4.drilling Equipment Firstpart

Instituto Superior Tcnico
Universidade de Lisboa
Masters in Petroleum Engineering 2014-2015
Drilling Engineering Course
Jos Pedro Santos Baptista

Mining and Geological Engineering Msc.
Petroleum Engineering Msc.
Drilling Engineering Course

4. Drilling Equipment
Casing
Tubulars, Mud, and Cement

Drill Bit
Characteristics and Types
Drill String
Components, BHA Design
Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015
Masters in Petroleum Engineering
Mechanics (Steel)
Stress and Strength
Stress = Load divided by the cross-sectional area where the load is applied
Strain and Stretch
Strain = Stretch divided by original Length
Young Modulus
E = Stress divided by Strain
Mechanics (Steel)
Elastic limit
Limit beyond which, when stress is removed, the steel will have acquired a permanent stretch
Minimum Yield Stress
The stress which gives a strain of 0.5%. When stress is removed, the steel will have acquired 0.2%
of permanent deformation
Ultimate Tensile Stress
The maximum stress on the curve, very close to the stress which will cause steel failure
Steel Properties
Yield Strength
The level at which the material changes from predominantly elastic to predominantly plastic
strain behaviour (psi)
Tensile Strength
The highest stress level a material achieves before it fails (breaks) (Lbs)
Casing
Functions of Casing
Provide structural integrity to the well
Control troublesome zones (over-pressured, weak and fractured formations,
unconsolidated, etc)
Prevent cave-ins
Isolate porous formations (different fluid pressure regimes) allowing drilling and production
Allow selective communication between the formations and the well
Cover up problems in existing casing
Casing
Functions of Casing (Cont.)
Serve as a high-strength flow conduit from reservoir to surface both for drilling and production
fluids
Prevent near surface fresh water zones from contamination (reservoir fluids and drilling fluids)
Provide connection and support of the wellhead equipment and blow out preventers
Provide exact dimensions for running testing, completions and production subsurface equipment
Casing
Functions of Casing (Cont.)
All Casing shall be designed to withstand all loads that can be imposed on them
during installation and the lifetime of the well
No well construction program should be put forward without an approved
casing design
Casing
Casing Types
(Offshore) Driven into the sea bed
Cassion Pipe
(not mandatory)
Tied Back to the conductor or surface casing and does not carry
any load
Prevents washouts of near surface unconsolidated formations
Ensures the stability of the ground upon which the rig is seated
Serves as a flow conduit for the drilling mud to the surface
Casing
Casing Types
Outermost casing string
Between 40-500ft in length onshore and up to 1000ft
offshore
Conductor Pipe
Isolates weak formations

Prevents erosion of the ground below the rig
Provides a mud return path
Supports the weight of the subsequent casing strings
and the wellhead equipment
Conductors can be driven, jetted in or drilled and cemented in place

10
Casing
Casing Types
Depths vary from 300 to 5000ft
Setting depth is often determined by regulators or
company policy rather than technical reasoning
Surface Casing
Provides a base (means to nipple up) for the BOP

Provides a casing seat strong enough to safely shut-in
the well
Provides protection for shallow aquifers
Provides wellbore stabilisation
11
Casing
Casing Types
Purely technical casing (a.k.a. protective casing)

Length varies from 7000 to 15000ft
Intermediate Casing
Provides isolation of potentially troublesome zones
(abnormal pressures, unstable shales, lost circulation

zones, salt sections, etc.)
Provides integrity to withstand the high mud weights
to reach TD or the next casing string
This casing type should be set within more competent formations than the
surface casing, thus allowing higher blow out protection for drilling deeper
12
Casing
Casing Types
Set through the productive zone(s)
Designed to hold the maximum shut-in pressure
Designed to withstand the stimulating pressures

during completions and workover operations
Production Casing
Provides zonal isolation (prevents fluid migration)

Confines production to wellbore
Provides the possibility
completion equipment
to
install
subsurface
Provides protection in case of tubing failure
This type of casing is often not cemented to surface

