejected a German proposal to keep central Africa neutral a
ccording to the Congo Act of 1885.[20]
One of Knigsberg ' s guns emplaced in the delta
On 19 September, Knigsberg left the Rufiji and arrived off Zanzibar the following
morning. She opened fire at a range of about 7,000 meters (23,000 ft) at 05:10,
starting the Battle of Zanzibar; within 45 minutes, Pegasus caught fire, rolled
over to port, and sank. Crewmen aboard Pegasus had raised a white flag, but it
could not be seen aboard Knigsberg due to the heavy smoke. Pegasus ' s crew suffered 3
8 dead and 55 wounded, while Knigsberg was undamaged and had no casualties. After
sinking Pegasus, Knigsberg bombarded the wireless station and dumped barrels fil
led with sand into the harbor entrance to simulate mines.[20] While leaving the
harbor, Knigsberg spotted the picket ship Helmut and sank her with three shells.[
21]
The cruiser then returned to the Rufiji River so work could begin on overhauling
her engines; the parts would need to be transported overland to the shipyard in
Dar es Salaam where they could be rebuilt.[20] While moored in the town of Sala

le, the ship was heavily camouflaged and defensive arrangements were erected. Th
ese included positioning soldiers and field guns to defend the approaches to the
cruiser and establishing a network of coast watchers and telegraph lines to wat
ch for hostile ships.[21] An improvised minefield was also laid in the delta to
keep the British ships from entering the river.[22]
Concerned with the threat Knigsberg posed to troop transports from India,[20] the
British reinforced the flotilla tasked with tracking down the elusive German ra
ider, and placed the ships under the command of Captain Sidney R. Drury-Lowe.[23
] The sinking of Pegasus convinced the British that Knigsberg must still be in Ge
rman East Africa.[20] On 19 October, the cruiser Chatham found the German East A
frica Line ship Prsident at Lindi. A boarding party searched the ship and discove
red documents indicating she had supplied Knigsberg with coal in the Rufiji the p
revious month. On 30 October, the cruiser Dartmouth located Knigsberg and Somali
in the delta.[23] The cruisers Chatham, Dartmouth, and Weymouth blockaded the Ru
fiji Delta to ensure Knigsberg could not escape.[24]
Battle of Rufiji Delta[edit]
Main article: Battle of Rufiji Delta
The battered Knigsberg after she was scuttled
On 3 November, the British began a bombardment in an attempt to destroy or neutr
alize Knigsberg and Somali.[20] Knigsberg was protected by the thick mangrove swam
ps, which concealed the ship and offered a degree of cover from British shellfir
e, especially while the British ships remained outside the river. A collier, New
bridge, was converted into a blockship to be sunk in the main channel of the del
ta to prevent Knigsberg ' s escape. Despite heavy German fire from both sides of the r
iver, the British successfully sank Newbridge across one of the delta mouths on
10 November, though the German raider could still put to sea via other channels.
[20][22] Looff decided to move his ship further upriver, to make it more difficu
lt for the British to destroy her. In doing so, his ship would occupy a dispropo
rtionate number of British vessels that could otherwise have been employed elsew
here.[22] In the course of the campaign, the British reinforced the squadron blo
ckading the Rufiji with additional cruisers, including Pyramus and the Australia
n HMAS Pioneer.[25]
A civilian pilot, Denis Cutler of Durban, South Africa, was commissioned into th
e Royal Marines and persuaded to make his private Curtiss seaplane available for
the British Empire.[26] The Royal Navy requisitioned the passenger ship Kinfaun
s Castle to serve as a makeshift tender for Cutler's aircraft.[27] On his first
attempt to locate the cruiser, Cutler, who did not have a compass, got lost and
was forced to land on a desert island. On his second flight, he successfully loc
ated Knigsberg, and a third flight with a Royal Navy observer confirmed his obser
vations. His aircraft's radiator was damaged on the flight and he was grounded u
ntil replacement parts could be brought from Mombasa. A pair of Royal Naval Air
Service Sopwiths were brought up with the intention of scouting and even bombing
the ship. They soon fell apart in the tropical conditions. A trio of Short seap
lanes fared a little better, though they too were quickly disabled by the condit
ions.[27]
Also in November, the British sought to use the 12-inch (305 mm) guns of the old
battleship Goliath to sink the cruiser. The attempt was unsuccessful, once agai
n because the shallow waters prevented the battleship from getting within range.
[28] In December, Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck re
quested as many crew members from the ship as possible for the East Africa Campa
ign against the British; a total of 220 men were left aboard to keep the ship in
fighting condition. This was not enough, however, to permit the ship to go to s
ea.[22] Knigsberg moved further up the river on 18 December.[20] On 23 December,
the British used a pair of shallow-draft ships to sail up the delta. They hit So
mali once before German defensive fire forced them to retreat.[29]

