ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive
A
abide

past tense

past participle

meaning

abided, *abode

abided, *abode

arise

arose

arisen

awake
B
be
bear
beat

awoke

awoken

soportar, tolerar (I cant abide her)

morar, permanecer (arch.) (above or
abided)
Levantarse (storm, wind) surgir,
presentarse (a problem)
despertar

was/were
bore
beat

been
borne
beaten

become
befall
beget

became
befell
begot,
(arch) begat
began
beheld
bent

become
befallen
begotten

beset

Beseeched
Besought
beset

Beseeched
Besought
beset

bespeak

bespoke

bestride

bestrode

bespoken,
bespoke
bestridden

bet
bid
bind

bet
*bade, bid
bound

bet
*bidden, bid
bound

bite

bit

bitten

bleed
bless

bled
blessed

blow

blew

bled
blessed, (arch)
blest
blown, *blowed

break
breed

broke
bred

broken
bred

bring
broadcast

brought
broadcast

brought
broadcast

browbeat

browbeat

browbeaten

build
burn

built
burned, burnt

built
burned, burnt

begin
behold
bend
beseech

begun
beheld
bent

Ser, estar
Aguantar, soportar, resistir,
Golpear, sacudir (carpet), batir (wings),
batir, montar (cream, egg whites)
Llegar a ser
Suceder(le), ocurrir(le) a
Provocar, engendrar
Empezar, comenzar, iniciar
Contemplar (lit.)
Torcer, curvar (wire, pipe, branch),
ceder a algo (he bent to her wishes)
Suplicar, rogar a alguien que; implorar
(mercy, pardon)
Acuciar, acosar (he was beset by
doubts)
Denotar, indicar (lit.); encargar (arch.)
(order goods/clothes)
Montar a horcajadas (horse); cruzar de
un salto
apostar
Ofrecer (at an auction)
Atar, amarrar; envolver (wrap); obligar
(law) (signing this document binds you
to)
Morder (dog, person); picar (flea,
mosquito, viper)
Sangrar, correrse (colours)
Bendecir
Soplar; volar (the car was blown to
pieces); reventar;
Criar (animals); criar, educar (raise,
educate)
Traer
Transmitir, emitir (programme, news);
difundir, divulgar ((news, rumour)
Intimidar (they tried to browbeat me
into joining them)
Construir
Arder, quemar

bust

busted,
(BrE also) bust
bought

busted,
(BrE also) bust
bought

Romper (the door was open so we bust

it open)
Comprar

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

chide

chided, chid

choose
cleave
cling

chose
cleaved, *cleft,
(arch) *clove
clung

chided, chid,
chidden
chosen
cleaved, *cleft,
(arch) *cloven
clung

come
cost

came
costed

come
costed

cost
countersink
creep
crow

cost
countersank
crept
crowed, (arch)
crew
cut

cost
countersunk
crept
crowed

Arrojar, lanzar, tirar (stone); proyectar

(shadow, light); emitir (vote); asignar
(role) (we havent cast Ophelia yet);
vaciar (mold) (statues cast in bronze);
fundir (metallurgy)
Agarrar, coger (ball, object); atrapar,
coger (mouse, lion)
Reprender o censurar a alguien por algo
(chide sb for sth/-ing)
Elegir, escoger
Partir, rajar; ser fiel a alguien/algo (litr.)
(to cleave to sb/sth)
Estar aferrado a alguien u algo (to cling
to sb/sth); pegrsele a alguien (to cling
to sb)
Venir
Calcular el costo, averiguar el precio
(she costed the project); the costed the
different types of engines
Costar, valer
Avellanar (hole), encastar (screw)
Arrastrar; trepar (plant)
Cacarear; gorjear (baby); alardear (to
crow about/over sth)
Cortar

dealt

dealt

dig

dug

dug

dive

dived, (AmE
also) dove
did
drew

dived

dreamed,
(BrE also)
dreamt
drank
drove

dreamed
(BrE also)
dreamt
drunk
driven

dwelt, dwelled

dwelt, dwelled

Beber
Conducir; volver (cause to become) (the
prison drove him mad)
Morar, vivir; alargar (musical note)

ate

eaten

comer

fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled

fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled

Caer(se); bajar (temperatures)

