Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
edited by
G.J. Orris and J.D. Bliss
Open-File Report
92-437
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with
U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American
Stratigraph ic Code. Any use of trade. product or firm names is for
descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorseme nt by the U.S. .
Governmen t.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction .1
Grade and tonnage model of serpentinehosted asbestos (8d) ..2
Grade, tonnage, and deposit-specific model of
diamond kimberlite pipes (12) 5
Preliminary grade and tonnage model of lithium
pegmatites (13b) 11
Contained material model of feldspar in
pegmatites (13e) 14
Preliminary grade and tonnage model of quartz
veins and pegmatites (13g) .17
Preliminary grade and tonnage model of wollastonite
skarns (18g) 20
Grade and tonnage model of amorphous
graphite (18k) 23
Grade and tonnage model of fumarolic sulfur (25m) .26
Preliminary grade and tonnage model of fluorite
veins (26b) ..29
Preliminary grade and tonnge model of barite
veins (27e) ..32
Preliminary grade and tonnage model of
sandstone/quartzite silica (30e) 35
References 81
Appendix A: Country Codes 82
INTRODUCT ION
This report consists ofa series of grade, tonnage, and other depositspecific models for industrial minerals similar to those found in U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) Bulletin 1693 (Cox and Singer,1986) ; Most of
these models are new, others are updates of models originally .published .
in Cox and Singer (1986), and three of the models have been preViously
published in non-USGS publications and are included here for the
convenience of model users. Correlations between grades anq tonnages_
are reporte.d .only when they are Significant at the 5 percent level.
Country codes for the deposits listed in this report may be found in
AppendiX A. Model numbers refer to the classification system used by
Cox and Singer (1986) and modified by Orris and Bliss (1991) . ..
Descriptive models for most of the quantitative models in .this report can
be found in Orris and Bliss (1991) or in Cox and Singer (1986).
The user should be also be aware of the following items: .
Deposits, except for diamond placers, were not grouped by the
authors using distance rules such as those used to model
polymetallic veins (Bliss and Cox, 1986) or low-sulfide Au-quartz
veins (Bliss, 1986}. However, some deposits as reported ate
probably composed of multiple bodies of mineralization .
The grade distributions for barite veins, sandstone-qua rtzite
silica, bedded bartte, silica sand, martne bedded gypsum, and
bedded cefestite exhibit extreme economic bias towards high
grades. .
.
.
.
.
.
"'
.
Model8d
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF
SERPENTINE-HOSTED ASBESTOS
By G.J. Orris
An earlier version of this model was published by Orris (1986a). Deposits
Country
Name
Country
Abitibi
Advocate
Asbestos Hill
Asbestos Island
Baryulgil
Be11 Mine
Belvidere
Bird-Ginn (Matheson)
Black Lake
British Canadian
Caley
Carey/East Broughton
CanaBrava
Cassiar Mine
Clinton Creek
Coalinga
Continental
Copperopolis
Courvan
Cranboume
Daffodil
Eagle
Gilmont
Golden Age
Havelock Mine
Hedman
Ingessana Hills
Jeffrey
King-Beaver Mine
Kinlock
Kolubara-Azbet
Kudu Asbestos Mine
CNQU
CNNF
CNQU
CNQU
AUNS
CNQU
USVT
CNON
CNQU
CNQU
CNIT
CNQU
BRZL
CNBC
CNYT
USCA
CNQU
USCA
CNQU
CNQU
CNON
USAK
CMQU
CMQU
SWAZ
CNON
SUDN
CNQU
CNQU
SAFR
Kwangchon
Lake Asbestos
Las Brtsas
Lili
Lewis Brook
Loghar
Maizerets
McAdam
McDame
Midlothian
Moladezhnoye
Morro Dois Irmaos
Msauli
Munro
National
Nicolet Asbestos
Normandie/Penhale
Pontbriand
Qala-el-Nahl
Reeves
Rex
Roberge Lake
St. Adrien Mtn.
St. Cyr
Santiago Papalo
Sayan
Shihmien
Steele Brook
Tuolumne
Windsor
Woodsreef Mine
Zidani
SKOR
CNQU
ClBA
CNQU
CNNF
AFGH
CNQU
CNQU
CNBc
CNON
USSR
BRZL
SAFR
CNON
CNQU
CNQU
CNQU
CNQU
SUDN
CNON
CNYT
CNQU
CNQU
CNQU
MX.CO
USSR
CINA
CNQU
USCA
CNQU
AUNS
GREC
YUGO
ZIMB
2
Serpentine-hosted Asbestos
0.7
C/)
0
c..
r;q
0.6
Q
~
0.5
0.4
0
c..
c..
0.3
0.0~--~~--~-----L-----L----~----~--~~--~~--_.~~~
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
400
MILLION TONNES
1,600
0.9
0.8
0.7
CJ)
0
0..
r:tl
0.6
.;,o.s
z
0
0.4
0..
0..
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0~--~~--_.----~--~~----~--~--~~--~~----~0--~
0.01
0.16
0.063
0.025
0.4
1.0
2.5
6.3
16
40
100
Model 12
GRADE, TONNAGE, AND DEPOSIT-SP ECIFIC MODELS
OF DIAMOND KIMBERLITE PIPES
By James D. Bliss
COMMENT: In addition to size and grade, average carat size and
percentage of diamonds of industrial grade are needed to characterized
diamond kimberlite pipes. Also included is a target-area model of
outcrop areas. Classification of kimberlite pipes and kimberlite dikes is
not always clear and one or more diamond kimberlite dikes may have
been included. Data sets are rarely complete and resulted in various
number of deposits used in each model. Percentage of industrial
diamonds was not used from the Letlhankane and Jwaneng pipes. Both
are outliers on a scatter plot of diamond grade and percentage of
industrial diamonds. There is no significant correlation between grade
and tonnage. There is significant correlation between largest diamond
size and tonnage (r=0.82, n=10), and between outcrop area and tonnage
(r=O. 74, n~18). See figs.3-7.
