Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
233
Compiled by Mark Miller
www.LearnNavi.org
Last updated: May 4th , 2015
This is the definitive dictionary for Navi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
James Camerons film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.
Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Navi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Navi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates grammatical categorization: parentheses such as x represents an infix, where tpre-first1ar2on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [ta.Ron]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most,
if not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known
modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upon transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound
changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress
in the IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also
that allomorphs, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or
morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.
Abbreviations:
num. = number
ofp. = only for people
part. = particle
ph. = phrase
pn. = pronoun
prop. n. = proper noun
v. = verb
svin. = stative intransitive verb
vtr. = transitive verb
vin. = intransitive verb
vtrm. = transitive modal verb
vim. = intransitive modal verb
sbd. = subordinated
= morpheme boundary
+ = leniting morpheme boundary
= infix morpheme
adj. = adjective
adp. = adposition
adv. = adverb
conj. = conjunction
c.w. = compound word
dem. = demonstrative
intj. = interjection
inter. = interrogative
n. = noun
nfp. = not for people
An English - Navi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estonian, German, Hungarian, Portugus and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations
in other languages available.
Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after
the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the cannon lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive
affixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified
semantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:
The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly Frommerian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like osss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved several constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zo Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skxawng. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.
Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
>
>
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
have
been
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions
split in
accordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at."kE].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters for ejective, and "for stress.
This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let me know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and I will correct them. As for version
number, Ill change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.
2
I would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental in
the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is Dr. Paul Frommer and his
monumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for
originally creating and maintaining this document. Thanks to Tirea Aean (Corey Scheideman)
for being invaluable in keeping track of new vocabulary as it is introduced by Dr. Frommer.
Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied significant time and skills to automate the maintenance of
this dictionary and its variants. Tuiqs scripts also make the process of updating much easier for the authors of the various translations. Finally, thanks to everyone in the Learn Navi
Community who are helping Navi to bloom!
- Mark Miller, et alia
A
atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan
light)
atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. forked lightning
(derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)
atxar: [a."t'aR] P F adj. smell of living animals, as
found around a watering hole
atxkxe: [at'."k'E] P F n. land
atxkxerel: [at'."k'E.REl] P F n. map (c.w. from
atxkxe land and rel picture)
au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayoeng we)
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived
from po he, she)
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contraction of ay+laheru)
aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
from nga you)
ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from oe I)
ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (derived from oe I) (ayoenga base for suffixes)
ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from u thing)
(never plural u)
ie: [."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual)
o: [".o] P F adp. under, below
txle: [."t'.lE] P F n. request
E
epang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex
epxang: [E."p'aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold
small toxic arachnid
etrp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favorable, auspicious
>
ewktswo: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. (sense of) taste (derived from ewku taste)
ewku: ["Ew.ku] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right
eyk: [Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
eyk lead)
eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general,
one step down from leader (derived from eyktan leader)
eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. leader (typically temporary, of a small group like a hunting party) (derived from eyk lead)
ftxan: [fI."t'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from txan great, much)
ftxon: [fI."t'on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived
from txon night)
fkan: [fkan] P F vin. resemble in a sensory modality, come to the senses as
fkarut: ["fka.Rut^] P F v. peel
fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
fkeytok: ["fkEj.tok^] P F vin. exist (derived
from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
fkip: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (unspecified agent)
fkxake: ["fk'a.kE] P F v. itch
fkxen: [fk'En] P F n. vegetable (food)
fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] P F n. bib necklace
flawkx: [flawk'] P F n. leather
flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek
fl: [fl] P F vin. succeed
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
fl: [flI] P F adj. thin nfp.
flnutx: [flI."nut'] P F n. thickness (c.w. from fl
thin and nutx thick)
flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or
"
things)
fmal: [fmal] P F vtr. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
fmawnta: [fmawnta] P F n. that news (contraction of fmawnit a)
fmetok: ["fmE.tok^] P F v. test
fmi: [fmi] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the
subjunctive)
fmokx: [fmok'] P F n. jealousy, envy
fnan: [fnan] P F vtr. be good at
fnawe: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly
fnawetu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived
from fnawe cowardly)
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind allomorph
of pefnel
fnetxum: [fnE."t'um] n. allergen (derived from
txum poison)
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
fng: [fNP] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth:)
use the restroom, go to the bathroom
fngo: [fNoP] P F vtr. require, demand
fnu: [fnu] P F vin. quiet, be quiet
8
H
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)
I
ien: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument
il: [il] P F vin. bend
inanfya: [i."nan.fja] P F n. sense (means of perception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge
from sensory input and fyao path, way)
ingyenga: ["iN.jE.NaP] P F adj. mysterious, puzzling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling
of mystery)
>
ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. mystery, riddle,
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling
of mystery and tsim source)
>
ingyentsyp: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. trick, sleight
of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
from ingyen feeling of mystery)
11
12
13
Kx
kxa: [k'a] P F n. mouth
kxakx: [k'ak'] P F vin. break, snap in two
kxam: [k'am] P F n. middle, midpoint
kxaml: ["k'am.l] P F adp. through (via the
middle of) (derived from kxam middle)
kxamtrr: ["k'am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w.
" and trr day)
from kxam middle
kxamtrrmaw: ["k'am.tr.maw] P F n. the time
" early afternoon (c.w.
immediately after noon,
from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
>
kxamtseng: ["k'am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
place)
kxamtxomaw: ["k'am.t'o.maw] P F n. after midnight (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after)
kxamtxon: ["k'am.t'on] P F n. midnight (c.w.
from kxam middle and txon night)
kxamy: ["k'am.jI] P F n. intermediate level (c.w.
from kxam middle and y level)
kxangangang: ["k'aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (onomatopoeic)
kxan: ["k'a.nI] P F adj. forbidden
kxap: [k'ap^] P F n. threat
kxapnga: ["k'ap.NaP] P F adj. threatening (derived from kxap threat) nfp.
kxap si: [k'ap si] P F vin. threaten (derived
from kxap threat)
kxawm: [k'awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe
kxayl: [k'ajl] P F adj. high
kxayly: ["k'ajl.jI] P F n. high level (c.w. from kxayl high and y level)
L
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else
lam: [lam] P F vin. seem, appear
lang: [laN] P F vtr. investigate, explore
lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one person or thing
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean
latem: ["la.tEm] P F vin. change (leykatem
vtr. change)
>
latsi: [la."tsi] LA v. keep up with someone
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
lawk: [lawk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
14
15
M
ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker)
17
N
na: [na] P F adp. like, as
narng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be
drunk
nafu: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fu this)
namake: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. confidently (derived from amake confident)
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, encouragement (mirative)
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye
nari si: ["na.Ri si] P F vin. watch out, be careful
(derived from nari eye)
narlor: [naR."loR] P F adj. beautiful visually (derived from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasant
to the senses)
narv: [naR."v] P F adj. ugly, unsightly (derived from nari eye and v unpleasant to the
senses)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tkenong example)
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (derived from nawm great)
nawri: ["naw.Ri] P F adj. talented
nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)
nk: [nk^] P F vtr. drink
nn: [nn] P F vin. decrease
ne: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
nem: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nef: [nE."f] P F adv. up (direction)
nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction)
"
nekx: [nEk'] P F vtr. burn, consume
nemfa: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w.
from ne towards and mfa inside)
nemrey: [nEm."REj] P F adv.,intj. in a fashion as if
ones life were at stake (derived from emrey
survive)
neni: ["nE.ni] P F n. sand
neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived
from ne to)
netrp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily
new: [nEw] P F vtrm. want
newomum: [nEw."o.mum] P F svin. be curious, want to know (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived
from neyn light, shade of white)
neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
ni: [ni."] P F vtr. grab
nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair
nikroi: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w.
from nikre hair and ioi adornment)
nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy
ninan: ["ni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived
from inan read)
ningyen: ["niN,jEn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a
puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen feeling of mystery)
nip: [nip^] P F vin. become stuck, get caught in
something
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
n: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
nal: [nI."Pal] P F adv. wastefully (derived from
al waste)
naw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from aw
one)
nawtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one person) (c.w. from aw one and tute person)
nawve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived
from awve first)
nen: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed
guess, acting on intuition (derived from en
guess)
neng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same level (derived from engeng level)
neoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (derived from eoio ceremonious)
neveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, immaturely (derived from eveng child)
neyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
answer (derived from eyng answer)
nia: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (derived from ia end)
nit: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (abstract) (derived from it bit, a small amount)
no: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably (derived from o exciting)
nul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more
nulul: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F adv. increasingly, more
and more (derived from ul increase)
18
19
nmal: [nI."mal] P F adv. trustingly, without hesitation (derived from mal trustworthy)
nmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. weakly, loosely (derived from meyp weak)
nmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
nmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
(derived from mawey calm)
nmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently
(derived from maweypey be patient)
nn: [nIn] P F vtr. look at
nNavi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Navi,
Navi-ly (derived from Navi the People)
nnk: [nI."nk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid
way (derived from nk drink)
nnn: [nI."nn] P F adv. less (derived from nn
decrease)
nnnn: [nI."nn.n] P F adv. decreasingly, less
and less (derived from nn decrease)
nngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from
ngay true)
nngong: [nI."NoN] P F adv. lethargically, lazily
(derived from ngong lazy)
nno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, thoroughly
nnrra: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride (derived from" nrra pride)
nnu: [nI."nu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in
vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or expected end (derived from nui fail, falter)
nolo: [nI."o.loP] P F adv. (together) as members
of a clan (derived from olo clan)
nprrte: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly,
with pleasure" (derived from prrte pleasurable)
npxay: [nI."p'aj] P F adv. many, manily (derived from pxay many)
npxi: [nI."p'i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, unambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
npxim: [nI."p'im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (derived from pxim erect, upright)
nran: [nI."Ran] P F adv. basically, fundamentally,
in essence (derived from ran intrinsic character or nature)
nrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
fact, with perfective or imperfective subjunctive) (derived from rangal wish)
nronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination,
by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop
imagine)
20
>
ntsyl: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. by climbing (derived
from tsyl climb)
ntut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
from tut continuation marker)
ntxan: [nI."t'an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from txan much)
ntxay: [nI."t'aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived
from txay be horizontal)
ntxi: [nI."t'i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way
(derived from txi hurry)
ntxiluke: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] P F adv. unhurriedly, leisurely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without)
nvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv. by the way,
incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to
one, pop into ones mind)
nwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by
hiding (derived from wan hide)
nwawe: [nI.wa."wE] P F adv. meaningfully, significantly (derived from wawe meaning, significance)
nw: [nI."w] P F adv. on the contrary, conversely
nwte: [nI.w."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, begrudgingly (derived from wte argue)
nwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived
from win fast)
nwok: [nI."wok^] P F adv. loudly (derived from
wok loud)
nwotx: [nI."wot'] P F adv. all (of), in toto, completely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
nyawr: [nI."jawR] P F adv. correctly, rightly (derived from eyawr correct, right)
nyewla: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. in a disappointing
fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations
(derived from yewla disappointment)
nyey: [nI."jEj] P F adv. directly, straight to the
point (derived from yey straight)
nyeyfya: [nI."jEj.fja] P F adv. straight ahead, in
a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight
line)
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you
nga: [NaP] P F vtr. contain
ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo
ngampam si: ["Nam.pam si] P F vin. rhyme (derived from ngampam rhyme)
>
ngatsyp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngey your and txoa forgiveness)
ngn: [N."Pn] P F vin. suffer mentally or
emotionally, be miserable
ngng: [NN] P F n. stomach
ngzk: ["N.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific (honourific) form) (derived from nga you)
ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel
nget: [NEt^] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and
leaves, dank (non-animal decay)
ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired
ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] P F n. length (derived
from ngim long and pup short)
PF
PF
O
oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I (derived from oe I)
>
oetsyp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (derived from oe I)
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause
oeyktng: [o."Ejk.tIN] P F vtr. explain (why) (ii)
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tng give)
ohakx: [o."hak'] P F adj. hungry
ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
form)
osss: [o."sss] LA intj. angry snarl, watch it!