13
Casing
Casing Types Liners
Casing strings that dont run all the way to the surface, being
hung in the previous casing shoe or even overlapping the
previous casing
Drilling Liner
Production Liner
Scab Liner
Scab Tie-Back Liner
Mainly run for economic reasons but also mechanical
14
Casing
Casing Classification
API Standardisation is the most commonly used method of classifying casing
Outside Diameter (OD)
Inside Diameter (ID)
Length (range)
Weight
Type of Connection
Grade
Size
API: 5C3, 5CT, 5L, 5B

15
Casing
Casing Size
(OD-ID)/2 = Wall Thickness
Manufacturers often produce casing slightly
larger than specified, nonetheless, there is
an approved OD tolerance: -0.5% to +1%
ID is specified in terms of wall thickness and
drift diameter (size of a drift mandrel)
Minimum wall thickness is 87.5% of the
nominal wall thickness
16
Casing
Casing Length Range
API 5CT
Range
Length (ft)
Average Length (ft)
16-25
22
25-34
31
Over 34
42
Casing Weight
Determined by nominal pipe body wall thickness expressed as weight per unit length
Nominal Weight, Plain-end Weight or Threaded and Coupled Weight (Average)
Tolerance: -12.5% to 0%
17
Casing
Type of Connection
Mechanical device used to join pipe together (>90% of string failures occur in the connection)
Should be as strong as the pipe it connects and have similar geometry
Structural elements (properties)
Threads
Shoulders
Seal
Body
18
Casing
Grade
The steel grade of the casing relates to the tensile strength of the steel
The steel grade is expressed as a code number which consist of a letter and a number
Letter
Number
Arbitrarily selected to provide a unique designation for each grade of casing

Designates the minimal yield strength of the steel (in thousand psi)
Example: K-55
Yield Strength of 55000psi
19
Casing
Mechanical Properties
Casing is subjected to different loads during running, landing, cementing, drilling and
production operations
Tensile Loads
Burst
Collapse
Wear (erosion)
Vibration
Shock (pounding)
Gun perforating
Corrosion
20
Casing
Mechanical Properties
21
Casing
How do we select it?
It usually depends on four considerations
1)
2)
3)
4)
Physical Strength (tension, burst, collapse, torsion, compression or combined tri-axial loads
Chemical Properties (resistance to H2S, CO2, water, etc)
Availability
Cost
22
Casing
How do we select it? Physical Strength
Pressure Burst
Pressure Collapse
Axial Tension
Maximum Load Case

Condition for Burst
Maximum Load Case

Condition for Collapse
Maximum Load Case

Condition for Tension
Calculate resulting
loads (Load Line)
Multiply Load Line by

Design factor (Design
Line)
Select Casing String

with load capacity
equal or bigger than
Design Line
Calculate resulting
loads (Load Line)

Line)
For casing selected in

burst design, check
that load capacity
equal or bigger then
Design line
Calculate resulting
loads (Load Line)

Line)
For casing selected in

Collapse design, check
that load capacity
equal or bigger then
Design line
23
Casing
Casing Grade is selected! How long is each string and how many strings?
Casing Shoe/Seat Placement
Initial selection of casing setting depth is based on the pore and fracture pressure gradients for
the well
Lithological Column (problem zones, salt zones, fractured formations, etc)
Minimum Hole Size in the reservoir
Temperature Profile
Fluids encountered (Water,oil, gas, H2S and CO2)
Well objectives (exploration cost is secondary; or development minimise cost)
24
Casing
Casing Grade is selected! How long is each string and how many strings?
Casing Shoe/Seat Placement
Should Be designed from bottom upwards
After the preliminary shoe depth selection, hole sizes and mud weights has been done a study
of kick tolerance should be carried out at each shoe
The hole section shouldnt be drilled deeper than is possible to safely circulate
out a kick!
25
Casing
Casing Shoe/Seat Placement Pore & Frac
26
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud
Transmit hydraulic energy to the tools and bit

Remove cuttings from the well
Ensure adequate formation evaluation
Control formation pressure
Control corrosion
Suspend and release cuttings
Facilitate cementing and completion
Seal permeable formations (mud cake)
Minimize impact on environment
Maintain wellbore stability
Prevent gas hydrate formation
Minimise reservoir damage
Cool, lubricate and support the bit and drilling assembly
27
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud Remove cuttings from the well
Function of
Cutting size, shape and density