DEPOSITS
Name
Bultfontein
De Beers
Dokolwayo
Dutoitspan
Finsch
Frank Smith
J agersfontein
Jwaneng
Kamfersdam
Kimberley
Koffiefon tein .
Letlhankane (DKl)
Letlhankane (DK2)
Country
SAFR
SAFR
Name
Letseng-La-Te rai
Majhgawan
Mir
Monastery
Mwadwi (W1lliamson)
Orapa
Premier
Sloan 1 & 2
Udatchnaya
Venetia
Victory No. 1
Wesselton
Zarnitsa
SWAZ
SAFR
SAFR
SAFR
SAFR
BOTS
SAFR
.SAFR
SAFR
BOTS
BOTS
Counby
LSTO
INDA
USSR
SAFR
TNZN
BOTS
SAFR
usco
USSR
SAFR
CINA
SAFR
USSR
20
0.8
C/)
0.7
0..
ril
0.6
0.5
0..
~
0..
0.4
0.3
----._----~--~----~----~~--~--~~--_.--~~--~
o .o~
100
1,600
1.6
400
0.4
6.3
0.1
0.0063 . 0.025
25
0.0016
n .. 20
0.8
. ~
(j)
0.7
0.6
C:r.c
z
0
0.5
0.4
~ll.t
0.3
o .o~--~~~~----._-4~----~--~~--~--~~----~--
0.032
0.056
0.1
0.18
0.32
0.56
1.0
1.8
3.2
5.6
10.0 .
~rJ)
0
c.c
r.l
0
n - . 24
0.7
0.6
0.5
0
c.c
0
0.4
0.3
0 . 0~--~----~----~--~----~~--~~~--~~----~--~
0.0063 0.025
0.0016
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
100
25
400
1,600
n-
12
0.9
0.8
0.7
Cf)
~
f:rl
0.6
0.5
0.4
0..
@
0..
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 .0 L..----L--.....1....---1---'-----IL--.....I.. ..---L-..1---'---'----'--...,....J
10
0
20
30
40
60
50
70
80
. 100
90
. :0.8
0
0.7
0
(/')
.0-t
C:z:l
0
,,
0.6
Cz.c
0.5
0.4
~
Cl.
0.3
a:
0.0081
0.07
0.04
0.1
0.25
0 .63
1.6
'
10
4.0
10.
Model l3b
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF LITHIUM PEGMATITES
By J.D. Bliss and G.J. Onis
v-
The grades and tonnages in this model are for the distribution of lithium
minerals, especially spodumene, in pegmatites. Other commodities,
commonly from other zones of the pegmatite may also be of economic
interest. The deposits are composed of single pegmatites or groups of
closely spaced pegmatites. There is no significant correlation between
grade and tonnage in this model. See figs. 8, 9.
DEPOSITS
Name
Counby .
CNNT
CNQU
CNON
CNQU
CNMN
CNNT
CNNT
CNNT
CNQU
CNMN
CNNT
CNON
CNQU
CNMN
CNNT
CNNT
CNON
CNMN
CNNT
CNQU
CNMN
CNNT
AFGH
CNON
CNNT
CNNT
USNC
CNON
CNNT
CNMN
11
Name
Lower Pasghushta
Lucy (Lucy No. 1)
Lun-Echo (Mavis Lake)
MAC (McDonald)
Manono
McVittie
Mount Marion
MUT (J.S.J.-2)
Nama
Nite (LI)
Obok-tong
Ontario Lithium
Paint
Pasghushta
Paskhi
Pidlite Dike
Quebec Lithium
Root Lake (McCombe)
Sao Jose da Safira
Shamakit
Spot
Taghawlor
-Tanyang
Thor (Echo, Tanco)
Tsangal
. Vegan
Violet
VO (Cota)
Wisa Lake
Yaryhgul
Countiy
AFGH
CNMN
CNON
CNNT
ZIRE
CNON
AUWA
CNNT
CNON
CNNT
SKOR .
CNON
CNNT
AFGH
AFGH
USNM
CNQU
CNON
BRZL .
AFGH
CNMN
AFGH
SKOR
CNNT
AFGH
CNON
CNMN
CNNT
CNON
AFGH
Lithium in Pegmatites
~C/l
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.0 ~--~~------._~----~--~~----~----~----~----~----~
1,600
400
100
25
6.3
1.6
0.4
0.1
O.Cl063 0.025
0.0016
MILLION TONNES
12
Lithium in Pegmatites
1.0
0.7
(/'J
0
0-c
ril
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
13
Model13e
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF FELDSPAR IN
PEGMATITES
.By J.D. BUss and G.J. Orris
Country
Ambeau
CNOT
Besner
CNOT
Big Boulder
usco
Bobs Lake
CNOT
Botelhos
BRZL
Brignall
CNOT
Burnham
CNOT
C.F. McQuire
CNOT
Cameron
CNOT
Cameron & Aleck
CNOT
Canadian
CNOT
Canadian Bexyllium
CNOT
Card
CNOT
Carey
CNOT
BRZL
Caruaru
Causeway
CNOT
Charles
CNOT
Christie Township
CNOT
Clora May
usco
Conger
CNOT
Consolidated Feldspar CNOT
Craig
CNOT
usco
Crystal No. 8
Cubar
CNOT
Devil's Hole
usco
Dryden Township
CNOT
Elizabeth
CNOT
Equador
BRZL
Eureka
CNOT
F. Raymond
CNOT
Federal
CNOT
Feldspar Quarries
CNOT
Five Mile
CNOT
14
Name
Country
Foxton
Friction
Furlong
Gardner
Genesee No. 2
Gleason-Campbell
Gole
Gunter
Hickey
Holmes
Hop pins
Imperial
Jenkins
Keays
Keyfortmore
Kirkham
Loughrin Township
MacDonald
Magnetawan
Mahoney & Morin
Martin
Mattawa
McQuire & Robinson
Me ndels
Mink Lake
Morin & Neault
Mt Pleasant
Muqul
Nepawassi Lake
Norrero
O'Brien & Fowler
(Calvin Township)
CNOT
USAZ
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
BRZL
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
"
.