osss si: [o."sss si] P F vin. hiss (derived from
osss angry snarl)
P
pao: ["pa.Po] P F n. side
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement
pam: [pam] P F n. sound
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (derived from pamrel writing and fyao way)
pamrel si: [pam."REl "si] P F vin. write (derived
from pamrel writing)
pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. writer (derived from pamrel writing)
22
morph of slosneppe)
pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. what temperature? (derived from somwew temperature)
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of
upe
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pey: [pEj] P F vin. wait, wait for
piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
skies)
piak si: [pi."ak^ si] P F vin. open (derived from
piak open)
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pmtxan: [pIm."t'an] P F inter. how much allomorph of hmtxampe
pwopx: [pI."wop'] P F n. cloud
>
pwopxtsyp: [pI."wop'.tsjIp] P F n. nebula (derived from pwopx cloud) lit.: little cloud
pllngay: [pl."Naj] P F vin. admit (derived from
" and ngay true)
plltxe speak
plltxe: [pl."t'E] P F v. speak
"
po: [po] P F pn. he, she
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
polpxay: [pol."p'aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)
pom: [pom] P F vtr. kiss
pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. group of people, party (derived from po he/she) ofp.
prrku: ["pr.ku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen
" kelku home)
baby and
prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.k'En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti"
" "
me smoking pleasure,
vibrating
tongue (Navi
idiom) (c.w. from prrte pleasurable, kxener
smoke, trr day and krr time)
prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby
"
prrnesyul: ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
prrte: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi"
ty)
prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
"
baby and" ewll
plant)
pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun
referring to a previously mentioned noun
23
or pronoun)
Px
pxan: [p'an] P F adj. worthy
pxask: ["p'a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)
pxasul: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxaw: [p'aw] P F adp. around
pxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumference, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pao side)
pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] P F n. armband (c.w.
from pxaw around and pxun arm)
pxay: [p'aj] P F adj. many (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
pxayopin: ["p'aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, multicolored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and
opin color)
pxek: [p'Ek^] P F vtr. kick, shove
pxel: [p'El] P F adp. like, as
pxelo: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (derived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
pxen: [p'En] P F n. functional clothing (item of)
pxesrram: [p'E.sr."am] P F n., adv. three days ago
(derived from" trr day)
pxesrray: [p'E.sr."aj] P F n., adv. three days from
now (derived" from trr day)
pxey: [p'Ej] P F num. three
pxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (derived from pxey three)
R
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning
ralnga: ["Ral.NaP] P F adj. meaningful, instructive, something from which a lesson can be learned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga contain)
ralpeng: [Ral."pEN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.
from ral meaning and peng tell)
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain
>
ramtsyp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from
ram mountain)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well
ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, essence, constititution; basic nature of something
resulting from the totality of its properties; of-
24
S
sanok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from
saatenuk C )
sanu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectionate form of sanok mother)
>
sanutsyp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sanu
mommy)
sasem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent or set of parents
(derived from sanok mother and sempul
father)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry
salew: [sa."lEw] P F v. proceed, go
25
26
>
stsyl: [s."tsjIl] P F n. climbing event, a climb
(derived from tsyl climb)
swsul: [s."w.sul] P F n. a competition (derived from wsul compete)
>
swsultsyp: [s."w.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. a contest (derived from swsul a competition)
swte: [s.w."tE] P F n. point of contention,
source of argument, thing disputed (derived
from wte argue)
swngay: [s.wI."Naj] P F n. proof (particular
instance) (derived from wngay proof )
swntxu: [s.wIn."t'u] P F n. a showing, an exhibition (derived from wntxu show)
sykx: [s."Jk'] P F n. snub (derived from
ykx not notice, ignore, snub)
szrp: [s."z.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein
(derived from zarp pull)
seayl: [sE."Pajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin waterfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off
of a floating mountain (countable)
sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now
"
and krr time)
sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)
sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female)
seykxel: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. strong (emotionally,
spiritually, not physical), confident
seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip
>
seysonltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."tsan] P F intj. well done! (derived from hasey soli nltsan accomplished well)
si: [si] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional nonbound verb do, make deriving affix
sim: [sim] P F svin. be near
s: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can
be attached as s: for clauses use ulte and)
sk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
slpey: [sIl."pEj] P F vin. hope (with tsn for thing
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sltsan good and pey wait)
slronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart
(thing) (c.w. from sltsan good and ronsem
mind)
>
sltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well
done
sn: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
skaa: [ska."Pa] P F vtr. destroy
27
sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflexive, genitive form sney)
snolup: ["sno.lup^] P F n. personal style or aesthetic, presence (c.w. from sno self and lupra
style)
snomo: ["sno.mo] P F n. private space that one can
retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and
mo space)
snonrra: [sno."nr.a] P F n. self-pride (negative
"
connotation) (c.w.