Alimentar; amamantar, dar de comer a;
Sentir; tocar, palpar
Luchar, combatir
Encontrar
Huir, escapar, darse a la fuga;

buy
C
cast

cut
D
deal

do
draw

dream
drink
drive
dwell
E
eat
F
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
flee

cut

done
drawn

Dar, repartir (cards); asestar (to deal

sb/sth a blow)
Cavar, excavar; sacar (tomatoes);
arrancar (weeds)
Zambullirse, tirarse al agua
Hacer
Descorrer (curtains); desenvainar, sacar
(to draw water from a well; to draw a
note) arrancar (applause/laughter);
dibujar; obtener (response); empatar
(BrE sports)
soar

fling
floodlight
fly
forbear
forbid
forecast

flung
floodlit
flew
forbore
forbade, forbad
forecast,
forecasted
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forswore

flung
floodlit
flown
forborne
forbidden
forecast,
forecasted
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
forsworn

freeze
G
gainsay
get

froze

frozen

Prever
Predecir, pronosticar, prever
Olvidar(se)
Perdonar
Abandonar, renunciar a
Renunciar a; perjurar, jurar en falso (to
forswear oneself)
Helarse, congelarse

gainsaid
got

gird
give
go
grind
grow
H
hamstring

girded, girt
gave
went
ground
grew

gainsaid
got, (AmE also)
gotten
girded, girt
given
gone
ground
grown

Refutar
Conseguir, obtener, comprar; recibir
(letter, message)
Ceir (literary)
Dar
Ir
Moler, machacar, triturar
Crecer

hamstrung

hamstrung

hang

*hung, *hanged

*hung, *hanged

have
hear
heave

had
heard
*heaved, *hove

had
heard
*heaved, *hove

hew

hewed

hewn, hewed

hide
hit
hold

hid
hit
held

hidden, (arch) hid

hit
held

hurt
I
inlay

hurt

hurt

Estar atado de pies y manos (I was

hamstrung; I coulnt help her)
Colgar, ahorcar; flotar (fog/smoke);
quedarse colgado (computer)
Tener
Or, escuchar
Levantarse con esfuerzo (he heaved
himself off the floor); virar (ship)
Extraer (stone) (hewn from the living
rock)
Esconder, ocultar, tapar
Dar un golpe en, golpear, pegarle a;
Agarrar, adherirse a; contener (this
report holds the answers to all your
questions)
Hacer dao, perjudicar, doler

inlaid

inlaid

input
inset

input, inputted
inset,
(AmE also)
insetted
interwove,
interweaved

input, inputted
inset,
(AmE also)
insetted
interwoven,
interweaved

kept
kneeled, knelt
knitted, *knit
knew

kept
kneeled, knelt
knitted, *knit
known

Guardar, conservar, manterner(se)

Arrodillarse
Hacer punto, tejer
Conocer, saber

laid
led

laid
led

Poner, colocar, poner huevos

Llevar, guiar, ir al frente

foresee
foretell
forget
forgive
forsake
forswear

interweave
K
keep
kneel
knit
know
L
lay
lead

Lanzar, tirar, arrojar

Iluminar (con focos)
Volar
Abstenerse
Prohibir, impedir
Pronosticar, prever

Hace incrustaciones de algo en algo (lo

inlay sth with sth)
Entrar (data/signals)
Insertar (map/illustration);
Entretejer; entrecruzarse (paths)

lean

leaned,
(BrE also) leant
leaped,
(BrE also) leapt
learned,
(BrE also) learnt

leaned,
(BrE also) leant
leaped
(BrE also) leapt
learned,
(BrE also) learnt

Apoyarse (against sth), inclinarse

leave
lend
let
lie

left
lent
let
lay

left
lent
let
lain

light
lose
M
make

lighted, lit
lost

lighted, lit
lost

Abandonar, salir, marcharse, dejar

Prestar
Dejar; alquilar
Echarse, acostarse; yacer; encontrarse,
estar situado; radicar, estribar, estar (a
problem)
Encender, prender
Perder