,~
Name
O'Brien & Fowler
(March Township)
O'Brien & Fowler
. (Mattawan Township)
Ojaipee
Orser
Orser-Kraf t
Outpost
Patterson
Perth
Prince & Prince
Purdy
Purdy Mica
Reeves
Reynolds
Rock Lake
Rosemont
Countty
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
USAZ
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
usco
15
Name
Rowe;s N orth Mine
. Silver Queen
T.H. Craig
Thompson
Tough
Truelove
W.B. Cameron
W.J. Barr
Wanup (Davis
Township)
Wanup (Dill Township)
Watson No. 2 & 3
Wheeling
Wilson
Winnipeg
Woodcox
Woods
Countiy
usco
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
CNOT
Feldspar in Pegmatites
0.8
~
~
en
0.7
0..
~
0.6
0.5
0.4
p.. .
o
0:::
0..
0.3
O .OL---~----~~--~--~~--_.~--~~--~--~----~--~
0.006
0.02
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
400
1600
TiiOUSAND TONNES
16
6300
Model 13g
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODELS OF QUARTZ VEINS
By G.J. Orris
The quartz in this model is of interest for its silica content and not for
quartz crystals. The deposits consist of single veins or pegmatltes or
, closely clustered groups of veins. There is no significant correlation
between grade and tonnage in quartz veins and pegmatltes. See figs. 11 . .
12.
DEPOSITS
Name
Countzy
Name
Country
Bahia Kino
Brown
Corral Gulch
Diamond Cove
El Novillo
Freeman Lake
Getberget
Haines . Point
La Scie
Lac Bouchette
MXCO
USMT
USMT
CNNF
USMX
USID
SWDN
USMT
CNNF
CNQU
lahey
langsjokullen
Leu
Mejdasen
Palmyra
Petty Creek
Quartz Creek
Ranaka
Veta Grande
West Beach
USMT
SWDN
USMT
SWDN
USVA
USMT
USMT
BOTS
USNV
CNNB
17
QUARIZVEI N
~
C/)
~
~
~
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.0~--~~--~--.______.~----------~----~--~~--~----~
0.0016 0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
18
400
1,600
QUARTZ VEIN
1.0
0.7
C/l
0.6
r:tl
rx.
0
0.5
0.4
0..3
94.
0.0 '--_ ___.__ __.__ _....____
0
10
20
30
50
60
70
80
7
L
90
ss.=.J
99.
19
100
Modell8g
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF WOLLASTONITE SKARNS
By G .J. Orris
Country
Name
Country
Deershead
Del oro
Ethiudna
Fox Knoll
Garies
Kimmerica
Lapeenranta
Lewis
Limestone Creek
Lolkidongai
Mannora
USNY
CNON
AUSA
USNY
Mineral Hill
Motueka
Mouth Kopaonik
Mt. Grove
Nakpai
Oak Hill
Puumala
Sandy Bay
San MartinSou th Body
Sechelt
CNBC
NZLD
SAFR
GREC
FNLD
USNY
AUTS
KNYA
CNON
20
YUGO
CNON
USSR
USNY
FNLD
NZLD
MXCO
CNBC
~(/)
0
c..
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
c..
0.0~--~-----L--~~~--~--~----~~--~---
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
-~--~~--~
100
MILLION TONNE S
21
400
1,600
WOLLASTONITE SKARN
"1.0
0.9
'.: 0.8
~ 0 .7
rJ)
0
0..
w
0.6
rz..
~- 0.5
0.4
0.1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
22
90
100
Model 18k .
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF AMORPHOUS GRAPHITE
By James D. Bliss and David M. Sutphin
COMMENT: Classification of deposits into amorphous and disseminated flake
is not always clear and this may lead to some deposits being misclassifi.ed
(also see disseminated flake graphite) . Amorphous-graphite deposits have
been mined using mechanized and hand methods. In the latter case. the
grade and tonnage reported may be for the hand-sorted ore. This can result
in higher grades and lower tonnages then if the mines were worked
mechanically. The mix of mining methods probably accounts for some of the .
irregularities see in the distribution of data points in the model. See Sutphin
and Bliss (1990) for a comparison between amorphous and disseminated flake
graphite deposit types. See figs. 15, 16.
DEPOSITS
Name
Country
Name
COuntry
Amakaze
JAPN
JAPN
Mutale
Nippon
Noginskoje
Ohara
Paileng
Sanya-Wolmyong
Shirogahara
Sogung
Takase
Takimoto
Tonic hi
Trabajo y Fe
Tsutsu
Tung Shan
Undereliffe Mountain
SAFR
JAPN
USSR
JAPN
TIWN
SKOR
JAPN
SKOR
JAPN
JAPN
MXCO
MXCO
JAPN
CINA
AUNS
Asahina
Bukovik Mt.
Chinoya
Chubang
Collinsville
East Heilongjiang
Hanaki
Hatakedani
Kaerim
Kanekawa
Kureyka
Kurosawa
Lourdes
Mount Bauple
Mtubatuba
YUGO
JAPN
SKOR
AUQL
CINA
JAPN
JAPN
SKOR
JAPN
USSR
JAPN
MXCO
AUQL
SAFR
23
n =31
0.8
0
0
CJ)
0.7
CJ)
0
0...
w.
0
0
0
0
0.6
u..
0
0.5
t-
a:
0...
0.4
a:
0...
0.3
0.0
0
______ ___....._ __.____:-'-_ _.....__ __...__'"'- -_ ___.__ _
__,
0.0063 0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
400
1,600
~-__.