ROP
RPM
Flow rate and profile (annular velocity)
Wellbore orientation (inclination)
Mud Properties (density and viscosity)
Mud properties are critical are the primary

cause of non productive time in drilling
operations
Strongly influence bit performance
Mud Loggers determine the depth where the cuttings originated and analyse at their properties
at the well site
28
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud Control Formation Pressure
Avoid losses, kicks and formation instability

29
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud Formation Damage (Skin)
The drilling muds selected in the drilling program need to minimise the formation damage,
especially in the reservoir
Mud or drilling solids invade the formation matrix
Reduction of the
Swelling of formation clays within the reservoir
Formation damage
natural
Solids precipitation with the fluid mix (insoluble salts)
porosity/permeability/
Mud filtrate and formation fluid form an emulsion
Wettability
Specially designed fluids are used for workover and completions
30
Drilling Fluids Mud
Types of Mud
Water Based Mud
Water base with clays (bentonite) and other chemicals
Lowest Cost but can react with some formations
Oil Based Mud
Base petroleum product (e.g. diesel); Toxic
Very good drilling/formation properties
Mid Cost; use might be restricted
Synthetic Based Mud
Base synthetic oil (less toxic)
Very good drilling/formation properties
Highest cost
Thin and free flowing while pumped

Thick when pumping stops (gelling)
Non damaging to the reservoir (low
reactivity)
31
Drilling Fluids Mud
Mud Additives
Alkalinity and PH Control Lime, caustic soda and bicarbonate of soda
Bactericides Paraformaldehyde caustic soda, lime and starch preservatives
Calcium Reducers Caustic soda, soda ash, bicarbonate of soda, some polyphosphates. Prevent contamination effects
Corrosion inhibitors Hydrated lime and amine salts. Prevent effects of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide (OBMs excellent anti-corrosion)
Defoamers Reduce surface tension. Reduce foaming action in salt/saltwater mud based systems
Emulsifiers Create an homogeneous mixture of two liquids. Fatty acids, amine derivatives and modified lignosulfonates
Filtrate reducers Reduce the amount of water lost to the formations. Bentonite clays, CMC and pre-gelatinized starch
Salt, hydrated lime, gypsum and sodium tetraphosphates
Flocculants
32
Drilling Fluids Mud
Mud Additives
Foaming Agents
Used in air drilling. Create foam in the presence of water
Lost Circulation Materials
Lubricants
Plug large openings preventing loss of whole drilling fluid. Nut shells (nut plug) and mica flakes
Used to reduce torque at the bit by reducing friction. Soaps, and some oils
Spotting fluids in areas of stuck pipe, reduce friction increase lubricity and inhibit formation hydration. Soaps,
detergents, oils, surfactants
shale/clay formations. Gypsum, sodium silicate and calcium
Inhibitors Control hydration, caving and disintegration oflignosulfonates
Pipe-Freeing Agents
Shale-Control
Surfactants
Reduce the interfacial tension between fluids (oil/water, water/solids, water/air, etc..)
Weighting agents
Provide weight to the mud beyond its specific gravity. Barite, hematite, calcium carbonate and galena
33

4.drilling Equipment Firstpart

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4.drilling Equipment Firstpart

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Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Instituto Superior Tcnico

Jos Pedro Santos Baptista

Drilling Engineering Course

Tubulars, Mud, and Cement

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

(Offshore) Driven into the sea bed

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Isolates weak formations

Conductors can be driven, jetted in or drilled and cemented in place

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Provides a base (means to nipple up) for the BOP

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Purely technical casing (a.k.a. protective casing)

Provides isolation of potentially troublesome zones

(abnormal pressures, unstable shales, lost circulation

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Designed to withstand the stimulating pressures

Provides zonal isolation (prevents fluid migration)

Provides protection in case of tubing failure

This type of casing is often not cemented to surface

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

API: 5C3, 5CT, 5L, 5B

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Average Length (ft)

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Arbitrarily selected to provide a unique designation for each grade of casing

Yield Strength of 55000psi

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Maximum Load Case

Maximum Load Case

Maximum Load Case

Multiply Load Line by

Select Casing String

Multiply Load Line by

For casing selected in

Multiply Load Line by

For casing selected in

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering