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The hydraulic design process yielded two box culverts; a single cell type on
chainage 1+095 on 4th Circular road and double cell type on 2+940 on 5 th
Circular Road.
1.1
STANDARDS
AND
CODES
OF
PRACTICE
1.2
The loads that were applied in the design of the box culverts were: the dead load
of the top slabs, the dead load of the vertical side walls applied onto the bottom
slabs of the culverts, vertical earth loads applied onto the top slabs of the
culverts, vertical and horizontal loads imparted by the internal water, and
vertical loads applied to the top slabs due to vehicular traffic.
Each of these loads will be discussed in detail in the following paragraphs.
1.2.1
The Top Slab dead load was calculated from the dimensions of the member
assuming a unit weight of reinforced concrete of 24kN/m 3. The equation for
calculating this load is:
DLTS = (gc) x TTS
Where;
DLTS - Top Slab dead load in kN/m
gc - unit weight of reinforced concrete (normally assume 24kN/m 3)
TTS - Thickness of the top slab in meters
The Top slab dead load was applied as a uniform load across the top members.
1.2.2
The dead load of the vertical walls acting on the bottom slab was applied as
vertical concentrated load acting at the joints between the vertical walls and the
bottom slab.
Page | 1
Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
The self weights of two side walls acting as concentrated loads were assumed to
produce uniform soil reaction on the bottom slab.
The loads, due to the external vertical walls, were calculated using the equation:
DLSW = (gc) x H x Tw + 0.5 x DLTS
Where;
DLSW - load of exterior vertical wall acting on the base slab in kN/m
gc - unit weight of reinforced concrete (normally assume 24kN/m 3)
TSW - Sidewall thickness in meters,
H - Height of the culvert opening in meters (The Rise),
DLTS - Top Slab dead load in kN/m
For the two-cell culvert, the load on the base slab due to the interior wall was
calculated as follows:
DLIW = (gc) x H x TIW + 0.33 x DLTS
Where;
DLIW - load of interior vertical wall acting on the base slab in kN/m
gc - unit weight of reinforced concrete (normally assume 24kN/m 3)
TIW Interior wall thickness in meters,
H - Height of the culvert opening in meters (The Rise),
The weight of the base slab was assumed to have no influence on the internal
forces in the structure.
Page | 2
Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
1.2.3
Soil-Pavement Overburden
The vertical load applied to the Top Slab by the overlying soil and pavement was
taken to be the unit weight of the material multiplied by the depth of the
material. This load was calculated from the equation below and was applied as a
uniform load across the top slab, as shown in Figure 2.
Page | 3
Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
1.2.4
There were two types of lateral earth pressures on the vertical side walls of the
box culvert that were considered for design; the one due to increase in depth
was computed according to the Coulombs theory with the assumption of a
triangular distribution and a uniform lateral pressure due to the effect of live load
surcharge. By combining these two pressures, a trapezoidal pressure distribution
on side walls due to embankment loading was obtained.
The distribution of soil pressure on the side wall is shown in Figure below:
p1 = k * q s
Where;
p1 - uniform load component of the lateral soil load in kN/m
k - Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
qs Surcharge load
And
p2 = k * (gs) * h
Where;
p2 - triangular load component of the lateral soil load in kN/m
k - Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
gs - Unit weight of soil (backfill or subgrade) in kN/m 3
h - Distance from top to bottom of culvert
Page | 4
Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
1.2.5
This type of loading was assumed to occur when the culvert is full with water.
The pressure distribution on side walls was assumed to be triangular with a
maximum pressure intensity given by the equation below;
p = (gw) x h at the base
Where; gw = density of water and h is the depth of flow
1.2.6
There were two types of lateral earth pressures on the vertical side walls of the
box culvert that were considered for design; the one due to increase in depth
was computed according to the Coulombs theory with the assumption of a
triangular distribution and a uniform lateral pressure due to the effect of live load
surcharge. By combining these two pressures, a trapezoidal pressure distribution
on side walls due to embankment loading was obtained.
Load Factors (RDM, Ref: 5.1.2)
The structural design procedure used in the design of the concrete box culverts
was based on the Limit State Design procedure which requires that the load,
shear, or moment be obtained by applying load factors to the service values.
The factors, yfL to be applied to all parts of the dead load, irrespective of
whether these parts have an adverse or relieving effect, weree taken for all load
combinations as follows:
BS 5400 table 1
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Preliminary design report
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Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
Steel
Concret
e
Design Superimposed Dead Load (RDM, Ref: 5.2.2)
The factor, yfL, to be applied to all parts of the superimposed dead load,
irrespective of whether these parts have adverse or relieving effect, shall be
taken for all load combinations as follows:
For the Ultimate Limit
State
1.75
Where L is the loaded length (in m) and W is the load per metre of the
lane (in kN)
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Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
Combination 1
Combination 2 & 3
For HA load
For HB load
The longitudinal load resulting from traction or braking of vehicles shall be taken
as more severe of nominal load for type HA or HB, applied at the road surface
and parallel to it in one notional lane only.
The nominal load for HA shall be 8 kN/m of loaded length plus 200kN, subject to
a maximum of 700kN, applied to an area one notional lane wide x the loaded
length.
The nominal load for HB shall be 25% of the total nominal HB load adopted,
applied as equally distributed between the eight wheels of two axles of the
vehicle, 1.8 m apart. The nominal load shall be taken as 250 kN. Type HA loading,
applied in accordance with (RDM, Ref: 6.4.1), shall be considered to act with the
accidental skidding load.
For the skidding and primary live load, yfL, shall be taken as follows:
For the Ultimate Limit
State
1.25
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1.3
MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS
Concrete Grades
Concrete grades for the design of the bridge elements will be as shown in Table
12.
Table 1: Concrete grades
Grades
C30/20
C30/20
C15/20
Element
Foundation Base or Footing
Abutments and Wing Walls
Beams and Slabs
Source: BS 5400
1.3.3
Reinforcement
Reinforcement will be hot rolled steel bars to BS 449 with the following
properties:
High Yield - Type 2 Deformed Bar
Yield Strength: Fy = 460 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity: E = 200 kN/mm2
Page | 8
Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
1.3.4
Concrete Protection
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1.4.1
Superstructure Design
Cost;
1.4.2
Substructure Design
Page | 9
Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve
Page | 10
Preliminary design report
May 2015
Consultancy Services for Engineering Design of Roads at South B Estate (4.3km) at Kampala
Industrial and Business Park - Namanve