from sno his/her self and
nrra pride)
snumna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers
to a dim person)
soha: ["soP.ha] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about,
show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note:
Being enthusiastic is always transitive in
Navi -PF)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive
form soai)
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent
som: [som] P F adj. hot
somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (derived from som hot and wew cold)
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] P F inter. what temperature? (more common) (derived from
somwew temperature)
sop: [sop^] P F vin. travel
sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from
sop travel)
sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby
running water, rain, moist vegetation
spaw: [spaw] P F vtr. believe
sp: [sp] P F v. jump
sppeng: [sp."pEN] P F vin. restore oneself (metaphorically) (derived from speng restore)
spee: [spE."PE] P F vtr. capture
speetu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
from spee capture)
speng: [spEN] P F vtr. restore
spono: ["spo.no] P F n. island
spule: ["spu.lE] P F vtr. propel
spulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. telephone (derived from spule propel and mokri voice)
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old, former nfp.
spxam: [sp'am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [sp'in] P F adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial)
28
>
stawmtswo: ["stawm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) hearing (derived from stawm hear)
stn: ["stP.nI] P F vtr. catch
steftxaw: [stE."ft'aw] P F vtr. examine, check
steng: [stEN] P F adj. similar
steyki: [stEj."ki] P F vtr. anger, make someone angry (derived from sti be angry and eyk
causative infix)
sti: [sti] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
sto: [sto] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something)
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
stxeli: ["st'E.li] P F n. gift
stxenu: ["st'E.nu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli
gift and lonu release)
stxenutng: ["st'E,nu,tIN] P F vtr. offer (derived
from stxenu offer, n.)
stxong: [st'oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unknown
suln: ["su.lIn] P F svin. be busy (positive sense),
be engrossed in something one finds especially
pleasant and energizing (derived from n be
busy)
sung: [suN] P F vtr. add
sunu: ["su.nu] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable,
bring enjoyment
sur: [suR] P F n. taste, flavor
susyang: [su."sjaN] P F adj. fragile, delicate
sutx: [sut'] P F vtr. track, follow
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
>
swawtsyp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. little moment,
second (derived from swaw moment)
swek: [swEk^] P F n. bar, rod, pole
swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
sweylu: ["swEj.lu] P F v. should (derived from
swey best and lu is)
swir: [swi."R] P F n. creature
swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
swizawsena: [swi."zaw.sE.na] P F n. quiver (attached to ikrans saddle) (c.w. from swizaw
arrow and shena carrier)
swoa: ["swo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or
spirits
swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
syam: [sjam] P F vtr. to smell (intentionally)
syanan: ["sja.nan] P F n. a single drop or series of
smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along
a stream or series of pools (countable)
syaw: [sjaw] P F vin. call
29
syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, characteristic, point, aspect, facet, property
syor: [sjoR] P F vin. relax, chill out
syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
syura: [sju."Ra] P F n. energy (physical or spiritual)
syuratan: [sju."Ra.tan] P F,JC n. bioluminescence
(c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, cannot be pluralised)
syuvekel: ["sju.vE.kEl] P F n. famine (derived
from syuve food)
T
ta: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal
sense with other time words)
taem: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above
taleng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin
talengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue
(c.w. from taleng skin and ean blue)
tafkip: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip up among)
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
takip: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip among)
takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) allomorph of "akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta
from)
takuk: ["ta.kuk^] P F vtr. strike
talun: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
tam: [tam] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
will do, OK
tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content,
there there
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
tanh: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
tare: ["ta.RE] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a relationship with
tarnioang: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. predator animal
(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)
taron: ["ta.Ron] JC,P F vtr. hunt
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from
taron hunt and yu agent suffix)
>
taronyutsyp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hunter (derived from taronyu hunter)
30
31
32
ground)
tng zekw: ["tIN "zEk.w] P F vin. touch (intentionally) (derived from tng give and zekw
finger)
tno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to detail
tnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
from newomum be curious)
tnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept)
(derived from nui fail, falter)
toeyktng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (derived from eyk cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
tohakx: [tI.o."hak'] P F n. hunger (derived from
ohakx hungry)
tomum: [tI."o.mum] P F n. knowledge (derived
from omum know)
tpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived
from pawm ask)
tphem: [tI."p.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived
from phem arrive)
tpngkxo: [tI.pN."k'o] P F n. conversation, discussion (derived from pngkxo chat)
>
tpngkxotsyp: [tI.pN."k'o.tsjIp^] P F n. little
conversation (derived from tpngkxo conversation)
tpeun: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived
from peun decide)
tprrte: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived
from prrte"pleasurable)
tralpeng: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n. translation, interpretation (derived from ral meaning and
peng tell)
tran: [tI."Ran] P F vin. walk
trawn: [tI."Rawn] P F n. replacement, the act of
replacing (derived from rawn replace)
trengop: [tI."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (the act or art
of designing (derived from rengop design)
trey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
trol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
rol sing)
tronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (derived from ronsrelngop imagine)
tskaa: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
from skaa destroy)
>
tslatsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived
from slatsu describe)
tslan: [tI."slan] P F n. support (emotional, social
or personal support) (derived from slan sup-
port) ofp.
tsnaytx: [tI."snajt'] P F n. loss (derived from
snaytx lose)
tsoha: [tI."soP.ha] P F n. enthusiasm, having a
good attitude (derived from soha be entusiastic about)
tsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som
hot)
tsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop
travel)
tspee: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from
spee capture)
tspxin: [tI."sp'in] P F n. the state of being ill, sickness (derived from spxin sick)
tsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw
painful)
tsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."ki] P F vtr. hurt (someone or something) (c.w. from tsraw pain
and seyki make (causative))
tsraw si: [tI."sRaw "si] P F vin. hurt, be painful
(derived from tsraw pain)
tsresea: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived
from sresea prophetize)
tsteftxaw: [tI.stE."ft'aw] P F n. examination (derived from steftxaw examine)
tsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be
angry)
tsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script
(P.S.) (derived from sung add)
tsyor: [tI."sjor] P F n. relaxation (derived from
syor relax)
ttaron: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from
taron hunt)
tterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] P F n. death (in abstract
sense) (derived from terkup die)Death is inevitable."