0.0016
24
AMORPHOU S GRAPHITE
0
~
C/'J
n = 31
0.7
P.,.
til 0.6
0.5
0p.. 0.4
@
p..
0.3
0.0~--~---+~----~----~~~----~----~--~~--~----~
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
25
90
100
Model 25m
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF FUMAROLIC SULFUR
By Keith Long
There is no significant correlation between grade and tonnage in this
model. See figs . 17. 18.
DEPOSITS
Name
Abra de Chutinza
Aucanquilcha
Cerro Bayo
Cerro Orero
Chocosuela I
Chocosuela II
Coquimbo
Crater Group
Dos Conos
El Desierto
El Portal - Cabana
El Tatlo Este
Golovnin
Gongora
Hilda Mary
Huallatlre
Irruputuncu
Ishizu
Juan de la Vega
Julia
Kengtzeping
La Fortuna
Countiy
CILE
CILE
AGTN
AGTN
CORI
CORI
CILE
USCA
AGTN
BLVA
BLVA
CILE
USSR
CORI
AGTN
CILE
CILE
JAPN.
CILE
AGTN
TIWN
CORI
Name
Leviathan
Luz Marina
Ocana
Ocana
26
Country
USNV
BLVA
BLVA
CILE
CILE
CILE
CILE
CLBA
AGTN
CILE
BLVA
CILE
CILE
BLVA
BLVA
CILE
CILE
CILE
JAPN
CILE
AGTN
CORI
Fumarolic Sulfur
0.7
U)
0.6
C:z:l
~ t
0.5
0
~
0
0.4
g:
1.6
6.3
25
100
MILLION TONNES
27
400
1,600
Fumarolic Sulfur
0.7
rJ)
0.6
' 0.5
0.4
~
0..
0.3
GRADE IN PERCENT S
28
Model26b
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF FLUORITE VEINS.
By G.J. Orris
Countiy
Name
Counby
Achemeche
Argentelle
Baton-Whangapeka
Buffalo
Canxixe
Chioco-Djanguire
Director Mine
El Hamman
Escarro
Fission (Richardson)
Great Eagle
Hlabisa
Huckleberry Mine
Jebel Semeih
MRCO
FRNC
NZLD
Jebel Tirremi
Le Barlet
Longstone EdgeSallet Hole
Macossa
Muscadroxiu-Genna
Tres Montis
Okorusu-Marburg
Osor
Pakozd
Sierra du Lujar
White Eagle
Zwartkloof
MRCO
FRNC
SAFR
MZMB
MZMB
CNNF
MRCO
FRNC
CNON
USNM
SAFR
USNM
SUDN
29
UKEN
MZMB
ITLY
NAMB
SPAN
HUNG
SPAN
USNM
SAFR
FLUORITE VEINS
n
~
(/)
25
0.7
fil
0.6
0.5
0.4
~
~
0.3
0 .0~--~~--~~--_.
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
____~_.--~----._~--~--~~--~----~
1.6
0.4
6.3
25
100
1,600
400
0.1
MILLION TONNES
...
30
FLUORITE VEINS
n = 25
0.7
C/)
0 0.6
c..
ril
Q
0.5
z
0
0.4
c..
0.3
0.2
0.0~--~----~~--~----~~~----~~~~----~--~~--~
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
31
90
100
Model27e
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF BARITE VEINS
By G.J. Orris
There is no significant correlation between grade and tonnage in this
model. The grade distribution for this model reflects extreme economic
bias towards high grade deposits. See figs. 21, 22.
DEPOSITS
Name
Country
Name
Asht Mostec
Affensou .
Barite Mountain
Bear Mine
Beulah
Bogus?.ow
Cliefden Springs
Cobargo
Collier Cove
Cranbrook
Darreh
Dorchester
Gouraya
Hamiz Dam
Ibitlara
Inverway
Jebel Ighoud
Keddara/Palestro
Lacan
Les Porres
MXCO
ALGR
CNYT
USNV
AUTS
PLND
AUNS
AUNS
CNNF
AUWA
IRAN
CNNB
ALGR
ALGR
BRZL
AUNT
MRCO
ALGR
FRNC
FRNC
. 32
Country
BARITE VEINS
n = 39
0.9
0
0.8
~C/J
0.7
o.c
Cl:l 0.6
0.5
0
0
0.4
0
0
o.c
~
o.c
0.3
. 0.2
0.1
0.11
0.004
0.0 L....-----'---- '--L----'------ -......___ _..__...._____.~...-..,_--~,_ _
,_L___;__
0.004
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
MILLION TONNES
Figure 21 .
Tonn~ge
33
100
__,
400
BARITE VEINS
1.0
0.7
ffl
&l
0.6
0.5
0-c
g
0-c
60.
34
91. 98.
Model30e
Country
Name
Country
NZLD
Joyceville
Kati-Takalyar
Landsllp Hill
Leeds Metals
Leven
Lobatse
Nantucket Island
Paddle
Petit Lac Malbaie
Plumbago Creek
Reefton
St. Vianney
Unidentified Quartzite
Deposit
White Head Island
CNON
AFGH
NZLD
CNQU
AUTS
BOTS
CNNB
CNON
CNQU
USWY
NZLD
CNQU
CNNB
AFGH
CNNS
CNQU
SAFR
CNNF
BOTS
CNNF
CNNF
CNNF
AFGH
. AFGH
SAAR
35
CNIA
CNNB
0.9
0.8
~ .0.7
en
0.6
0
~
0.5
0.4
0..
0..
0.1
0.0~--~----~----~--~~--~--~~----~~--~----~--~
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
400
MILLION TONNES
'
36
1,600
SANDSTONE/QUARTZITE SILICA
0.7
{/)
ril
0.6
0.5
z
0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
87.
97.