made

made

mean
meet
miscast
misdeal
mishear
mishit
mislay

meant
met
miscast
misdealt
misheard
mishit
mislaid

meant
met
miscast
misdealt
misheard
mishit
mislaid

mislead
misread
/

misled
Misread

misled
misread
/

leap
learn

misspell
misspend
mistake
misunderstand
mow
O
outbid

/
misspelled,
(BrE also)
misspelt
misspent
mistook
misunderstood
mowed
outbid

Saltar, brincar
Aprender,

Hacer, fabricar (paint, cars);

confeccionar (dress); hacer, efectuar
(repairs, changes, payment)
Significar, querer decir;
Conocer, encontrarse con, reunirse,
Darle un papel inapropiado
Repartir mal
Entender mal, or mail
Golpear mal, darle mal a
Perder momentneamente (I seem to
have misled my match)
Engaar, inducir a error;
Leer mal, interpretar mal,
malinterpretar

misspelled,
(BrE also)
misspelt
misspent
mistaken
misunderstood
mown, mowed

Deletrear mal, escribir mal

Pujar, ofrecer ms que alguien

outdo

outdid

outbid,
(AmE also)
outbidden
outdone

outfight
outgrow

outfought
outgrew

outfought
outgrown

outlay
output
outrun
outsell
outshine
overbid
overcome

outlaid
output, outputted
outran
outsold
outshone
overbid
overcame

outlaid
output, outputted
outrun
outsold
outshone
overbid
overcome

Malgastar, desperdiciar, desaprovechar

Confundir (sth/sb for sth/sb)
Entender, comprender mal
Segar, cortar el csped

Superar, ganarle a (team); mejorar,

superar (achievement, result)
Derrotar, ganarle a
Crecer ms alto que (you have
outgrown your father); crecer
demasiado grande para (hes already
outgrown his new shoes)
Desembolsar
Imprimir
Dejar atrs
Venderse ms que
Eclipsar
Pujar, ofrecer ms que alguien
Reducir, vencer (opponent); invadir,
apoderarse de (a strange feeling
overcame her); superar, vencer,

dominar (fear)
Exagerar, pasarse con (to overdo
things); cocinar demasiado, recocer,
dejar pasar
Girar al descubierto, sobregirarse
(finance)
Comer demasiado, sobrealimentarse
Sobrevolar
Sobresalir por encima de
Or (por casualidad)
Recubrir algo de algo (overlay sth with
sth) (the wood is overlaid with silver)
Recubrir
Pagarle demasiado, pagarle de ms
Invalidar, anular (decision,
recommendation, order); hace caso
omiso a (advice, wishes); cancelar
(program)
Invadir (the place was overrun with
cockroaches); exceder; prolongarse (the
meeting overran by half an hour)
Supervisar
Salirse de; pasarse de; exceder, rebasar
(budget) (you cant overshoot your
deadline)
Quedarse dormido;
Adelantar, pasar, rebasar; superar,
tomarle la delantera a
Derrocar (emperor, government)

overdo

overdid

overdone

overdraw

overdrew

overdrawn

overeat
overfly
overhang
overhear
overlay

overate
overflew
overhung
overheard
overlaid

overeaten
overflown
overhung
overheard
overlaid

overlie
overpay
override

overlay
overpaid
overrode

overlain
overpaid
overridden

overrun

overran

overrun

oversee
overshoot

oversaw
overshot

overseen
overshot

oversleep
overtake

overslept
overtook

overslept
overtaken

overthrow
P
partake

overthrew

overthrown

partook

partaken

pay
plead

paid
pleaded,
(AmE also) pled

paid
pleaded,
(AmE also) pled

prove
put
Q
quit
R
read / ri;d /
rebuild
recast

proved
put

proved, proven
put

Ser partcipe de algo (lit.) (to partake in

sth);
Pagar
Alegar (they plead ignorance of the
whole affair); defender (to plead the
rights of the oppressed); suplicar (to
plead for mercy)
Probar, demostrar; comprobar, verificar
Poner, colocar

quit, quitted

quit, quitted

Dejar, abandonar, marcharse, parar

read / red /
rebuilt
recast

read / red /
rebuilt
recast

redo
remake

redid
remade

redone
remade

rend
repay
reread
rerun
resell
reset
resit

rent
repaid
reread
reran
resold
reset
resat

rent
repaid
reread
rerun
resold
reset
resat

Leer
Reconstruir, reedificar
Volver a escribir, redactar (paragraph,
sentence); Cambiar el reparto de una
obra
Rehacer
Rehacer, hacer una nueva versin (to
remake a movie)
Rasgar, desgarrar (clothes)
Devolver (loan, money)
Releer
Reponer (film, series); repetir (race)
Revender
Volver a poner (alarm)
Volver a presentarse a; volver a
examinarse

