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GROUP MEMBERS:
NG WEI YING
LIM WAI MING
LUCAS WONG KOK HOE
STANLEY WONG KHUNG YOU
TAN MING LONG
WANG PUI YEE
0316366
0317068
0309421
0317236
0311069
0316283
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 BUILDING INFORMATION
1.1 Avenue K
1.2 Aim and Objectives
1.3 Scope of Research
1.4 Hinder of Research
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
31
31
32
6
12
28
30
34
3.3.5.4 Through-bus
3.3.5.5 Over-current Protective Devices
3.3.5.6 Outer Covers
3.3.6 Distribution Board
3.4 Electrical Room Space Requirements
3.5. Analysis
3.6 Conclusion
53
55
57
58
58
59
77
77
77
61
64
75
76
80
88
95
114
116
117
123
126
127
127
127
130
132
6.4.1.6 Refrigerants
6.4.2 Air Handler Units (A.H.U.)
6.4.3 Fan Coil Units (F.C.U.)
6.4.4 Grilles, Registers, Diffusers (G.R.D)
6.4.5 Variable Air Volume (V.A.V.) Box
6.4.6 Cooling Tower
6.5 Analysis
6.6 Conclusion
7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.3 Case Study
7.4 Active Fire Protection Systems
7.4.1 Alarm Initiation Devices
7.4.1.1 Smoke Detector
7.4.1.2 Gas Detector
7.4.1.3 Break-Glass
7.4.2 Notification Appliances
7.4.2.1 Alarm Bell
7.4.2.2 Speaker
7.4.2.3 Siren
7.4.2.4 Fireman Intercom System
7.4.2.4.1 Remote Handset Station
7.4.2.4.2 Fireman Intercom Panel
7.4.2.5 Lighting and Signage
7.4.2.5.1 Emergency Exit Sign
7.4.2.5.2 Emergency Exit Light
7.4.2.5.3 Fire Indicator Light
7.4.3 Fire Control/ Extinguishing Systems
7.4.3.1 Fire Hydrant System
7.4.3.2 Sprinkler System
7.4.3.3 Hose Reel System
7.4.3.4 Wet Riser System
7.4.3.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO) Fire Suppression System
7.4.3.6 Fire Extinguisher
7.4.3.7 Fireman Switch
7.5 Passive Fire Protection Systems
7.5.1 Fire Roller Shutter
7.5.2 Fire Evacuation Routes
7.5.3 Fire Rated Door
7.5.4 Fire Staircase
7.5.5 Fire Lift
7.6 Analysis
7.7 Conclusion
147
148
149
149
150
152
156
182
190
191
8.0 CONCLUSION
9.0 APPENDIX
10.0 REFERENCES
192
193
194
SYABAS
Tenants
Bulk Meter
Suction Tank
Storage Tank
Booster Pump
Figu
Wash Closets
Figure 2.3.2 Ground Floor Plan showing the location of bulk water meter.
Figure 2.3.4 Basement 2 plan showing the location of Water Tank Room
Water Tank Room
Suction Tank
Booster Pumps
Figure 2.3.6 Booster pumps located right beside the suction tank
10
11
water then flows through the constant flow valve and meter before entering the rising
main to suction tank which can be seen in number 12 region.
13
14
15
Figure 2.4.3.3 The water flow from the rising main that connects to the suction tank
17
Figure 2.4.3.3 shows the how the water flow from the rising main into the suction tank.
The rising main comes with pressure reducing and stop valve that is able to manipulate
the water flow. The rising main pipe diameter is too large to be connected directly to the
suction tank and would result in severe strain on the valves. Hence, the rising main is
provided with a manifold header so the inlet to the tank can be automatically supplied
through several supply pipes, as shown in Figure 2.4.3.3. Each supply pipe from the
rising main comes with a stop valve to control the water flow. During this process, the
water pressure from the main source is greatly reduced.
As seen on figure 2.4.3.7, a reading scale is attached on the outside of the suction tank
to display its current inward water capacity. This reading scale is connected to the float
valve within the tank and directly depended on it.
20
Figure 2.4.4.1 Electricity powered Hydropneumatic system is used for the booster pump
The 2 water storage tanks are placed next to the cooling tower make-up tank in Avenue
K. All the roof top water tanks are enveloped with sun-shading louvers to prevent direct
heating from the sun.
Domestic Cold Water Storage tank Specifications:
- Dimension: 1000 x 5000 x 4500 (H)
-Capacity Volume: 245.6m3
- Material (exterior): Hot dipped Galvanized Pressed Steel
- Material (interior): PVC
The service water storage tank is made of galvanized pressed steel exterior with interior
PVC linings. The outer shell of the water tank is made of modular square panels that are
known as the sectional panel tank. The general requirement of rooftop water storage
tank include cover on the tank to prevent animals and particles from trapping inside the
tank.
Inspection holes are also mounted on the top of the tank for regular inspection and
maintenance. The water storage tank components in Avenue K is quite similar to its
suction tank. Overflow pipe is used to discharge excessive water at times of float valve
and float failure. The water storage tank is also provided with a reading scale to show the
level of water in it. Vent pipes are also attached on the top of the water storage tank to
allow air exchange within the water tank.
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(a) Copper
(b) PVC
(C) Galvanized Steel
Figure 2.4.6.1 Types of Pipes in Avenue K
Type of Pipe
Copper Pipe
Type L
PVC
Piping Description
Rigid, Blue in Color,
will not corrode and
long lasting
Rigid, lightweight,
lifespan of 30 years
Galvanized
Steel
Table 2.4.6.2
Pipe Usage
Rising Main
Overflow Pipe
Distribution Pipe
Service Pipe
Diameter (inches)
6
5
4
3 and below
Table2.4.6.3
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2.5 Analysis
UBBL 89. Chases.
A Chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the wall at the
back of the chase not less than 100 millimeters thick in external walls and not less than
100 millimeters thick in a party wall and shall not be wider than 200 millimeters.
UBBL 247. Water storage.
(1) Main water storage tanks within the building, other tank for hose reel systems, shall
be located on ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet
connections accessible to fire appliances.
UBBL 123. Pipe and service ducts.
The enclosure must be sufficient enough to allow accommodation of pipes, stop cocks
and permit access for repairs modifications.