0.0~--~----~----~--~----~----~--~----~--~~--~
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
37
90
100
99._j
SANDSTONE/QUARTZITE SILICA
1.0
n = 28
C/)
0..
~
0.6
0.5
0.4
0..
~ 0.3
0.2
0.18
0.32
0.56
1.0
3.2
5.6
38
10.0
= 28
0.7
rJ)
0p..
~
0.6
0.5
0.4
0p..
~
p..
0.3
0 .0~--~-----L----~----~--~----~----~~--~--~~--~
0.032
0.056
0.1
0:18
0.32
. 0.56
1.0
1.8
3.2
5.6
39
10.0
Model3lb
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF BEDDED BARITE
By G.J. Orris
There is no significant correlation between grade and tonnage in this
model. This model is an updated version of a previously published model
(Orris, 1986b) . See figs. 27, 28.
DEPOSITS
Name
Country
Balleynoe
(Silvermines)
Ban Thimontha
Barite (Moose)
Barite'Mountain
Barite Valley
BawHinKhao
Big Stubby
Brookfield
CamamuBay
Castle Island
Cathy (Walt)
Changdo
Cirque
Cobachi
Democrat
Dodge
El Portal
Farenjal
Foss-Ben Eagach
Greystone
Gurrunda
IRLD
.THLD
CNYT
CNYT
SWAZ.
THLD
AUWA
CNNS
BRZL
USAK
CNYT
NKOR
Cl'4"BC
:MXCO
USCA
ZIMB
USCA
AFGH
UKSL
USNV
AUNS
Name
Country
Homes take
Kempfield
Khuzdar
La Minita
Magnet Cove
Mangampeta North
Mangampeta South
CNBC
AUNS
PKTN
MXCO
USAR
INDA
INDA.
MXCO
GRMY
CNIT
USNV
USAK .
THLD
GRMY
CNIT
USCA
SAFR
USNV
CNIT
USWA
CNNS
AUSA
Mazatan
Meggen
Mel
Mountain Springs
Nimiuktuk
Phu Mai Tong
Rammelsberg
Rein
Savercool
Schoonaard
Snake Mountain
Tea
Uribe
Walton
Weekaroo
40
BEDDED BARITE
1.0
= 43
0.7
(/)
a..
0.6
{).5
0.4
0
0
0
0
a..
@
a..
0.3
400
MILLION TONNES
41
1,600
BEDDED BARITE
0.9
0.8
0.7
Cl)
fil
0.6
0.5
0.4
~
~
0.3
0.2
0.1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
42
90
100
Model 3lk
PRELIMINARY CONTAINED MATERIAL MODEL
OF SEDIMENTARY KAOLIN
By G .J. Orris
Grade information was insufficient for a grade model. This model is for
contained kaolin. See fig. 29.
DEPOSITS
Name
Country
Name
Bovill
Boralesgamuwa
Bratunac
Escalera
Etsubora
Iwate Hine
Jart
Kalabsha
Khushaym Radi
Maomtng
Meudon
USID
SRIL
Onakawana Lignite
Area
CNON
Ploemeur-D'Arvor
FRNC
Ploemeur-Morbihan
FRNC
Pugu Hills
TNZN
Rio Capim
BRZL
Stanford Clay Deposit USID
Wadi Sallah
SAAR
Wankie
ZIMB
Wilkinson Kaolin
USGA
Xuzhou
CINA
YUGO
VENE
JAPN
JAPN
BRZL
EGPT
SAAR
CINA
FRNC
.!i
43
Country
SEDIMENTA RY KAOLIN
1.0
0.7
rf)
0..
~
0.6
0.5
0.4
0..
0.3
0.0~~~----~-----L----~----~----~--L-L---~~--~----~
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
MILLION TONNES
44
400
1,000
Model32g
PRELIMINARY CONTAINED MATERIAL MODEL OF
LIMESTONE
By G .J. Orris
'?--
Name
Country
Name
Country
Amador Camacho
Bamyon-1
Blue Rocks
Borenore
Cabano
Cal-White
Ewekoro
Glencoe
Kingsdale
Lower Cove Bay
Mount Frome
Mountain Springs
MXCO
AFGH
AUNS
AUNS
CNQU
USCA
NIGR
CNNS
AUNS
CNNF
AUNS
USCA
Nkalagu
Onigbolo
Pilkington
Rosebrook
San Pedro
Santa Ana
Sormony
Tin Hrassan
Umm a1 Ghirban
Wazo Hill
White Hope
Yacuses
NIGR
BENN
AUQU
AUNS
MXCO
MXCO
CNNB
UVOL
45
SAAR
TNZN
USCA
BLVA
LIMESTONE
0.9
0.8
0.7
en
~
fil
Q
~... 0.5
z
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.4
100
MILLION TONNES
46
400
1,600
Model3 5a.l
PRELIM INARY GRADE AND TONNA GE MODEL OF
BEDDE D CELEST ITE
By G .J. Orris
Countzy
Name
Country
Black Butte
Kaiser (Loch
Lomond, Enon)
Kunduz (Qonduz)
Monteviv e
Montezu ma Claims
Nakhjir- Dashte Kavir
(Molkaba d)
USAZ
Nuevo Leon
Quesseir
San Agustin
Tangt-M urch
Unname d
MXCO
EGPT
MXCO
AFGH
QATR
CNNS
AFGH
SPAN
USAZ
IRAN
47
CELESTITE
0.7
r/)
0
c.. 0.6
P:l
0
~
0.5
0.4
c..
~
c..
0.3
o.o~--~----~----~----.__.~-----4----~----~--~~--~
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
MILLION TONNES
48
400
1,600
CELESTfl'E
1.0
. 0.9
0.8
0.7
rJ)
0.6
Q
~
0.5
0.4
@
Cl.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 .0~--~----~----~----~~~----~----~----~--~--~~
10
20
30 .
40
50
60
70
80
49
90
100
Model35a.2
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF POTASH-BEARING
BEDDED SALT
ByG.J. Onis
Country
Name
Country
Alsace
Canamex
Cardona
Carlsbad
Colonsay (Central
Canada)
Denison-Potacan
Esterhazy
Holle
FRNC
CNMN
SPAN
USNM
Uobregat
Malargue
McAuley - St. Lazare
Plumweseep
Rocanville
Rosar.io do Catete
Russell
Salt Springs
Zielitz
SPAN
AGTN
CNMN
CNNB
CNSK
CNSK
CNNB
CNSK
CNGO
50
BRZL
CNMN
CNNB
EGER
~
C/J
0.7
0
0..
rxl 0.6
Q
ex..
0 "'().5
0.4
0..
0.3
0.4
400
MILLION TONNES
51
1,600
6,300
0.7
(/')
&s
0.6
0.5
0.4
~~
0
0
0.3
52
= 17
Model3 5a.5
PRELIMINARY GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL S OF
MARIN E BEDDE D GYPSUM
By G.J . Orris
Southwe st Oklahom a
Cloud Chief
F1atBay
Fort McMurra y
(Athabas ca)
Glangevi n
Peace Point
Pen chard
Country
USOK
USOK
CNNF
CNAL
EIRE
CNAL
FRNC
53
Name
Country
Pouillon
Suria Malableh
Taberna s
Tavemy
Weather ford-Clin ton
District
White Mesa
Winderm ere
FRNC
SOML
SPAN
FRNC
USOK
USMX
CNBC
0.7
Cl)
C::;l
0.6
0
~
0.5
0.4
@
~
0 .0~--~----~----~----~~~--~~--~~----~--~~--~
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
400
1,600
MILLION TONNES
6,300
25,000
0.9
0.6
0.7
C/)
~
rxl
0.6
~
~
0.5
z .,
0
~
~
0.1
0.0~--~----~----~----~--~----~----~----~--~~~~
100
55
Model35b.3
PRELIMINARY GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF
LACUSTRINE BORATES
.
By G.J. Onis
In addition to grade and tonnage mod.els (figs. 37, 38), the distribution of
the colemanite content of the borate mineralization is shown in figure 39.
There is no significant correlation between borate grade and tonnage in
this model, nor is there a significant correlation between percent borate
and percent colemanite. However, there is a strong negative correlation
(r = -0.654) between tonnage and percent of borate mineralization
composed of colemanite.
DEPOSITS
Name
Country
Name
Bigadic
Billie
Boraxo
Callville Wash
{Anniversary Mine)
Corkscrew
DeBely
Ernet
Gerstley I
Gerstley II
Grand View
Inyo
Lizzy V. Oakley
Lower Biddy
McCarthy
TRKY
USCA
USCA
Maria*
USCA
Monte Blanco
USCA
Played Out
USCA
Rho (Kramer Junction)
USCA
USCA
Sigma
Terry
USCA
Upper Biddy
McCarthy
USCA
Widow No. 3 (New
Widow)
USCA
Widow No. 7 {Old
Widow)*
USCA
USNV
USCA
USCA
TRKY
USCA
USCA
USCA
USCA
USCA
USCA
56
Country
lACUSTRINE BORA.TES
0.9
'0.8
~ 0.7
en
g 0.6
lo'oo4
0.5
0.4
g:
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.04
0.1
400
MILLION TONNES
57
1,600
LACUSTRINE BORATES
n = 23
0.7
Cf)
0.6
0.5
0.4
~~
0.3
58
LACUSTRINE BORATES
~rn
~
0.7
0.6
~
p..
59
Model35b.9
PRELIMINARY GRADE AND TONNAGE MODELS OF
LACUSTRINE GYPSUM
By G.J. Orris
Countzy
Name
Countiy
USNV
AUWA
USAZ
Spider Lake
Streaky Bay
Tromen-Auguilc6
Vaca Muerta
Yarra Yarra Lakes
Yzerfontein
AUSA
AUSA
SAFR
AUSA
AUSA
AUSA
AUSA
60
AGTN
AGTN
AUWA
SAFR
LACUSTRINE GYPSUM
0.7
(/')
~
r:q 0.6
0
~
z0
0
A.c
0
15:
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
MILLION TONN ES
61
400
1,600
LACUSTRINE GYPSUM
1.0
~ 0.7
(j)
0p..
0.6
ril
Cl
0.5
z
0
0.4
0p..
@
p..
0.3
62
Model35b.21
CONSTITUENT MODELS OF SODIUM CARBONATE
(SULFATE, CHLORIDE) BRINES
By G.J. Orris
There is significant correlation between the solutes in this model.
SOdium carbonate is correlated with sodium sulfate (r = 0.683), sodium
carbonate with sodium chloride (r =0. 704). and sodium sulfate with
sodium chloride (r = 0.863). See figs. 42-44.
DEPOSITS
Name
Black Lake
Borax Lake
Hail~.r (Hailaeh)
Harney Lake
Jess Lake
Lago Texcoco
Lake Abert
Lake Magadi
Country
Name.
Lake
van
Lonar Lake
Mono Lake
Omak Lake
Pretoria Salt Pan
Soap Lake
Sua Pan
Summer Lake
USCA
USCA
CINA
USOR
USNB
MXCO
USOR
KNYA
63
Country
TRKY
ETHP
USCA
USOR
SAFR
USOR
BOTS
USOR
~rJ)
= 16
0 .7
o..c
Cil 0.6
Q
0.5
0.4
flc
64
__.
4000
16
0.9
0.8
~
fJ)
0.7
ril
0 .6
0.5
0.4
~
~
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0~--~--~~----~----~--~----~----~----~--~~--~
0.4
1.0
2.5
6.3
16
40
100
. 250
630
1000
65
4000
.-
n=
16
0.7
en
0..
P::l
0.6
rz..
