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A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
2007
Fluids at Rest
HOT AIR
BALLOONS use
heated air, which is
less dense than the
surrounding air, to
create an upward
buoyant force.
According to Archimedes Principle,
the buoyant force is
equal to the weight
of the air displaced
by the balloon.
Paul E. Tippens
Mass Density
mass
m
Density
;
volume
V
Wood
4000 cm3
Lead
Same volume
45.2 kg
177 cm3
Lead
2 kg
Same mass
4 kg
V
7800 kg/m3
4 kg
VV == 5.13
5.13 xx 10
10-4-4m
m33
What is the mass if the volume is 0.046 m3?
Relative Density
The relative density r of a material is the ratio of
its density to the density of water (1000 kg/m3).
x
1000 kg/m3
Examples:
33)
Steel
(7800
kg/m
Steel (7800 kg/m )
rr== 7.80
7.80
Brass
Brass (8700
(8700 kg/m
kg/m33))
rr== 8.70
8.70
33)
Wood
(500
kg/m
Wood (500 kg/m )
rr== 0.500
0.500
Pressure
Pressure is the ratio of a force F to the area A
over which it is applied:
Force
Pressure
;
Area
A = 2 cm2
1.5 kg
F
P
A
PP == 73,500
73,500 N/m
N/m22
Pascal: 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2
In the previous example the pressure was
73,500 N/m2. This should be expressed as:
PP == 73,500
73,500 Pa
Pa
Fluid Pressure
A liquid or gas cannot sustain a shearing stress - it is
only restrained by a boundary. Thus, it will exert a
force against and perpendicular to that boundary.
The force F exerted by a
fluid on the walls of its
container always acts
perpendicular to the walls.
Water flow
shows F
Fluid Pressure
Fluid exerts forces in many directions. Try to submerse
a rubber ball in water to see that an upward force acts
on the float.
Fluids exert pressure in
all directions.
mg
P
;
A
m V ; V Ah
Vg
A
Ahg
A
h
Area mg
Fluid Pressure:
P = gh
At
At any
any depth
depth hh below
below the
the surface
surface of
of the
the water
water
in
in any
any column,
column, the
the pressure
pressure PP isis the
the same.
same.
The
The shape
shape and
and area
area are
are not
not factors.
factors.
= 1000 kg/m3
P = gh
h = 20 m; g = 9.8 m/s2
Atmospheric Pressure
One way to measure atmospheric
pressure is to fill a test tube with
mercury, then invert it into a
bowl of mercury.
Density of Hg = 13,600 kg/m3
Patm = gh
P=0
atm atm
Mercury
h = 0.760 m
Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure: The sum of the
pressure due to a fluid and the
pressure due to atmosphere.
Gauge Pressure: The difference
between the absolute pressure and
the pressure due to the atmosphere:
P = 196 kPa
Absolute
Absolute Pressure
Pressure == Gauge
Gauge Pressure
Pressure ++ 11 atm
atm
P = 196 kPa
1 atm = 101.3 kPa
Pascals Law
Pascals Law: An external pressure applied
to an enclosed fluid is transmitted uniformly
throughout the volume of the liquid.
Fin Fout
Ain Aout
Fin
Fout
Fout Ain
; Fin
Ain
Aout
Aout
D
R ;
2
Area R 2
FF == 444
444 N
N
Archimedes Principle
An object that is completely or partially submerged in
a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced.
2 lb
2 lb
Area
FB
P
P2 P1 ; FB A( P2 P1 )
A
FB A( P2 P1 ) A( f gh2 f gh1 )
FB ( f g ) A(h2 h1 ); V f A( h2 h1 )
FB
mg
h1
h2
Buoyant Force:
FB = f gVf
FB = wgVw
mb
mb
2 kg
b ; Vb
b 8700 kg/m3
Vb
Vb = Vw = 2.30 x 10-4 m3
Fb = (1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(2.3 x 10-4 m3)
FFBB == 2.25
2.25 N
N
FB = gV
Force
diagram
mg
T = mg - FB
FB = gV
Force
diagram
mg
Floating objects:
When an object floats, partially submerged, the buoyant
force exactly balances the weight of the object.
FB
FB = f gVf
mx g = xVx g
f gVf = xVx g
mg
Floating Objects:
If Vf is volume of displaced
water Vwd, the relative density
of an object x is given by:
ff VVff == xxVVxx
Relative Density:
x Vwd
r
w Vx
ww VVwd
=
V
=
s
wd
sVss
s Vwd 2 m3
3 s
; w
3
w Vs 3 m
2
3 s 3(970 kg/m3 )
w
2
2
1/3
2/3
ww == 1460
1460 kg/m
kg/m33
m
F
P2 P1 gh; = ; P =
V
A
FB m f g f gV f
5. Remember: m, r and V refer to the displaced
fluid. The buoyant force has nothing to do with
the mass or density of the object in the fluid. (If
the object is completely submerged, then its
volume is equal to that of the fluid displaced.)
mx g m f g
or
FB
mg
xVx f V f
Summary
mass
m
Density
;
volume
V
Force
Pressure
;
Area
F
P
A
x
1000 kg/m3
Fluid Pressure:
P = gh
Pascal: 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2
Summary (Cont.)
Pascals
Law:
Fin Fout
Ain Aout
Archimedes
Principle:
Buoyant Force:
FB = f gVf