The cold water supply system in Avenue K conforms to the Uniform Building By-Laws
1984 by installing their suction tanks in basement level which meets the requirement of
By-law 247. Cleaning and servicing of the water tanks are carried out annually which
adheres to the maintenance regulation set by SYABAS.
Moreover, the suction tank and water storage tanks are elevated from the ground and
placed on the RC beams. This enable enough room for the accommodation of pipes and
connections, which permits enough room for plumbers to excess for maintenance and
service. This placement method of water tanks in Avenue K successfully meet the
requirements of By-law 123.
The indirect cold water supply system used in Avenue K is a good choice as it provide
reserve against failure of mains supply. Indirect cold water supply system requires the
presence of suction and storage tank and when sudden demands are met from the
storage cistern which then fills slowly, thereby making the demand on the main more
even. This is much more economical as the size of the service pipe is able to be reduced
to a more proper sizing. It also reduced pressure on the system installation, which
reduce the noise level. Leakage will be reduce and less water will go to waste.
The Turbine bulk meter used as master meters in Avenue K is also an excellent choice
for water distribution. Turbine bulk meter is suitable for high rise and large commercial
buildings as it is highly accurate in monitoring high flow rates. Furthermore, the water
storage tanks are covered and protected from direct sun glare.This adheres to the
general hygiene guidelines of a water tank where it is required to be covered to avoid
animals and other particles from entering the water tank.
Most of the major distribution pipes used in Avenue K are copper and galvanized steel
pipes. The use of copper pipe is able to avoid corrosion built up in the pipes and is long
lasting. Galvanized steel pipes are long lasting as well but they are prone to corrosion
over the time. New buildings no longer install galvanized steel pipes and opted for
copper pipes instead. We would suggest Avenue K to replace most of its major pipes to
copper or PVC pipes to avoid corrosion built up within the pipes. Moreover, PVC is
28
economical and lightweight. Major pipes which transfer high pressure water should be of
copper pipes to withstand the strain of the pressure.
The hydropneumatic system booster pump in Avenue K is electricity powered and its
electrical consumption is rather high. The pump sets also required its own generator set
in case of power failure to ensure continuity of watter supply. Avenue K could consider
installing lower energy consumption pumps like the hydraulic pumps to lower the overall
energy consumption of the building. The hydraulic pumps should be sufficient for
medium rise commercial building like Avenue K.
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2.6. Conclusion.
Through this case study on Avenue K, we have definitely gained a better insight towards
cold water supply system. We now understand how the water supply system works and
distributed in Malaysia. An extensive research is carried out after the site visit to obtain
sufficient info for the writing of this report. The management of Avenue K has fulfilled the
UBBL requirements by conforming to the by-laws and the annual maintenance. SYABAS
proposed guidelines are also adhered by Avenue K. Being a medium high rise
commercial building, the current water supply system has proven to be efficient. The
gravity and pumped combination system also proven to be the most economical
distribution system for commercial buildings like Avenue K and most importantly, they are
able to provide constant flow of water supply to the tenants via this system.
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3.1 Introduction
Electricity is the most dominant kind of energy in a modern building. Electricity supplies
electrical outlets and lighting fixtures. Ventilation, heating, and cooling equipment
depend upon electrical energy. Electricity provides energy for elevators and materials
transporters, and energy for signal and communication equipment.
Lighting is the major user of electrical energy in most buildings. In commercial buildings,
motors are the second heaviest use of electrical energy, for heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing pumps, elevators and most industrial
processes. As a designer, we have responsibility for seeing that power is available
where needed for our clients equipment, and for making sure that the lighting and
appliances are appropriate and energy efficient.
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Figure 3.2.1.1 shows that the general distribution of electricity, it usually generated by
electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or
the heat released from nuclear reactions or from other sources such as kinetic energy
extracted from wind or flowing Centralized power stations allows efficient electrical
transmission, electrical power can then be dispatched relatively long distance to where
it was needed.
32
Figure 3.2.2.1 shows a buildings electrical distribution, and below shows the following
steps of how electricity is being transmitted in a building.
1. Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) then enters the TNB substation located inside the
building which is the High Voltage Room consists the Switch Gear Room &
Transformer Room.
2. Electricity is then transmitted to the Low Voltage Room, which is the Main Switch
Room. It functions as a distribution room that consist of main control switches,
circuit breakers and meters.
3. Electricity is then continued to the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room
consisting signal distribution frames connecting telecommunication wirings.
4. Electric Risers connect the wirings to the Electrical Rooms in every floor to
supply electricity to the upper floors.
5. Electricity is then transmitted to the Distribution Boards for control switches of the
electrical appliances.
6. Gen-Set Room is connected to the LV Room (Main Switch Room) which has a
backup generator in case TNB fails to supply electricity.
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TNB substation
Consumer
Room
Main Switch
Room
Distribution
Board
Electric Room
34
35
38
39
40
41
43
44
Main Switch Room (LV Room) is where the main control panels located. This room
consist of main switches for the entire building. The Main Switch Board allows the
authorized personnel to shut down the power supply of any floor or the whole building
for maintenance purpose. The Main Switch Boards used bus bar system, which
connects to the other distribution boards to experience less current loss.
45
The frame of the switch board houses supports the other components. The standard
switchboard frame is 90 inches high and 32 or 38 inches wide. An optional height of
70 inches with widths of 32, 38, or 46 inches is also available
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3.3.5.2 Bus
Figure 3.3.5.2.1 Buses are mounted within the frame, vertical and horizontal
Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/switchboard-construction-siemensbasics
A bus is a conductor or set of conductors that serves as a common connection for two
or more circuit. NEC article 408.3 states that bus bars shall be located so as to be free
from physical damage and shall be held firmly in place
Bus bars are required to have phases in sequence so that an installer can have the
same fixed phase arrangement in each termination point in any switchboard. This is
established by NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association). If it is a nonNEMA phase sequence, it must be marked on the switchboard.
Buses are mounted within the frame. Horizontal bus bars are used to distribute power
to each switchboard section. Vertical bus bars are used to distribute power via
overcurrent devices to the load devices. Bus bars are made of tin-finished aluminum
or silver-finished copper. Bus bars may either be temperature rated or current density
rated. The current density rating specifies the maximum current per square inch of a
bus bar cross section.