retake

retook

retaken

retell
rethink
rewrite
rid
Ride
Ring

retold
rethought
rewrote
rid
rode
rang

retold
rethought
rewritten
rid
ridden
rung

Rise

rose

risen

Run
S
saw

ran

run

sawed

say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
shear

said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared

sawed, (esp BrE)

sawn
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn, sewed
shaken
*shorn, *sheared

shed

shed

shed

shine
shit
shoe

*shone, *shined
shit, shat
shod

*shone, *shined
shit, shat
shod

shoot
show

shot
showed

shot
shown, showed

shrink
shrive
shut
sing
sink
sit

shrank, shrunk
shrove, shrived
shut
sang
sank
sat

shrunk, shrunken
shriven, shrived
shut
sung
sunk
sat

slay
sleep
slide
sling
slink

slew
slept
slid
slung
slunk

slain
slept
slid
slung
slunk

slit
smell

slit
smelled,
(BrE also) smelt

slit
smelled,
(BrE also) smelt

smite
sow
speak
speed
spell

smote
sowed
spoke
*sped, *speeded
spelled,
(BrE also) spelt

smitten
sowed, sown
spoken
*sped, *speeded
spelled,
(BrE also) spelt

Volver a rodar, filmar (cinema,

television)
Volver a contar, contar de Nuevo
Reconsiderar, replantearse
Volver a escribir, volver a redactar
Eliminar (we rid the house rid mice)
Ir, montar
Sonar, repicar, tocar el timbre; zumbar
(ears)
Subir (water, tide); aumentar
(temperature)
Corer; ir (drive);
Cortar, serrar,
Decir
Ver
Buscar
Vender
Enviar
Poner, colocar
Coser
Agitar
Esquilar (past participle shorn)
Romper (past participle sheared)
(bolt, shaft)
Derramar (tears, blood); pelechar,
mudar el pelo
Brillar
Cagar; delatar a alguien (to shit on sb)
Herrar; ir bien/mal calzado (to be
well/badly shod)
Disparar, tirar, cazar
Mostrar, ensear; demostrar,
exteriorizar, expresar (feelings)
Encoger, reducirse
Confesar
Cerrar
Cantar
Hundir(se)
Sentarse; presentarse a un examen
(BrE) (to sit for an exam)
Asesinar, dar muerte a
Dormir
Deslizar(se), resbalar(se)
Tirar, lanzar, arrojar (coloquial)
Subir a.. (he slunk upstairs to his room)
(subi a su habitacin sigilosamente)
Cortar, rajar; degollar
Oler, olfatear
Golpear (literario)
Sembrar
Hablar
Acelerar
Deletrear

spend
spill
spin
spit

spent
spilled, spilt
spun, (arch) span
spat, (esp AmE)
spit

spent
spilled, spilt
spun
spat, (esp AmE)
spit

Gastar (money); pasar (time)

Derramar, verter
Hacer girar algo; centrifugar
Escupir; chisporretear (fire, fat); bufar
(cat)

split
spoil

split
spoiled,
(BrE also) spoilt

split
spoiled,
(BrE also) spoilt

Partir, dividir, escindir

Echar a perder, estropear, arruinar;
consentir, malcriar (child)

spotlight

*spotlit,
*spotlighted

*spotlit,
*spotlighted

spread
spring

spread
sprung

stand
stave
steal
stick
sting
stink
stew
stride

spread
sprang,
(AmE also)
sprung
stood
staved, *stove
stole
stuck
stung
stank, stunk
strewed
strode

strike
string
strive

struck
strung
strove

struck
strung
striven

sublet
swear
sweat

sublet
swore
sweated,
(AmE also)
sweat
swept
swelled

swam
swung

sublet
sworn
sweated,
(AmE also)
sweat
swept
swollen,
(esp AmE)
swelled
swum
swung

Iluminar con refractorores (past and pp.