>
ttsanul: [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement (in
the general or abstract sense) (derived from
tsanul improve)
>
ttseri: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. awareness, notice (derived from tseri note, notice)
>
ttslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelligence (derived from tslam understand)
>
ttstew: [tI."tstEw] P F n. courage, bravery
>
ttstewnga: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. courageous,
brave (derived from ttstew courage, bravery) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
>
ttstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
from tstunwi kind)
33
>
ttsunslu: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. possibility (derived from tsunslu may, be possible)
>
ttsyr: [tI."tsjR] P F n. rejection (derived from
tsyr reject)
ttusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived
from taron hunt)
ttxanew: [tI."t'a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived
from txanew greedy)
ttxen: [tI."t'En] P F n. awakeness, the state of waking (derived from txen awake)
ttxen si: [tI."t'En si] P F vin. to wake, to waken,
wake up (derived from ttxen awakeness)
ttxula: [tI."t'u.la] P F n. construction, constructed thing (derived from txula build)
ttxur: [tI."t'uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
from txur strong)
tvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
from vawm dark)
tvng: [tI."vN] P F n. thirst (derived from
vng thirsty)
tvek: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from
vek hate)
twan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (derived from wan hide)
twsul: [tI."w.sul] P F n. competition (derived
from wsul compete)
twte: [tI.w."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (derived from wte argue)
twew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived
from wew cold)
twngay: [tI.wI."Naj] P F n. proof, proving (abstract) (derived from wngay prove)
twusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived
from wem fight)
tyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from
yawne beloved)
tyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived
from eyawr correct)
tykx: [tI."Jk'] P F n. lack of notice, snubbing
(derived from ykx not notice, ignore, snub)
tyo: [tI."yoP^] P F n. perfection (derived from
yo be perfect)
tyora: [tI.jo"RaP] P F n. victory, a win (derived
from yora win)
tyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (derived from yom eat)
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (behaves like an adp.)
tok: [tok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space
34
Ts
>
tsau: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from
tsa that and u thing)
>
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w.
from tsa- that and fyao way)
>
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning
or frustration, crap!, ah, hell!
>
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "si] P F vin. bond with,
establish a neural connection (derived from
tsaheylu bond)
>
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural connection)
>
>
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem action)
>
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time (deri" that and krr time)
ved from tsa>
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up
to)
>
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject)
>
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless,
even so
>
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war
>
tsamopin: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w.
from tsam war and opin color)
>
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w.
from tsam war and pongu party)
>
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived
from tsam si make war and yu agent suffix)
>
tsanul: ["tsan.Pul] P F vin. improve, get better
(c.w. from sltsan good and ul increase)
>
tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing
>
tsapalute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology
>
tsapalute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "si] P F vin. apologise (apologize) (derived from tsapalute apolo-
gy)
>
tsapo: ["tsa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only)
(c.w. from tsa that and po he/she)
>
tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)
>
tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object)
>
tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)
> >
> >
tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem., n.
there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng
place)
>
tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from
tsa that and tute person)
>
tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive
subject)
>
tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau that (subjective) and a subordinator)
>
tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun
>
tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp.
>
tsawlh: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl
big (in size) and hi small (in size))
>
tsawl slu: ["tsawl "slu] P F vin. grow (c.w. from
tsawl big and slu become)
>
tsawlultxa: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F n. large gathering,
conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa meeting)
>
tsawsngem: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. muscular (derived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle)
>
ts: [tsP] P F v. squirt
>
tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
>
tsea: [tsE."Pa] P F vtr. see (physical sense)
>
>
tseatswo: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. (sense of) sight,
vision (derived from tsea see)
> >
tseltsul: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. whitewater rapids
(countable, but only rarely)
35
>
tsenga: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. where, place where (derived from tseng place)
>
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place
>
tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived
from tseng place)
>
tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where allomorph
of peseng
>
tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art
>
tseotu: ["tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (generic term) (derived from tseo art)
>
tseri: ["tsE.Ri] P F vtr. note, notice
>
tsewtx: [tsEwt'] P F adj. dirty
>
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source
>
tsk: [tsIk] P F adv. suddenly, without warning
>
tslpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract idea) (derived from slpey hope)
>
tsng: [tsIN] P F num. four
>
tssy: ["tsI.syI] P F vin. whisper
>
tsve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
from tsng four)
>
tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
>
tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
>
tsko swizaw: ["tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and arrow (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
>
>
tskxaytsyp: ["tsk'aj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived
from tskxepay ice)
>
tskxe: [tsk'E] P F n. rock, stone
>
tskxekeng: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise
>
tskxekeng si: ["tsk'E.kEN "si] P F vin. exercise,
train (derived from tskxekeng training)
>
tskxepay: ["tsk'E.paj] P F n. ice (derived from
tskxe stone and pay water)
>
tskxevi: ["tsk'E.vi] P F n. pebble, small stone polished smooth by natural forces (derived from
tskxe rock, stone)
>
tslam: [tslam] P F vtr. understand
>
tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
>
tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
(derived from tslam understand and ol
perfective aspect infix)
>
tsmm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or
person)
>
tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
>
tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
>
tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from
tsmuk sibling)
>
tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
>
tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup
>
tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat
>
tsngawpay: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from
tsngawvk cry and pay water)
>
tsngawpayvi: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop
(c.w. from tsngawvk cry and pay+vi water,
with partitive marker)
>
tsngawvk: ["tsNaw.vIk^] P F vin. cry, weep
>
tsngem: [tsNEm] P F n. muscle
>
tsn: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
>
tson: [tson] P F n. obligation, duty, imposed requirement
>
tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley
>
tsongropx: ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. hole, cavity, excavation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w.
from tsong valley and ropx hole)
> >
tsongtsyp: ["tsoN.tsjIp] P F n. dimple (derived
from tsong valley)
>
tsonta: ["tson.ta] P F conj. to (with kxm) (derived from tson obligation, duty, imposed requirement) (contraction of tsonit a)
>
tsop: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung
>
tspang: [tspaN] P F vtr. kill
>
tsranten: ["tsRan.tEn] P F vin. matter, be of importance
>
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village
>
tsrei: ["tsRE.Pi] P F vtr. throw
>
tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as
the home of Pandoran fauna
>
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife
>
tstalsena: ["tstal.sE.na] P F n. knife sheath (c.w.
from tstal knife and shena carrier)
>
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp.