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48
3.3.5.4 Through-bus
The extended horizontal bus is also referred to as through-bus. Because the load
requirements in downstream distribution sections are generally less than in upstream
service sections, the capacity of the through-bus is tapered to a minimum of one-third
the capacity of the incoming service mains.
Full capacity or non-tapered, through-bus is available as an option. The ampacity of
non-tapered through-bus remains constant throughout the switchboard.
49
Operator components are mounted in the front side of the switchboard. This includes
overcurrent protective devices, such as circuit breakers and disconnect switches.
These devices are mounted to the bus bars using straps connected to the line side of
the devices.
50
A distribution board is a control board or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit
breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute electrical power to
numerous individual circuits or consumer points. The board typically has a single
incoming power source and includes a main circuit and a residual current or earth
leakage protection device. Older distribution boards may include a series of fuses which
supply the individual circuits; newer installations typically feature mini circuit breakers. A
distribution board may be utilized to distribute either single or three phase supplies,
depending on the installation specifics. Although distribution board equipment, layouts,
and legislative requirements differ from country to country, the basic rules of
distributing a single supply to various individual points while ensuring safety and
control for each remains the same.
Distribution boards are common place in most industrial installations and commercial or
residential buildings. Most consist of a control board or enclosure supplied with a single
incoming electrical feed line. The power is then split among several small circuit
breakers or, in the case of older boards, fuses which in turn feed power to different
consumption points or circuits. The core function of any distribution board is to allow
individual circuits to draw power from correctly rated circuit breakers and for those
circuits to be isolated without causing a disruption to the rest of the supplies. Most
51
importantly though, the distribution board offers protection to users and equipment from
electrical shock or fire resulting from ground faults.
Most distribution boards feature a single incoming supply cable feeding multi- or singlephase power to the board. The live feed from this cable is generally first connected to
a main breaker, fuse, or residual current detector (RCD). These components allow the
whole board to be isolated for repairs in the case of a main breaker or fuse while the
RCD protects against ground fault shock and fire hazards. In the case of a single phase
supply, the live feed is taken from the main breaker or RCD and bridged across the top
of a series of individual fuses or mini circuit breakers. Multiphase supplies typically have
several circuit breakers for each phase and with each group bridged along their
incoming terminals. The neutral and earth cores of the supply cable are then connected
to separate busway bars.
Cables from the individual power outlets, light circuits, or machine points are then
inserted into the distribution board on the opposite side of the supply cable. The live
leads from each cable are connected to suitably rated circuit breakers and the neutral
and ground leads to the appropriate busway bars. This creates a distribution
environment where each circuit is fed by a suitable circuit breaker and may be isolated if
the need arises without disrupting the rest of the supply.
The most significant component of any distribution board is the RCD. This is the
element which stands between the circuit user and potentially fatal electric shocks and
catastrophic fires. For this understanding, these units should be correctly rated,
regularly tested, and never bypassed. The cause of a tripped breaker or blown fuse
should also always be investigated prior to a reset to avoid possible damage to
equipment or appliances and electrical shock.
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The space requirements for standby and emergency power systems do not rank at the
top of an architects design list. Consequently, service personnel can find themselves in
tight quarters when these power systems are jammed into areas that meet only
minimum safety requirements and dont take service- ability into account.
Building service equipment must have an advocate early in the design process. It is far
easier and less expensive to plan for adequate space in the design phase than to
compromise on unit size and retrofit equipment to fit in cramped areas.
3.4.1 Basic Room Requirements
Minimum requirements set for the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the
National Electric Code (NEC) is that a person must be able to complete service duties
with enclosure doors open and for two people to pass one another. If maintenance must
be done at the rear of the cabinet, similar access space must be available.
The NEC also requires 3 to 4 feet (1m to 1.3m) of aisle space between live electrical
components of 600 volts or less, depending on whether live components are on one or
both sides of the aisle. This requirement holds even if components are protected by
safety enclosures or screens.
Installations over 600 volts require even wider aisle space, from 3 feet (1,) to as much
as 12 feet (4m) for voltages above 75kV. Service rooms with 1,200 amps or more
require two exits in case of fire or arcing. Because transformers vary, make sure
minimum wall clearances are met as specified by the manufacturer.
Specific rules and exceptions are spelled out by the NFPA in its recently revised NEC
rules.
3.4.2 Gen Set Space Needs
Caterpillar recommends floor space between an engine and parallel wall space or
another gen set should not be less than the width of the engine. Overhead, there should
be enough space allocated to allow convenient removal of cylinder heads, manifolds,
exhaust piping and any other equipment for service. Consider specifying enough room
for a chain hoist or overhead crane. Space fore and aft of the engine should allow
camshaft removal.
Batteries to start gen sets should be kept as near as possible to the engine to avoid
long energy robbing cables. The fuel tank should be located near gen sets to prevent
long fuel line runs which can tax fuel pumps. Access to this equipment for service must
also be considered in the design phase.
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54
3.5 Analysis
Avenue k has a Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) substation which distributes all the
power that the building needs. Distribution circuits are LED from a transformer located
in an electrical substation, where the voltage is reduced from the high values are used
for power transmission.
The generator set will provide electric power when power supply cut off, it is to prevent
discontinuity of daily activities and the disruption of business operations.
Electric power supply: Tenaga National Berhad (TNB)
Location
TNB substation
Level 2
Consumer Room
Basement 1
Main Switch Room
Basement 2
Gen-set Room
Basement 2
Sub-board and distribution board
Every floor
Table 3.5.1 Location of electrical supply system room
Unfortunately, we are not allowed to go inside to the TNB substation room. According to
OSHA 1026.966(e)(3), only authorized electrical technicians are allowed to enter the
substation. To prevent illegal access, the substation is protected with wall and entrance
is locked as mentioned in OSHA 1926.966(e)(5) and OSHA 1926.966 (e)(2).
55
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3.6 Conclusion
After visit to Avenue K and do research on their building services, we can easily identify
and understand relevant information related to water and electrical supply, sewerage,
mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning as well as fire protection systems. We
understood how each building services functions including the connections and position
of different parts equipment.
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4.1 Introduction
In order to manage human waste, industry waste and excess rainwater to keep the
living area of human clean and comfortable, the drainage system, sewerage system and
sanitary appliances play an important role. Drainage system is a system of piping to run
off excess water whereas sewage system is to dispose the waste water and solids in a
proper way. Waste water also called sewage, it can be defined as any liquid waste that
contains animal, vegetable or chemical waste in solution. A fixture that connected to the
sewer pipe is sanitary appliance which allows a person to put in sewage or liquids into
the sewerage system and the medium used to flush the sewage into the sewer pipe is
water.
In Malaysia, the task of developing and maintaining an efficient and modern sewerage
system is in charge by the Indah Water Konsortium (IWK). IWK manages the collection
and treatment of sludge from sewerage system and septic tanks.
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59
Figure 4.3.1 Basement 2 Floor Plan showing the location of sewerage ejector
room.
Sewerage Ejector
Room
61
62
Sewage
Ejector
Toilet
Sump
pump
Kitchen
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(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.1.1 (a) Water closet front view, (b) side view shows that it is joined to the
wall and (c) diagram of WC.
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4.4.1.2
Basins
For aesthetic purpose, the plumbing lines of the basins are hidden beneath the basin
and being covered as cupboard. Since it is in an open space, the maintenance is easy.
Besides, if there is blockage, its convenient for repairing because its easy to access.
The water used will flow to waste-water pipe.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.2.1 (a) The wall-mounted basin and (b) the plumbing lines underneath the
basin.
4.4.1.3 Urinal
The flushing system incorporated by this urinal to rinse urine from the bowl of the device
to prevent odors is manual button. After flushing, urine and water flow into drainage line.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.3.1 (a) Water flush urinal and (b) schematic diagram showing function of
urinal Source: http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/resource-book-waterless-urinalsecological-sanitation-method-saves-water-energy-and-uses
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(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.1.4.1 (a) Bottle trap beneath the sinks and (b) diagram of the function of the
bottle trap.
Source: http://carriethomson.hubpages.com/hub/Why-Do-We-Need-Bottle-Traps-ForThe-Wash-Basins#
4.4.1.5
Floor Trap
It collects waste water from sink, shower and bathroom etc. to avoid wetting of the
whole toilet floor area. Other than that, it also help prevents gases from entering the
place. The waste pipe is connected above the water seal of the floor trap.
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4.4.1.6
Floor Trap
It is important for ventilation of the system by allowing air from the fresh-air inlet to rise
through the system and carry the abominable gases which then provide some
purification for the piping. Moreover, vent pipe also breaks the possible siphonage of
water out of trap by introducing air near a fixture. The size of vent pipe is 50mm.
Besides, the system of air vent will parallel with the drainage system and extend
through the roof.
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4.4.1.7
It is a vertical waste pipe. This pipe will carries waste from toilet to the sewer. After
sewer, it will be send to the public sewer line. The size of this pipe is 100mm.
4.4.1.9
Grease Interceptor
The waste is passed from those kitchen sinks of restaurants through the circuitous path
within the grease interceptor. As the grease floats to the top, it will be trapped between
baffles whereas the more fluid waste passes through at a lower level. This grease
interceptor requires periodic servicing and it is located at Basement 3 of Avenue K.
Figure 4.4.1.9.1 (a) Grease interceptor and (b) grease that floats on top of the tank.
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71
Rain water
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4.2.1.1 (a) Roof drain and (b) diagram of the flow of rain water from roof drain
to sump pit.
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4.4.2.2
Perimeter Drain
Perimeter drains helped direct rain water and reduce chances of flooding. It is also used
to prevent ground water from penetrating into the foundation of building. If ground water
penetrates into foundation, it might destroy the foundation.
4.4.2.3
Sump Pump
Rainwater from roof drain or perimeter drain will be transfer to sump pit. When the water
level of sump pit reaches a limit, sump pump will pumps out the water automatically. In
Avenue K, sump pump is submerged into the manhole and located at basement 3. The
minimum depth for sump pits is 750mm whereas the minimum area is 0.25 m.
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4.4.2.4
Manhole
4.5
Through our analysis and observation, the sanitary, sewerage and drainage systems in
Avenue K obeyed the Law of Malaysia.
Drainage System Law 115
All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient
channels, gutter, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the
requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on
and off from the roof.
According to the law above, Avenue K has provided sufficient roof drains to direct the
rainwater from the roof top to the sump pit. Floor drain is much more aesthetic compare
to gutter.
UBBL 123. Pipes and Service Ducts
(1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes.
Cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be:
(a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for
crossings branches and mains together with support and fixing; and
(b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other
controls there 10 enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to
each or all of the services accommodated.
(2) The access, openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably
placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
For those pipes that used for sanitary, sewerage and drainage system, they followed
the law above and provide adequate access for the maintenance and repairs. This is
very important as it may affect the efficiency of the system or cause failure in the system.
The failure in system may reduce the sustainability of the building.
One pipe plumbing system conveys both soil and waste water to the drain directly
whereas the two pipe plumbing system collects soil and waste water separately.
Avenue K uses two pipe plumbing system which is more costly compare to one pipe
plumbing but it is worth. By using two pipe plumbing, storm water collected can be
reused as the water resource for toilet flushing or cleaning in the building. Moreover, it
provides more capacity compare to one pipe plumbing which then help to prevent
overflow of combined sewer.
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4.6 Conclusion
In conclusion, by analyzed and studied the sewerage system, we found that it plays an
important role in keeping the cleanliness and hygienic of the building and also the
sustainability of the building. The sewerage system of Avenue K is considered obeyed
to the Laws of Malaysia and functions efficiently.
Other than the system itself, its maintenance also plays an important role. Without
maintenance, the system will not last. Furthermore, the failure of system may cause
damage to the building structure or endanger the health of building users.
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5.1 Introduction
Elevators are the most commonly used mode of vertical transportation in modern
buildings, namely commercial, office, and residential structures having more than three
stories. Elevators are used to move persons from levels to levels within a structure.
Elevators are also used to move goods and in some cases motor vehicles. They provide
ease of movement between floors as well as function as a transportation device for
various goods.
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78
79
A case study is carried out at Avenue K for an in-dept understanding towards the
elevator system. First of all, generator from the electric room will generate electricity to
the control and machine room. The control room is in charge of controlling and
moitoring the lift system. When a user interacts with the elevator, the signal will be
transmited to the control room and machine room respectively. After that, the geared
motor in the machine room will respond to the users call by moving the elevator car up
or down, thus giving feedback to the user.