spotlit)
Poner de relieve, destacar (difficulties,
problems)
Extender
Saltar (I sprang out of bed);
surgir/provenir de algo (to spring from
sth)
Estar de pie; levantarse, ponerse de pie
Romper(se)
Robar, hurtar
Pegar, clavar
Picar (bee, jellyfish)
Apestar
Cocer (meat, food)
He strode up and down the platform
(iba y vena por el andn dando grandes
zancadas)
Pegarle a, golpear
Colgar, tender
Luchar o esforzarse por alcanzar algo
(to strive for/after sth)
Subarrendar
Jurar
Sudar, transpirar

took
taught
tore
told
thought
thrived,
(liter) throve
threw
thrust
trod
typecast
typeset
typewrote

taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrived,
(arch) thriven
thrown
thrust
trodden, trod
typecast
typeset
typewritten

sweep
swell

swim
swing
T
take
teach
tear
tell
think
thrive
throw
thrust
tread
typecast
typeset
typewrite
U

stood
staved, *stove
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strewn, strewed
stridden

Barrer
Hincharse (wood, ankle, face); crecer,
subir (river, stream)
Nadar
Balancearse
Llevar, tomar, coger
Ensear
Romper, rasgar
Decir, contar
pensar
Prosperar (business, town)
Tirar; proyectar (shadow, image)
Empujar, sacar; dar estocadas
Pisar; apisonar
Encasillar
Componer
Mecanografiar

unbend
underbid
undercut

unbent
underbid
undercut

unbent
underbid
undercut

undergo

underwent

undergone

underlie
underpay

underlay
underpaid

underlain
underpaid

undersell
understand

undersold
understood

undersold
understood

undertake

undertook

undertaken

underwrite

underwrote

underwritten

undo

undid

undone

unfreeze
unlearn
unstick
unwind
uphold

unfroze
unlearned,
(BrE also)
unlearnt
unstuck
unwound
upheld

unfrozen
unlearned,
(BrE also)
unlearnt
unstuck
unwound
upheld

upset

upset

upset

W
wake
waylay
wear

woke
waylaid
wore

woken
waylaid
worn

weave

wove, *weaved

woven, *weaved

wed
weep
wet
win

wedded, wed
wept
wet, wetted
won

wedded, wed
wept
wet, wetted
Won

wind

withdraw

wound

wound

withdrew

withdrawn

withhold

withheld

withheld

withstand

withstood

withstood

work

worked,

worked,

Enderezar (wire); relajarse (person)

Hacer una oferta ms baja que
Vender ms barato, vender a un precio
ms bajo que; debilitar (argument)
Sufrir (change, transformation);
someterse a una intervencin (shell
have to undergo surgery)
Subyacer a; haber debajo de
Pagar mal (they underpay their
employees)
Vender ms barato que
Comprender; entender; interpreter (her
remark can be understood in several
ways)
Asumir (responsibility); contraer
(obligation); comprometerse a (to
undertake to + inf)
Asegurar (an insurance); financiar
(project); apoyar (proposal)
Desabrochar; desatar; reparar,
enmendar; anular
Descongelar
Olvidar, desaprender
Despegar, quitar
Desenrollar, desenrollarse
Conservar (tradition); mantener (faith);
confirmar (decision, verdict)
Disgustar, alterar, offender; trastonar
(plans, calculations)
Despertar(se)
Abordar, detener (person, vehicle);
Llevar puesto; consenter (the tenants
wouldnt wear it); gastarse (through
use); durar (these tiles wear for years)
Tejer, entretejer, entrelazar; serpentear,
abrirse camino en zig zag (the river
weaves a serpentine course along the
valley) (wove or weaved; woven or
weaved)
Casarse con; aliar
Llorar; supurar
Mojar, humedecer (to wet ones lips)
Ganar (prize); conseguir, ganarse
(support)
Ovillar, devanar; serpentear
(river/road);
Retirar (ambassador, troops); retirar
(charges); retirarse (candidate,
competitor)
Retener (payment, funds); ocultar
(truth); negar (assistance); no revelar
(information)
Resistir (attack); soportar (pain, heat);
resistir (temptation)
Hacer (miracle); sacar, resolver (AmE

wring
write

*wrought
wrung
wrote

*wrought
wrung
written

problem, crossword)
Escurrir, retorcer, estrujar
Escribir