>
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for
cloudy skies)
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful,
considerate
>
tstu si: ["tstu "si] P F vin. close (derived from
tstu closed)
>
tstxo: [tst'o] P F n. name
>
tstxolu: ["tst'o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from
tstxo name and lu word)
>
tsuo: ["tsu.Po] P F n. ability
>
tsuksm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin
>
>
tsuktswa: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (derived from tswa forget)
>
tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived
from yom eat)
36
>
tsulf: [tsul."f] P F n. mastery
>
tsulf si: [tsul."f "si] P F vin. master (derived
from tsulf mastery)
>
tsulftu: [tsul."f.tu] P F n. master of an art,
craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulf
mastery)
>
tsulftunay: [tsul.f.tu."naj] P F n. near-master
(derived from tsulftu master)
>
tsun: [tsun] P F vim. can, be able
>
tsunslu: ["tsun.slu] P F vin. may, be possible
(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
>
tsurokx: [tsu."Rok'] P F vin. rest
>
tswa: [tswaP] P F vtr. forget
>
tswayon: ["tswaj.on] P F vin. fly
>
tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
>
>
tswintsyp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (derived from tswin queue)
>
tsyafe: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfortable
>
tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
>
tsyr: [tsjR] P F vtr. reject
>
tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare
and of great value
>
tsyl: [tsjIl] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire
body up)
>
tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
>
tsyokx: [tsjok'] P F n. hand
>
tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
Tx
txa: [t'aP] P F adj. hard
txal: [t'al] P F n. back (of the body)
txampay: [t'am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from
txan much and pay water)
txampx: [t'am."p'I] P F n. majority, most, large
part (derived from txan much)
txan: [t'an] P F adj. much
txanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
from txan much and atan light)
txanew: ["t'a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from txan much and new want)
txanfwerw: [t'an."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (derived from txan much and hufwe+herw
wind+snow)
txankrr: [t'aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w.
" and krr time)
from txan much
txanroa: [t'an."Ro.Pa] P F vin. be famous (c.w.
from txan much and roa inspire awe or respect)
txantompa: [t'an."tom.pa] P F n. rainstorm, heavy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa
rain)
>
txantsan: ["t'an.tsan] P F adj. excellent
>
txantslusam: ["t'an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
from txan much and tslusam understand)
>
txantstew: ["t'an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from
txan much and tstew brave)
txantur: ["t'an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from
txan much and txur strong)
txantxew: [t'an."t'Ew] P F n. maximum (c.w.
from txan much and txew limit, border, end)
37
txonong: [t'on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sunset, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
ong unfold)
txonongmaw: [t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight,
the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from txonong sunset and maw after)
txonam: [t'o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived
from txon night and ham previous)
txonay: [t'o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (derived from txon night and hay next)
txonkrr: ["t'on.kr] P F adv. at night (c.w. from
txon night and" krr time)
txopu: ["t'o.pu] P F n. fear
txopu si: ["t'o.pu "si] P F vin. be afraid (derived
from txopu fear)
txukx: [t'uk'] P F adj. deep (physically)
txula: ["t'u.la] P F vtr. build, construct
txum: [t'um] P F n. poison
txumnga: ["t'um.NaP] P F adj. poisonous (derived from txum poison and nga contain)
txur: [t'uR] P F adj. strong (physically)
txurtel: ["t'uR.tel] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur
strong and telem cord)
U
uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last
shadow)
ukxo: [u."k'o] P F adj. dry
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul."t'a] P F n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul."t'a.Run] P F vtr. encounter, meet
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and
run find)
ultxa si: [ul."t'a "si] P F vin. meet with someone
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ultxa meeting)
ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] P F n. meeting participant
(derived from ultxa meeting)
um: [um] P F adj. loose
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream
unil si: ["u.nil si] P F vin. dream (derived from
unil dream)
uniltrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,P F n. avatar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltranyu
dreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltrantokxolo: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP] P F
n. clan, or group of avatars (c.w. from uniltrantokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo
clan)
38
V
var: [vaR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to continue to perform an action
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (derived from vawm dark)
vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow
vay: [vaj] P F adp. up to
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay
" time)
up to and krr
v: [vP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noisome
vng: [vN] P F adj. thirsty
vpam: ["v.pam] P F n. noise. ugly or unpleasant sound, screech (derived from v unpleasant to the senses and pam sound)
vek: [vEP."kI] P F vtr. hate
veo: ["vEP.o] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder
or chaos), organization
vefya: ["vE.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure,
approach (c.w. from veo order, organization
and fyao way, manner)
velek: ["vE.lEk^] P F vin. give up, surrender, concede defeat
velke: ["vEl.ke] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorganized, in shambles (c.w. from veo order, organization and luke without)
venga: ["vE.NaP] P F adj. organized, on top of
things (c.w. from veo order, organization
and nga contain)
venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu
foot and zekw finger)
W
walak: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. energetic, active
wan: [wan] P F vtr. hide
wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, sigway si: ["waj "si] P F vin. sing (derived from
nificance
way song)
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial)
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w.
way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t'E] P F ph. spoken poem
from way song and telem cord)
(as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing
w+: [w] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
(ceremonial register))
ph. sung poem (deri- wsul: ["w.sul] P F vin. compete
way a rol: [waj a Rol]
PF
39
Y
ya: [ja] P F n. air
yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived
from fkeytok exist)
yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence
yak si: [jak^ si] P F vin. diverge, change direction, go astray (derived from yak point of divergence)
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] P F n. broken heart,
broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved
and yewla disappointment)
yawo: [ja."wo] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w.
from ya air and wo reach for)
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion
yayayrnga: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. confusing (derived from yayayr confusion)
>
yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. something confusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr
confusion and tsim source)
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
>
yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. birds nest (c.w.
from yayo bird and tsrul nest)
40
PF
Z
zarp: [za."P.RIp^] P F vtr. pull (derived
from rp move)
zau: ["za.Pu] P F vin. come
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zamunge: [za."mu.NE] P F vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)
zapx: [za."p'I] P F n. front (part or section) (derived from hapx part)
zare: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from
zapx front and reo head)
zasrn: [za."sRIn] P F vtr. borrow (derived from
srn temporarily transfer from one to another)
zawng: [zawN] P F vin. scream
zawprrte: [zaw."pr.tEP] P F vin. be enjoyable
" come and prrte pleasu(derived from zau
rable)
zawr: [zawr] P F n. animal call
zfi: ["z.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no
longer in a natural state
zekw: ["zEk.w] P F n. finger
zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use)
zene: ["zE.nE] P F vim. must
zenke: ["zEN.kE] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["zE.Rok^] P F vtr. remember
zeswa: ["zE.swa] P F n. grass
zeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. blade of grass (derived from zeswa grass)
41
The following are charts of Navi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Navi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called the Koren Holpxay, or the Number Principle, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence You
two are teachers. in Navi would be Menga lu karyu. and the sentence They are teachers.
would be Fo lu karyu..
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
kew
aw
mune
pxey
tsng
mrr
pukap
kin
Navi Numbers: 0 39
1
2
3
vol
mevol
pxevol
volaw
mevolaw
pxevolaw
vomun mevomun pxevomun
vopey
mevopey
pxevopey
vosng mevosng pxevosng
vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr
vofu
mevofu
pxevofu
vohin
mevohin
pxevohin
Navi Numbers: 40 63
5
6
7
mrrvol
puvol
kivol
mrrvolaw
puvolaw
kivolaw
mrrvomun puvomun kivomun
mrrvopey
puvopey
kivopey
mrrvosng puvosng kivosng
mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr
mrrvofu
puvofu
kivofu
mrrvohin
puvohin
kivohin
x1
aw
mune
pxey
tsng
mrr
pukap
kin
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
tsvol
tsvolaw
tsvomun
tsvopey
tsvosng
tsvomrr
tsvofu
tsvohin
Ordinal Numbers
Number + -ve
8
volve
awve
9 volawve
muve 10 vomuve
pxeyve 11 vopeyve
tsve
12
vosve
mrrve 13 vomrrve
puve
14 vofuve
kive
15 vohive
42
x4096
zazam
mezazam
pxezazam
tszazam
mrrzazam
puzazam
kizazam
zamtsvosng
Example Number
zam + tsvo + sng 64 + 48 + 4
100
Non-Navi Numbers
8 eyt 9
nayn
Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.
Trrtxon
trrong
trrongmaw
rewon
srekamtrr
kxamtrr
kxamtrrmaw
hangir
kaym
sretonong
txonong
txonongmaw
txon
srekamtxon
kxamtxon
kxamtxomaw
txon
sresrrong
trrong
dawn
after dawn
morning
before noon
noon
after noon
early afternoon
late afternoon
before nightfall
nightfall
after nightfall
night
before midnight
midnight
after midnight
night
before dawn
dawn
ngls: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- kunsp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
ned from Eng. English)
Eng. gunship)
Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned lupuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (loaned
" Earth)
from Navi / Eng. word book)
from Eng.
Losntsyeles: [los."antsJE.lE.sI] P F pn. Los
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned
Angeles (loaned from "Eng. Los Angeles)
from Greek Europe)
>
matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
ewro: ["Ew.Ro] P F n. euro (loaned from Eng. eufrom Hebrew matsa)
ro)
nFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French (loaned
>
hamets: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loafrom French Franais)
ned from Hebrew chametz)
nToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German (loaned from German Deutsche)
Jakesully: [ZEjk'su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak>
"
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- nTsyungwen: [nI."tsjuN.wEn] P F adv. Zhongwen (loaned from Mandarin Chinese
mally allowable under Navi phonotactic
Zhongwen)
rules)
43
>
Toitslan: ["to.i.tslan] P F prop.n. Germany (loaned from German Deutschland)
>
Toitsye: ["to.i.tsjE] P F adj. German (language)
(loaned from German Deutsch)
toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
Eng. doctor)
>
tsynel: [tsj.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
from Eng. channel)
>
tsyrf: [tsjI.R.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
Eng. giraffe)
>
tsyoklt: ["tsjok.lIt^] P F n. chocolate (loaned
from Eng. chocolate)
txolar: ["t'o.lar] P F n. dollar (loaned from Eng.
dollar)
wep: [wEp^] LN n. web (as in world wide web,
www) (loaned from Eng. web)
>
weptseng: ["wEp.tsEN] LN n. website (loaned
from Eng. / Navi web place)
wou: ["wo.u] P F svin. be amazing, fascinating
(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
Italian Jesu)
Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
from Eng. U.S.A.)