In Avenue-K, there are a total of 20 elevators, whereby 16 are passenger elevator, 3 are
firemans elevator and the last one is the freight elevator, also known as the cargo lift.
UBBL 124. Lifts.
For all-non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main access
level at least one lift shall be provided.
UBBL 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.
1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
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Firemans Elevator
Freight Elevator
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5.3.2 Escalator
The case study of the escalator system shows that electricity is generated by the
generator from the electric room. The electric is then transferred to the electric motor of
the escalator. A manual operation is required to activate or deactivate the escalator.
Figure 5.4.1.1 Components of a geared elevator installation with solid state-control and
motor drive.
Source: http://www.expresslift.co.in/traction.html
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UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure.
1) On failure of main power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated
floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and
park with door open.
2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation.
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Figure 5.4.2.2 Dedicated elevator display computer terminals are part of the extensive
control and communication equipment installed at the control room
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95
A car sling is the framework which encloses the cab. The ropes, guides, and platform
are attached to the sling. The width and height of the sling depends on the platform
width and cab height respectively.
A general car sling consists of: two stiles, two strike plates, a cross-head, a safety plank
(called a bolster on a hydraulic equipment type), and brace rods.
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97
The elevator cabinet is the interior of the car where passengers stand while being
transported. The cabinets are completely enclosed with openings being only the car
door, an emergency trap door as well as ventilation apertures. An elevator cabinet has
many choices for the finished interior materials such as stainless steel, cold rolled steel,
bronze and plastic laminate.
Both the freight and passenger cabin sizes are designed to the A17.1 Safety Code for
Elevators & Escalators size standards.
The double banked car operating panel is advisable for a higher number of floors,
because the single banked version would be too long. As the length of the faceplate
with a double banked panel is smaller than a single banked panel, the buttons are
accessible by all. A further advantage of the double banked arrangement is the
possibility to insert name plates alongside the buttons.
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All automatic elevators, regardless of whether or not equipped with detection beams,
are required by ANSI to have safety edge device on the car doors that causes the car
and hoistway doors, which operate in synchrony, to reopen when the safety edge meets
any obstruction. Car doors are arranged to nudge when almost closed or after a
specific time period.
Figure 5.5.1.7.1: Elevator car door with infrared sensor installation for safety purpose
Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-partone.html
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105
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Counterweight hitch plate is the attachment point for the other end of the ropes. The
ropes are attached to the counterweight frame by a hitch plate similar to the car hitch
plate. The car hangs on one end of the ropes and the counterweights hang on the other
end.
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Fig.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Roping
1:1
1:1
1:1
1:1
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.1
4.1
Roping Method
Half Wrap(Single Warp)
Full Wrap(Double Warp)
Drum winding
Drum Winding
Full Wrap(Double Warp)
Half Wrap(Single Warp)
Half Wrap(Single Warp)
Half Wrap(Single Warp)
Half Wrap(Single Warp)
Principal Use
Mid, Low-Speed Elevator
High-Speed Elevator
Home Elevator
Small, Low-Speed Elevator
High-Speed Elevator
Freight Elevator
Machine-Room-Less Elevator
Large Freight Elevator
Large Freight Elevator
From our observation, the passenger and firemans elevator use roping system e while
the freight elevator/ cargo lift uses roping system f.
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A Spring Buffer is generally used on hydraulic elevators. These devices are used to
cushion the elevator and are mostly located in the elevator pit.
An Oil Buffer is another type of buffer more commonly found on traction elevators with
speeds higher than 200 feet per minute. This type of buffer uses a combination of oil
and springs to cushion a descending car or counterweight. They are commonly located
in the elevator pit.
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In Avenue-K, all the escalators are activated and deactivated by staffs manually. When
the escalators are operating, they transmit signals to the escalator supervisory panel
located in the control room. If any error occurs, red colour signal will appear on the
escalator supervisory panel, indicating which escalator experiences the error.
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5.9 Analysis
5.9.1 Arrangement of Elevators
There are several elevator grouping patterns used in Avenue-K, the first being a group
of 6 elevators facing each other and smaller groups of 2-3 elevators facing a corridor or
safety staircase. The figures below illustrate the elevator groupings in Avenue K. In front
of each elevator, a space of 3.5-4.0 meters is given to ensure ease for the elevator
users to travel in and out if the elevators.
Elevator Grouping 1
Elevator Grouping 2
Elevator Grouping 3
Elevator Grouping 4
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As with any other commodity, the number of elevators will have an effect on the quality
of service for the vertical transportations in the building. The positioning of elevators in
Avenue such as the six elevators arrangement at the center of the main shopping mall
significantly reduces the waiting time and also provides optimum usage when there is
high traffic.
5.9.2 Positioning of Escalator
The escalators of Avenue-K are positioned at the center of the mall as it is the most
crowded space in the mall and it appears to be impractical to install elevator there.
Therefore, the positioning of the escalators in Avenue-K provides good circulation in the
mall.
5.9.3 UBBL
UBBL 124. Lifts.
For all-non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main access
level at least one lift shall be provided.
Since Avenue-K has 8 stories, it fulfills the by-law requirements by installing 16
passenger elevators.
UBBL 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.
1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
All the lift lobbies of Avenue-K conrain a smoke detector. Therefore, the elevators are
well prepared for any fire emergency.
UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure.
1) On failure of main power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated
floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and
park with door open.
The elevators in Avenue-K are incorporated with a system that during emergency or
power failure, the elevators are directed to the lobby automatically.
2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation.
During emergency, after the elevators of Avenue-K reached the lobby for evacuation, a
few elevators will resume normal operation using emergency power generated from the
emergency electrical room at the basement floor level.
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The landing door of the elevators of Avenue-K is highly fire resistant so that if there is a
fire emergency, the fire can be hold off long enough for the fire brigade to come.
2) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any
vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than
0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing
door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.
The elevators of Avenue-K do not use any glass material as construction. Only the
freight elevator/ cargo lift uses a small glass panel for vision purpose. The glass panel is
definitely less than 0.0156 square metre.
UBBL 155. Fire mode of operation.
1) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the
firemans lift switch.
All the firemans elevator is installed with a firemans lift switch. During fire emergency,
the fire fighters can toggle the switch to enable evacuation of all the passenger in each
elevator. After that, the fire fighters can perform their duty without any distraction.