0.5
z
0
0 .4
0..
@
0..
0.3
0.0~--~~--~----~--~~--~----~~--~----._--~~--~
0.4
1.0
2.5
6.3
16
40
100
250
630
1600
66
4000
Model37f
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL
OF DISSEMINATED FLAKE GRAPHITE
By James D. BUss and David M. Sutphin
Disseminated flake graphite deposits have been mineduusing predominantly
mechanized methods. Classification of deposits into amorphous and .
disseminated is not always clear and this may lead to some deposits being
misclassified (also see amorphous graphite). There is no significant
correlation between grade and tonnage in this modeL This model has been
prebiously published in a non-USGS publication (Sutphin and Bliss, 1990).
See Sutphin and Bliss ( 1990) for a comparison between amorphous and
disseminated flake graphite deposit types. See figs. 45, 46.
DEPOSITS
Name
Ambatornitamba
Amo.
Andasifahatelo
Ashidani
Azad Kashmir
Bell Graphite
Black Donald
Bosiljgrad
Buryat
Cal Graphite
Canadian Graphite
Carter Lake
Ceylon
Cheong-pyong -(# 104)
Cheong-pyong (#33.43)
ChungNam
ChungPuk
Cornell
Cup Lake
Dawn 71
Dun Raven
Faliarano
Federal Carbon
Fermont
Genda
Country
:MDGS
JAPN
:MDGS
JAPN
PKTN
CNQU
CNON
YUGO
USSR
CNON
CNQU
USCA
USAL
SKOR
SKOR
SKOR
SKOR
USCA
CNON
SAFR
CNQU _
MDGS
USPA
CNQU
JAPN
67
Name
Girard
Globe
Graphex
Gumbu
Hainan Island
Harcourt
Ito tone
Kanziku
Kashmiri
Katsuno
Kingston
Kirkham
Kongodo
Konstantin
Koppio
Kropfmiihl
Kyeryong
Uu-Mao
Lynx
Madurai
Marovintsky
Mestry-vrch
Mont Laurier
Monte Nipacue
Munglinup River
Counby
USPA
USCA
CNQU
SAFR
CINA
CNON
MZMB
KNYA
PKTN
JAPN
CNON
CNON
JAPN
CZCL .
AUSA
GRMY
SKOR
CINA
ZIMB
INDA
MDGS
CZCL
CNQU
MZMB
AUWA
Name
Naoi
National Graphite
Nhanhar
Njoka
Notre-Dame-du-Laus
Oaxaca
Orrwell
Oryu
PasumponMuthuramalingam
PedraAzul
Pennsylvania Graphite
Pickering Valley
Pollan Lake(Reindeer Lake)
Port Clarence
Princeton
Pyontack
Country
JAPN
CNON
MZMB
ZMBA
CNQU
MXCO
CNQU
SKOR
INDA
BRZL
USPA
USPA
CNSK
USAK
CNON
SKOR
68
Name
Samgong
Satemua
Shihung
Skaland Grafitrerk
Southwestern
Soyusnoye
Ta:skazgan
Tayginsk
Telixtlahuaca
Timmins
Todd
Tonkin-Dupont
Tsavo
Uley
Virginia Graphite
Yongwon
Zaval'yevsky
Count:Iy
SKOR
MZMB
SKOR
NRWY
USTX
USSR
USSR
USSR
MXCO
CNON
CNON
CNON
KNYA
AUSA
CNON
SKOR
USSR
0
0
0.8
~
&:
(l:l
0.7
C/)
0.6
0
~
0.5
0.4
0..
@
0..
0.3
0.0~--~----~~~~--~----~~~~--~~---Y----~--~
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
400
69
1,000
0.9
0.8
~
CfJ
0.7
~
w
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0..
70
Model38h
PRELIMINARY CONTAINED MATERIAL MODEL
FOR RESIDUAL KAOLIN
By G.J. Orris
Count:Iy
Name
Count.Iy
Cerro Copeyal
Escalera
Eureka
Hagstad
Karacevo
Km 88
Linden
VENE
VENE
AGTN
SWDN
Nagai Parker
Palmira
Sanchong
Tala-Barfek
Top ira
Weipa
PKTN
BLVA
SKOR
YUGO
VENE
GUYN
71
AFGH
GUYN
AUQL
Residual Kaolin
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
____..__-'-____..._ __ . __ ____,~
25
100
400
MILLION TONNES
72
1,600
Model39d
COMMENT: In addition to size and grade, average carat size and percentage
of diamonds of industrial grade are needed to characterize diamond placers.
Most deposits are alluvial but several are residual placers over kimberlite
pipes. Beach placers are excluded. Given the type of data available, data on
workings within 1.5 km were considered to be a single deposit. Several
deposits are large in area with workings of unknown spacing. Deposits must
have diamond grade and volume to be included m. those models. However.
reporting on average carat size and percentage of diamonds of industrial
quality was less frequently available and all reported values for these
characteristics were used in the models whether or not associated grade and
volume data were available. The percent of diamonds of industrial quality is
correlated with deposit size (r = 0.93, n = 7) if the Prairie Creek residual
placer is excluded from the analysis. Other commodities known to have been
produced from diamond placers, but not modeled, include Au, PGE, Ta205,
and other types of gemstones. See figs. 48-51.
DEPOSITS
Name
Count:Iy
Name
Count:Iy
Acorn Security
Aredor
BauleBasin
Bingara Field
Birim River
Boabab
Boshoff
Copeton
CampoSampaio
Feijao Cru .
Hlane
Koidu Field
Kolmanskop
Kurupung Field
INDO
GNEA
GNEA
AUNS
GHNA
TNZN
TNZN
AUNS
.BRZL
BRZL
SWAZ
SRLN
Limestone Creek
Lower Smoke Creek
Lucapa-AndradaCuango River
Mabuki
Mwamanga
Namaqualand
Potaro Field
Prairie Creek
Raw Bean
Rio Caroni
Tejucana
Upper Smoke Creek
Vila Santa Maria
AUWA
AUWA
SAFR
GUYA
'
.....
73
ANGL
TNZN
TNZN
SAFR
GUYA
USAR
BRZL
VNZL
BRZL
AUWA
BRZL
Diamond Placers
n .. 25
0.7
C/)
0...
0.6
C:Q
Q
0.5
:z:
0
0.4
0...'
0...
0.3
,, 0.0
L...----"'--__..____,___-'-'""---'----"------4---"L-.-----t.-----L.------ -1
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
74
400
1,600
Diamond Placers
~
r/)
0.7
r:il . 0.6
tz..
0.5
P.c
0.4
~
P.c
0.3
0 . 0~--~-----LL---~----~----~--~L---~----~----~----~
0.0016
0.0063
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
6.3
25
100
400
1,600
75
Diamond Placers
1.0
n - 14
0.7
C/)
0
c..c
~
~
0.6
0.5
0
c..c
0
0.3
76
DIAMOND PLACERS
1.0
= 11
0.8
0.7
(J)
r:z:l 0.6
0
~
0.5
0..
0.4
0.3
__,__.L...-......L....--.&...-.-.1~
25
50
100
DIAMONDS OF INDUSTRIAL
QUALI1Y, IN PERCENT
77
Model39i
PRELIMINARY GRADE AND TONNAGE MODELS OF
SILICA SAND
By G.J . Orris .
There is no significant correlation between grade and tonnage in this
model. See figs. 52, 53.
DEPOSITS
Name
AbuDaragupper horizon
AbuDaraglower horizon
Black River
Cape Flats
Demerara River
Diogenes
Madeleine Islands
(North)
Country
EGPT
EGPT
JMCA
SAFR
GYNA
CNNS
CNQU
78
Name
Country
Madeleine Islands
(South)
Nylstroom
Parengarenga
Planknek 43 KS Farm
Plumbago Creek
Red Deer River
Sandy Ground
Weferlingen
CNQU
SAFR
NZLD
SAFR
USWY
CNSK
JMCA
GRMY
SILICA SAND
1.0
n = 15
0.9
0.8
0.7
f/l
ll..
ril
0.6
0.5
0
0.4
2:
0.3
0.2
0.1
15.
1.3
174.
MILLION TONNES
79
SILICA SAND
1.0
0.7
Cll
0.6
C:rl
0.5
0.4
0.3
80
REFERENCES
Cox, D.P.. and Singer, D.A., 1986, Mineral deposit models: U.S.
Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, 379 p.
Orris, G.J., i986a, Grade and tonnage model of serpentine-hosted
asbestos, in Cox, D .P ., and Singer, D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models:
U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 46-48.
Orris, G.J., 1986b, Grade and tonnage model ofbedded barite, in Cox,
D.P., and Singer, D.A, eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological
Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 216-218.
Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D., l991. Some industrial mineral deposit models:
descriptive deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
91-llA, 73 p.
.
Sutphin, D.M., and Bliss, J.D . 1990, Disseminated flake graphite and
amorphous graphite deposit types--an analysis using grade and
tonnage models: Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, v. 83, no.
940, p. 85-89.
81
APPENDIX A:
COUNTRY CODES
Code
Name
AFGH
AGTN
Mghanistan
Argentina
Algeria
Angola
Australia, New South Wales
Australia, Northern Territory
Australia, Queensland
Australia, South Australia
Australia, Tasmania
Australia, Westem Australia
Austria
Beriin
Bolivia
ALGR
ANGL
AUNS
AUNT
AUQL
AUSA
AUTS
AUWA
ASTR
BENN
BLVA
BOTS
BRZL
CILE
CINA
CIBA
CNAL
CNBC
CNGO
CNMN
CNNB
CNNF
CNNS
CNNT
CNON
CNQU
CNSK
CNYf
CORI
CZCL
EGPT
ETHP
FNLD
FRNC
GHNA
GNEA
GREC
GRMY
GUYN
Botswana
Brazil
Chile
China
Colombia
Canada, Alberta
Canada, British Columbia
Congo
Canada, Manitoba
Canada, New Brunswick
Canada, Newfoundland
Canada; Nova Scotia
Canada, Northwest Territories
Canada, Ontario
Canada, Quebec
Canada. Saskatchewan
Canada. Yukon Territory
Costa Rica
Czechoslovakia
Egypt
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Ghana
Guinea
Greece
Germany
Guyana
82
Code
HUNG
ICI.D
INDA
IRAN
IRLD
ITLY
JAPN
JMCA
KNYA
LSTO
MDGS
MRCO
MXCO
MZMB
NIGR
NKOR
NRWY
NZLD
PKTN
PLND
QATR
SAAR
SAFR
SKOR
SOML
SPAN
SRIL
SRLN
SUDN
SWAZ
SWDN
THLD
TIWN
TNZN
TRKY
UKSL
USAL
USAK
USAZ
USAR
USCA
US0
USGA
USID
USIA
USMT
USNB
Name
Hungary
Iceland
India
. Iran
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Jamaica
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Morocco
Mexico
Mozambique
Nigeria
North Korea
Norway
New Zealand
Pakistan
Poland
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
South Mrica
South Korea
Somalia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sierra Leon
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Thailand
Taiwan
Tanzania
Turkey
United Kingdom, Scotland
United States, Alabama
United States, Alaska
United States, Arizona
United States. Arkansas
United States, California
United States, Colorado
United States, Georgia
United States. Idaho
United States, Louisiana
United States. Montana
United States, Nebraska
83
Code
Name
USNC
USNM
USNV
USNY
USOK
USOR
USPA
USSR
USTN
USTX
USVA
USVT
uswA
USWY
UVOL
VENE
YUGO
ZIMB
ZIRE
Z MBA
84