Aerial photo of Knigsberg after her scuttling; note the removal of her guns
In the meantime, conditions were deteriorating on Knigsberg. There were shortages
of coal, ammunition, food, and medical supplies. Although safe from the British
, the crew was ravaged by malaria and other tropical ailments. Generally cut off
from the outside world, the morale of the sailors fell.[30] However, the situat
ion was marginally improved with a scheme to resupply the ship and give her a fi
ghting chance to return home. A captured British merchant ship, Rubens, was rena
med Kronborg. It was given a Danish flag, papers, and a crew of German sailors s
elected for their ability to speak Danish. It was then packed with coal, field g
uns, ammunition, small arms, and various supplies. As the freighter approached E
ast Africa, Knigsberg prepared to sortie to meet the ship and attempt to break ou
t and return to Germany. Instead, Knigsberg was trapped in the river by two cruis
ers and several smaller vessels. Hyacinth intercepted Kronborg as she approached
, and chased her to Manza Bay. The trapped ship was forced aground and set on fi
re, but the Germans salvaged much of her cargo and put it to use later in the Ea
st Africa Campaign.[31]
Finally, in April 1915, the British Admiralty agreed to a plan submitted by Drur
y-Lowe the previous November, which envisioned attacking the German cruiser with
shallow-draft monitors, capable of navigating the Rufiji River. Two of the wars
hips, Mersey and Severn, armed with a pair of 6 in (152 mm) guns each, were brou
ght from Britain.[32] Knigsberg had in the meantime been moved a third time, even
further upriver.[20] On 6 July 1915, the two monitors crossed the outer sandbar
and steamed up the river, despite heavy fire from German positions on the river
banks. They stopped at a point they thought to be 10,000 yd (9,100 m) from Knigs
berg, which would be in range of their own guns but farther than the smaller Ger
man guns could reply. Aircraft were used to spot the fall of shot. The monitors'
navigation was faulty, however, and after opening fire, they found themselves t
o be within range of Knigsberg ' s guns.[32] She hit Mersey twice in the engagement; o
ne shell disabled the forward 6-inch gun, and another holed the ship below the w
aterline.[33] Knigsberg was hit four times in return, one shell striking beneath
the waterline and causing some flooding.[34] In the span of three hours, Knigsber
g forced both British ships to withdraw.[32]
Knigsberg gun in the field (1916)
They returned again on 11 July, after having repaired the damage sustained in th
e first attempt. The two monitors conducted a five-hour bombardment.[32] Knigsber
g opened fire at 12:12, initially with four guns, but only three guns remained i
n action after 12:42, two guns after 12:44, and one gun after 12:53. The two mon
itors did not respond until 12:31, once they had been anchored into their firing
positions,[35] and scored several serious hits that caused a major fire at the
ship's stern and inflicted heavy casualties. By 13:40, Knigsberg had run low on a
mmunition and her gun crews had suffered very heavy casualties, and so Looff ord
ered the crew to abandon ship and to drop the breech blocks for the guns overboa
rd to disable them. Two torpedo warheads were detonated in the ship's bow to scu
ttle her; the ship rolled over slightly to starboard and sank up to the upper de
ck with her flags still flying. Nineteen men had been killed in the battle, with
another forty-five wounded, including Looff.[36]
Later that day, the crew returned to haul down the ship's flag and gave three ch
eers for the Kaiser. The guns and other usable equipment were salvaged from the
wreck starting the following day.[37] The guns were converted into field artille
ry pieces and coastal guns; together with the ship's crew, they went on to see s
ervice in the East African land campaign under Lettow-Vorbeck.[38] All ten guns
were repaired in Dar es Salaam over the next two months; one was mounted on the
converted ferry Gtzen of the inland Lake Tanganyika fleet.[39] The surviving sail
ors, organized as the Knigsberg-Abteilung (Knigsberg-Detachment), eventually surre