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5.10 Conclusion
Vertical transportation is important in making a good building. The elevators and
escalators in Avenue-K are able to provide convenience and comfort to the occupants
and disabled people by following the UBBL requirements. Besides that, the elevators
and escalators of Avenue-K are well installed with various safety measures in case of
any emergency. Therefore, this case study shows that Avenue-K has an excellent
mechanical transportation system.
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6.1 Introduction
In a hot humid climate country, air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems
(ACMV) is an essential system in the Avenue K Shopping Mall as it is a multistoried
building in an urban city central of Kuala Lumpur. ACMV systems helps to regulate the
internal temperature of the building to reasonable comfort level during the day,
circulates fresh air indoor and expels stale air. The process is repeated until an ideal
temperature is achieved and maintained.
In a large commercial building or an office building, the most efficient method to control
the buildings internal temperature is by using the centralized air conditioning system.
The centralized air conditioning system is made up of two major cycles: Refrigeration
Cycle and Air Cycle.
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The Refrigeration Cycle is a process that removes heat from an area that is not wanted
and distributes the unwanted heat to a meaningless area. The refrigeration cycle
system requires at least five basic components to function:
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The Air Cycle is a process to transfer treated air into the space that needs airconditioned. The five major components of an air cycle system are:
1. Air Handling Unit (A.H.U.): To collect and mix outdoor air with that returning
from the building space. The air mixture is then cooled or heated, after which it is
discharged into the building space through a duct system made up of five-feet
diameter pipes
2. Air Filter: Catches the dirt and other foreign particles in the air, preventing them
from entering the room.
3. Blower Fan: Propels the air for distribution.
4. Ductwork and Diffusers: Distributes the air from the AHU to their designated
space.
5. Clean Air Intake: Introduces fresh air for distribution.
Mechanical Ventilation is a process forces or induced ventilation by using mechanical
air handling systems that allows more control than natural ventilations. Mechanical
Ventilation systems have mechanical fans either installed directly in windows, walls or
air ducts for supplying and exhausting air.
The type of mechanical ventilation systems used in a building depends on the climate.
In hot and humid climates, infiltration of air may need to be minimized or prevented to
reduce interstitial condensation. In colder climates, exfiltration needs to be reduced to
prevent interstitial condensation.
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130
Avenue K Shopping Mall is a multistoried commercial building that uses centralized air
conditioning system and centralized extract system. Centralized air conditioning for
even distribution of fresh cool air throughout the mall with low noise and energy
consumption whereas centralized extract system in the basement parking for better air
ventilation. In the basement, there is a chiller plant room where the large compressors,
condenser, expansion device and evaporator are stored. All the components functions
as a typical refrigeration system.
The centralized air conditioning systems in the Avenue K shopping mall is evenly
distributed on every floor above the basement. Every Grilles, Registers and Diffusers
(G.R.D) on every floor are connected to the Air Handler Unit (A.H.U) and to the chiller
through the vent ducts hidden in the ceilings. The advantage of the ducts being hidden
in the ceiling is to provide a lesser noise air conditioning system and to isolate the ducts
from being seen on the inside of the shops or ceiling.
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6.4.1.1 Chillers
human traffic and heat from the sun. The Chillers are usually serviced every month or
when needed.
The chiller removes heat from a liquid through a vapor-compression or absorption
refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes
through coils in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually
dehumidifying the air in the building. There are two types of chillers air-cooled or
water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers are usually outside and consist of condenser coils
cooled by fan-driven air. Water-cooled chiller are usually inside a building, and heat
from these chillers is carried by re-circulating water to a heat sink such as an outdoor
cooling tower.
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6.4.1.5 Ductworks
Figure 6.4.1.5.1 Exhaust Air Duct, Fresh Air Duct and VAV Ductwork layout on Ground
Floor Plan
A ductwork system is used to supply and return air to and from a room. In Avenue K,
the ductworks are concealed in the ceiling of the mall and only revealed in the services
rooms. Volume control dampers are installed in the ducts to control the amount of air
flow in and out from the A.H.U., chiller and diffusers.
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The ducts are available in many sizes depending on the importance of the space.
Larger ducts are usually used connecting to larger halls or space which require more
cooling. The air in larger ducts are then channeled into smaller ducts which distributes
the air equally. Vent ducts are found in basements to distribute fresh air from the
outside.
During maintenance, an inspection for leakage, biological growth or water damage will
be done to prevent pollutants from entering the building. The ducts are usually
inspected every 1-2 years. The signs of poor performing air ducts include:
1.
2.
3.
6.4.1.6 Refrigerants
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The Air Handling Unit plays an important role in the Central Air-Conditioning system.
The A.H.U. is responsible to handle the air in a room. The A.H.U. takes in outdoor air
and filters it for indoor distribution. The circulation of air is distributed by the blower in
the unit. The air filter installed in the equipment is responsible filtration and cleaning of
the flowing air. The air is distributed to every floor connected by the ductworks. The
number of A.H.U. in the Avenue K is 30 units and they are placed in an A.H.U. room
situated on every wing of the building.
The A.H.U. rooms are located on:
1. Upper Concourse
2. Ground Floor
3. First Floor
4. Second Floor
5. Third Floor
6. Fourth Floor
The A.H.U. produces a loud noise and great vibration to the occupants when operating.
Therefore, in order to reduce that negative effect, vibration insulators are installed
immediately into the ducts before and after the air handler. The rubberized canvas-like
material allows the A.H.U. to vibrate without transferring too much vibration to the ducts
attached. The A.H.U. is also raised on plinths to prevent corrosion from moist ground.
The A.H.U. are inspected annually to prevent damage and leakages. The air filters will
be removed and cleaned or replaced with new ones if the filters are punctured or torn.
The blower and cooling coil will be dismantled from the unit and be cleaned thoroughly
to prevent dust from attaching it. The pipes and fittings will be cleaned and stagnant
water will be removed. The air flow valve will be cleaned as well to allow fresh air to
enter.
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141
142
The process of cleaning the F.C.U. is similar to the A.H.U. The difference in that is the
size of the equipment and lesser components. Pipes and fittings are cleared to prevent
stagnant water and repairs would be made to punctured or leaking parts. The
maintenance is usually done in every 6 months to 1 year.
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After going through the condenser, water temperature will rise due to absorption of heat
from the refrigerant in the condenser. The hot water is then channeled through the hot
water inlet port in the cooling tower to rise beyond the top of the cooling tower. The
water then exits through existing holes in the sprinkler. The sprinkler will then rotate
while removing water and distribute it evenly to the top of the cooling tower. The water
coming out of the sprinkler is then entered into the water column and comes in contact
with the opposite direction of air flow (hot water down to the bottom of the cooling tower,
while the air enters from the bottom to the next exit from the top). At the time of contact
between water and air, the amount of heat to be released from the higher water
temperature to a lower temperature air. As a result, the water temperature will drop. The
cold water temperature is then accommodated in the bottom of the cooling tower (basin)
and then circulated again to get to the condenser in order to absorb heat again.
At the time of contact between water and air, some water will be vented into the air, so
that the volume of water will be reduced, and to overcome them, then chilled make-up
water which is connected to the domestic water lines with equipped buoys will remain to
keep the water level in the container.
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6.5 Analysis
During our visit to the Chiller Plant Room, we discovered that one of the large chiller unit
was not functioning due to no maintenance done for the past 1 year. This caused an
inefficient usage of equipment by operating 2 small chiller units to replace the larger
chiller. The consumption of refrigerants and fuel to operate the chillers had increased at
least by 50% after the large chiller became malfunctioned. We also noticed that the
F.C.U. located in the Chiller Plant Room was malfunctioned. The increase in
temperature could have damage other equipment if left unmaintained. According to the
maintenance team, there were no maintenance done for the past 1 year because the
malfunctioned equipment did not affect much in the operations in the mall.
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6.6 Conclusion
In conclusion, The Avenue K mall uses the centralized air-conditioning system which
cools the building throughout the day and night. The systems used in the mall fits the
requirement of the Malaysian UBBL 1984. This system has an advantage in commercial
buildings which is its energy saving technology. The refrigerants used in the chillers are
also environmentally friendly and easily obtained.
However, the downside to this was the lack of maintenance done to the equipment. The
temperature of the chiller room was unexpectedly higher than the basement parking
space. Despite the outcome, no further damage have yet to happen as the maintenance
team have been observing the services daily. Nevertheless, a proper inspection is
required to be done for the safety of the inhabitants in the building.
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7.1 Introduction
Fire is a good servant but a bad master. Fire is a good invention that helps
mankind but it is dangerous if you do not handle with care. Fire protection is
one of the most challenging aspects of building design. Fire protection refers
to measures taken to prevent fire from becoming serious, reduce the impact
of uncontrolled fire and save lives and property. Materials, measures, and
practices for preventing fire or for minimizing the possible loss of life or
property resulting from a fire, by proper design and construction of buildings,
by the use of detection and extinguishing systems, by the establishment of
adequate firefighting services, and by the training of building occupants in fire
safety and evacuation procedures. Many aspects of fire protection are rigidly
governed by Uniform Building By-Laws 1984.
Fire is a special kind of oxidation knowns as combustion. Fire has a triangle of
needs: fuel, high temperature, and oxygen. These needs influence on the
building design. The best way to avoid a terrible fire loss is to prevent ignite of
fire. Common building design on fire safety measures intent to protect human
life, building and contents and continuity of operation.
Good building design with fire safety measures are the followings:
- Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants and other facilities to
assist fire and rescue personnel.
- Provide adequate fixed installation, where appropriate, for quick and
effective detection and extinguishment of fires.
- Designing and installing building services so that they do not assist the
spread of fire, smoke or toxic fumes.
- Designing and providing adequate and safe escape routes for the
occupants of the building.
- Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid
spread of fire or generate dangerous smoke.
- Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means
of fire resisting walls and floors, providing fire stops to protect openings
between floors and compartments.
- Designing and constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is
unlikely to spread to it from another burning building.
(A. Hadi, & Azeme, 2008)
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150
Fire Classification
Fire is classified according to the type of fuel that is consumed by the fire. Fire
extinguishers are distinguished based on the types of fires on which they are
effective.
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Figure 7.3.1 Fire Control Room (highlighted in red) located at Ground Level
Firefighting system pump room consists of three pump sets, water tanks and
control panels which are used for sprinkler system, hose reel system and wet
riser system for active fire protection in Avenue K Shopping Mall.
Jockey Pump
The first pump to start will be the jockey pump. The controlling pressure
switch is set to start the pump at a minimum pressure and stop it when the
pressure reaches a maximum level.
If a small leak exists in the wet riser piping - either on the wet riser or hose
reel - the pump will start in order to compensate for the leak.
Duty Pump
If the pressure drops below certain level, this means a wet riser landing valve
or a hose reel gate valve has been opened. The pressure switch that senses
this set pressure activates and starts the duty pump.
Stand-by Pump
If for any reason the pressure continues to drop below a certain level, it
means either the duty pump has not started or is not available (under
repair...etc.). The stand-by pump then takes over the function that is not
performed by the duty pump. The stand-by pump is set to cut-in at 95 psi.
Once the water flow is not needed any more the pressure builds up in the
piping network. The duty or stand-by pumps stops after the cut out pressure is
reached at minimum level. The jockey pump continues to run until the system
pressure reaches its cut out pressure of maximum level.
For a low building, the system will be less complicated. However, the purpose
of supplying water to the firefighting hoses is maintained. (JordanFire.Net, 2011)
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154
Figure 7.3.8 & 7.3.9 Fire Pump Panels in the Pump Room
Figure 7.3.10
Sprinkler Water Tank
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Smoke Detector
Gas Detector
Break-Glass
Fire Alarm
System
Alarm Bell
Notification
Appliances
Speaker
Siren
Fireman Intercom
System
Remote Handset
Station
Fireman Intercom
Panel
Lighting and
Signage
Fire Control/
Extinguishing
Systems
Fire Hydrant
System
Emergency Exit
Sign
Emergency Exit
Light
Fire Indicator Light
Sprinkler System
Hose Reel System
Wet Riser System
CO Fire Suppression
System
Fire Extinguisher
Fireman Switch
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7.4.1.3 Break-glass
Break-glass is a manual actuating device to activate fire alarm. Electrically
operated alarm may be operated from break glass call point and, once
operated; the alarm will continue to sound automatically. The usual maximum
travel distance to operate the alarm is 30m and the call points should be fitted
at a height of about 1.4m above the floor, either on landings or corridors. The
call point contains a depressed plunger pressing against a glass front. When
the glass is broken the plunger is released and operates the alarm system.