ndered on 26 November 1917 and were interned in British Egypt. In 1919, after th
e war, the men took part in a parade through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin to c
elebrate their service and that of their ship.[40]
In 1924, John Ingle, the former captain of Pegasus, was tasked with clearing wre
cks from the harbor in Dar es Salaam. At that time, he bought the salvage rights
to Knigsberg for the price of 200; he sent divers to extract non-ferrous scrap me
tal from the wreck and in turn sold the rights. Salvage work continued into the
1930s, and by the 1940s the hull had rolled over to her starboard side. As late
as 1965, salvage work continued, but in 1966 the wreck collapsed and finally san
k into the riverbed. Three of the ship's 10.5 cm guns are preserved, one in Pret
oria, South Africa, one in Jinja, Uganda, and one in Mombasa, along with a gun f
rom Pegasus.[41]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestt Schiff" (German: His Majesty's Ship).
Jump up ^ Now Kaliningrad, Russia.
Jump up ^ The diagram mistakenly refers to the class as the Stettin class and do
es not include Knigsberg
Jump up ^ German warships were ordered under provisional names. For new addition
s to the fleet, they were given a single letter; for those ships intended to rep
lace older or lost vessels, they were ordered as "Ersatz (name of the ship to be
replaced)".
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Gardiner & Gray, pp. 142, 157
^ Jump up to: a b c Grner, p. 104
Jump up ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 157
Jump up ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 140
^ Jump up to: a b Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 138
Jump up ^ Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, pp. 138139
Jump up ^ "Cruisers in Collision". New York Times. 17 February 1910. Retrieved 1
8 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 139
Jump up ^ Farwell, p. 128
Jump up ^ Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, pp. 139140
Jump up ^ Patience 2001, p. 27
Jump up ^ Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 140
Jump up ^ Farwell, pp. 128129
Jump up ^ Farwell, p. 129
Jump up ^ Halpern, p. 77
^ Jump up to: a b c Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 141
Jump up ^ Farwell, p. 131
Jump up ^ Bennett, p. 131
Jump up ^ Farwell, p. 132
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 142
^ Jump up to: a b Farwell, p. 133
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bennett, p. 133
^ Jump up to: a b Halpern, p. 78
Jump up ^ Bennett, pp. 132133
Jump up ^ Willmott, p. 292
Jump up ^ Turner, pp. 3940
^ Jump up to: a b Patience 2011, p. 70
Jump up ^ Burt, p. 158
Jump up ^ Farwell, p. 138
Jump up ^ Farwell, pp. 137138
Jump up ^ Farwell, pp. 139142
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bennett, p. 134
Jump up ^ Patience 2001, pp. 114115
Jump up ^ Patience 2001, p. 121
Jump up ^ Patience 2001, pp. 122123

Jump up ^ Hildebrand Rhr & Steinmetz, p. 144

Jump up ^ Patience 2001, pp. 131132
Jump up ^ Herwig, pp. 154155
Jump up ^ Patience, pp. 133134
Jump up ^ Yates, p. 289
Jump up ^ Patience 2011, p. 72
References[edit]
Bennett, Geoffrey (2005). Naval Battles of the First World War. London: Pen & Sw
ord Military Classics. ISBN 1-84415-300-2.
Burt, R. A. (1988). British Battleships 18891904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Pres
s. ISBN 0-87021-061-0.
Farwell, Byron (1989). The Great War in Africa, 19141918. New York: Norton. ISBN
0-393-30564-3.
Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting S
hips: 19061922. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.
Grner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 18151945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN 0-87021-790-9.
Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Instit
ute Press. ISBN 1-55750-352-4.
Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 18881918. Amherst
: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9.
Hildebrand, Hans H.; Rhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Krie
gsschiffe (Volume 5) (in German). Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ASIN B003VHSRKE.
Patience, Kevin (2001). Konigsberg: A German East African Raider. Bahrain: Kevin
Patience. OCLC 37615728.
Patience, Kevin (December 2011). "Sink the Knigsberg: At All Costs". Britain at W
ar (Stamford: Key Publishing) (56): 6772.
Turner, Charles Cyril (1972). The Old Flying Days. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0405-03783-X.
Willmott, H. P. (2009). The Last Century of Sea Power (Volume 1, From Port Arthu
r to Chanak, 18941922). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-352
14-9.
Yates, Keith (1995). Graf Spee's Raiders: Challenge to the Royal Navy, 19141915.
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-977-8.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SMS Knigsberg.
Hoyt, Edwin (1968). The Germans Who Never Lost: The Story of the Konigsberg. New
York: Funk & Wagnalls. OCLC 440986.
Looff, Max (1936). Tufani: Sturm ber Deutsch-Ostafrika. Berlin: Bernard & Graefe
Verlag. OCLC 17207148.
[hide] v t e
Knigsberg-class cruisers
Knigsberg Nrnberg Stuttgart Stettin
Preceded by: Bremen class Followed by: Dresden class
List of light cruisers of Germany
Authority control
WorldCat VIAF: 154871502 LCCN: n88024686 GND: 4132838-3
Coordinates: 7526S 391424E
Categories: 1905 shipsKnigsbergKnigsberg-class cruisers (1905)Maritime incidents i
n 1915Military history of German East AfricaShips built in HamburgShipwrecks in
riversShipwrecks of AfricaWorld War I cruisers of GermanyWorld War I shipwrecks
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This page was last modified on 11 July 2015, at 19:38.
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