(Frederick, 1994)
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7.4.2.3 Siren
Sirens usually are limited to outdoor applications but are sometimes used in
extremely noisy indoor areas. Sirens are motor-driven or electronic appliances
and may be either alternating or direct current operated. They are not very
practical for use as coded audible signals.
Figure 7.4.2.3.1 Siren (circle in red) installed with Gas Detector Alarm
UBBL 237. Fire alarm.
1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to the
By-laws.
2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and
storage areas exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in
height shall be provided with a two stage alarm system with evacuation
(continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the
premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.
3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by
action of a master control.
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165
166
168
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Figure 7.4.3.2.5 & 7.4.3.2.6 Glass Bulb Sprinkler Heads installed in Avenue K
Glass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heatsensitive liquid. This glass bulb holds the pip cap in place. When the ambient
temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level, the liquid expands causing
the glass bulb to break, which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water.
(Archtoolbox)
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171
172
Figure 7.4.3.3.5 Schematic Diagram of Hose Reel System and Wet Riser
System in Avenue K
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174
Figure 7.4.3.4.14
Wet Riser Canvas Hose
(White)
176
177
Figure 7.4.3.5.5 & 7.4.3.5.6 CO Fire Suppression System Gas Tanks in GenSet Room and Transformation Room
178
Carbon dioxide extinguishers are particularly suitable for computer rooms and
fires involving electronic equipment. Carbon dioxide gas is suitable for use on
Class B fires involving inflammable liquids and also on Class E fires which are
those complicated by the presence of live electricity.
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The Fireman switch can also be used to operate the under voltage release or
shunt trip in the main incoming breaker. If there is a fire in the building, the
fireman uses an insulated rod (Fireman axe) to pull the handle to O position
which isolates the utility supply to the building. It is used to prevent the wire
explosion occur in the fire staircase.
UBBL 240. Electrical isolation switch
1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square
meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a
staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to
the relevant floor or zone served.
2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the
Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
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182
Evacuation Direction
Fire Staircase
Figure 7.5.2.1 Fire Evacuation Routes and Fire Staircase of Ground Level,
Avenue K
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7.6 Analysis
Fire Protection System applied, installed and used in Avenue K is tested to be
functioning well with regular maintenance. Although some of the installations
or appliances are not the latest mode or version by the time, but they are
confirmed to the current edition of the following standards. All the components,
equipment and design installed for active and passive fire protection systems
in Avenue K are followed the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984.
UBBL 253. Emergency power system is the most important by-law to obey to
ensure that almost all the systems both for active and passive fire protection
system are functioning well and being supported by each of the systems to
provide a better protection for life and property.
UBBL 221. Test of fire resistance.
1) For the purpose of this Part requirements as to fire resistance shall be
constructed as meaning that an element of structure shall be capable
of resisting the action of fire for the specified period under the
conditions of test appropriate to such element in accordance with BS
476: Part I: subject to such modifications or applications of such
conditions of test as are prescribed to these By-laws.
UBBL 253. Emergency power system.
1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and
power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the
event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and
illumination essential for safety to life and property.
2) Emergency power systems shall provide power for smoke control
systems, illumination, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address
systems, fire lifts and other emergency systems.
3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the
emergency operation of all equipment connected to the system
including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other lift.
4) All wiring for emergency systems shall be in metal conduit or of fire
resisting mineral insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk.
5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal
supply to or within the building or group of buildings concerned, the
emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting
and power will be available within 10 seconds of the interruption of the
normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall
comprise one or more off the following approved types:
a) Storage Battery
Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and
maintain at not less than 87.5 percent of the system voltage the
total load of the circuits supplying emergency lighting and
emergency power for a period of at least 1.5 hours;
b) Generator set
A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of
sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying
emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for
automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the normal
service.
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7.7 Conclusion
Many people seem to be more rely on the active fire protection system to
protection their life from fire tragedy. There are significant trade-offs made
reduction in use of effective structural protection when active fire protection
systems are used in buildings under the new code.
Both active and passive protection systems are needed to maintain life safety
standards in todays buildings, said Le Clair.
Therefore, a more balanced of active or passive fire protection systems
should be promoting in order to improve life safety issue. Optimizing lifesafety systems, to some degree, is needed to keep our buildings competitive
in the world market. However, being too aggressive compromises life safety.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
Overall, the services system in Avenue K mall obeyed the UBBL but the maintenance
for some services did not carry out well. Although it does not cause much problems for
now but it is better to keep the maintenance in-check so that the failure of system can
be prevent.
Through this project, we were able to learn about the roles of each services system in
the commercial buildings. The service systems in a building can be categories into
water supply system, electrical supply system, fire protection system, air conditioning
and ventilation system, mechanical transport system and sewerage, sanitary and
drainage system. Each of this system plays an important role in ensuring the building
function properly and has their own components which have different functions.
In addition, we also found that maintenance for the systems is important. Therefore, the
spaces and access provide for the maintenance of the system must be adequate. For
example, sewerage, sanitary and drainage system without maintenance, it may cause
unpleasant odour or harmful gases leak into the building and harm the building users.
Other than that, the choice of the type of system also plays an important role. A right
choice of system will enable the building to save cost and resources. Besides, it also
might help to protect the environment from pollution and massive use of natural
resources.
The site visit to Avenue K and the explanation of their technicians really do help us to
develop further understanding about the various service systems in a commercial
building. There is no doubt this knowledge will aid us in our future design works.
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9.0 APPENDIX
Figure 9.1 A group photo with the Operation Manager, Danny and the other 2
technicians in Avenue K.
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10.0 REFERENCES
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195
14) Variable Air Volume Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from
http://aec.us.com/variable-air-volume-systems.html
CHAPTER 7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
1) A. Hadi, A. H., Azeme, A. (May 14, 2008). Fire Requirements for high rise
especially SoHo.
2) Ackruti Safety Innovations Ltd. (2011). General Principles of Fire Hydrant System.
Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website:
http://ackrutisafety.com/index.php/welcome/generalprinciples
3) Active Fire and Safety Services Ltd. Emergency Lighting & Exit Signs
Residential, Commercial, Industrial. Retrieved May 10, 2015 from website:
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