44
45
Flora
ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] P F n. leaf pitcher plant
(c.w. from ampi touch and rikx move)
o: ["P.Po] P F n. pitcher plant
elewll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
"
(derived from ewll
plant)
anheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and heyu spiral)
apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from
"
apxa large and ngrr
root)
atokirina: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the great tree
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet
fkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w.
" ewll plant)
from fkxake itch and
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sols delight, magnetotrophic
plant
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl] P F n. metalfollowing plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and
sutx follow)
fwkwll: ["fw.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwk mantis" and ewll plant)
hrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant
"
kllpxiwll: [kl."p'i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from
"
"
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)
kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and heyu spiral)
mnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (derived from mn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] P F n. roosterhead plant
paliwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pali" direhorse and ewll plant)
>
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu"
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo
music and ewll
plant)
paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet
" water and ewll plant)
(c.w. from pay
penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
46
>
txumtswll: [t'um."tsP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, vrumut: ["v.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
" from ts squirt
from v unpleasant and rum ball)
poison-squirting plant (c.w.
and ewll plant)
yomhang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small animal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
and hang insect)
vfewll: ["v.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell
plant (c.w. from" v unpleasant and fahew yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
from yom eat and ioang animal)
smell)
Fauna
>
angtsk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron
fpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] P F n. medusa
fwampop: ["fwam.pop^] P F n. tapirus
fwk: ["fw.kI] P F n. mantis
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee
ikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC/P F n. forest banshee
kaliweya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poisonous arachnid
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer-
47
Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphemes are probably invariable. Weve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommers blog at Naviteri.org. Theyve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.
awa swawtsyp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit
efu ohakx: ["PE.fu o."hak'] P F ph. be hungry
ivong nkong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
n nga fyape nfkrr: [] P F ph. whats been keeping you busy lately?
aytele a ngey hapxm kifkey lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world?
txle pa(lu)lukanur: [."t'.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Navi idiom: txle si palulukanur tsn
smarit livonu; Ask a thanator to release its prey, its a foregone conclusion
etrpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] P F,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fpor syaw fko staw: [] P F ph. this is staw
fnu, ma evi. Sanur leru hawtsyp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lfyati leNavi no nwotx: [] P F ph. studying Navi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: To aim is not
enough; one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; its action that counts.
fwk ke fwefwi: ["fw.kI kE "fwE.fwi] P F ph. Navi idiom: a mantis doesnt whistle, its against
someones or somethings nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sjaw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltx: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltx sivi, ma staw: [] P F ph. say hello, staw
ka wotx: [ka wot'] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)
kea tkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isnt that so? right? no?
ke...kawit: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kawit at all)
kem amui, kum afe: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when
something that should have turned out well didnt)
kenten m kumpay: ["kEn.tEn mI "k'um.paJ] P F ph. Navi idiom: (like) a fan lizard in gel, a
sense of being in an environment where youre prevented from acting naturally or doing what you
want to do
ke pxan: [kE p'an] P F ph. Im not worthy
ke tare: [kE "ta.RE] P F ph. Its irrelevant; It doesnt matter
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didnt get that, I didnt understand
ke zene win spivi: [] P F ph. take your time, dont rush
kyevame: [kI.jE."va.mE] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
" tmeyp
"
kunspri txana
lu tsyal a mn.: [] P F ph. The gunships main weakness is the rotor system.
48
>
kxetse s mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t'E] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase:
"
the tail and ears also speak; body language is important
loreyu awnampi: [lo."RE.Ju Pawn."ampi] P F ph. Navi idiom: (like) a touched helicoradian, extreme shyness
ma frapo, ayngaru oey tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
"
nga lpivawk nit
nul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga lpivawk nno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu kteng ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zst: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txelan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. dont worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintn ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oey lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulf: ["Na.Ru tsul."f] P F ph. to your the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga zolau ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where did you come from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngey kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj. "k'E.tsE lu "wE.Ru] P F,JC ph. Navi idiom: your tail is mine!,
youre going down!
nlun ayioi aeoio ayeyktan lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nprrte: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
" sray a txampayri sim, sl set kelku si m Helutral: []
oe olongokx m
P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o si "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zst apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txew: [] P F ph. my name is Txew
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja si] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si ssulnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oey txintn lu fwa stn fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)
pum ngey: [pum "NE.j] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe lpivawk nit: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
sfpl asteng tkan ateng: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Great minds think alike!
seykxel s nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
smon nprrte: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
srake fnan ngal lfyati leNavi:
[] P F ph. are you good at Navi?
srake smon ngar oey meylan alu Entu s Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
49
50
The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Navi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
pseudo-vowels (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.
a
aw
ay
e
ew
ey
f
h
i
tFtang
A
AW
AY
E
EW
EY
F
H
I
The Alphabet
k
KeK
kx Kxekx
l
LeL
ll
Ll
m
MeM
n
NeN
ng NgeNg
o
O
p
PeP
px PxePx
r
ReR
rr
Rr
51
s
t
tx
ts
u
v
w
y
z
S
TeT
TxeTx
Ts
U
V
W
Y
Z
Inflections
Verbal Infixes
alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsngalmawvk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe halyangham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tswamayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsngarmawvk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe haryangham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with intention or determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .):
Oel tspasyang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
>
ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe tawnaron-a tte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive) verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit tayaron. I
will hunt the yerik.
ng: [.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe srngew. I dance (ugh!).
Optionally, when ng occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,
giving eng. For example, Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe.
p: [.p] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe stpeftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sreiew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe terran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel teykerkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tslilvam. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oey swizaw nngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tslirvam. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe wivem. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kiyevame ngati.
I will see you.
lm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from m + ol: Oe tlmtxaw. I just now returned.
ly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), derived from y + ol: Oe hlyahaw. I will have slept soon.
m: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tswmayon. I just flew.
rm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from m + er: Oe trmtxaw. I was just now returning.
ry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from y + er: Oe hryahaw. I will be sleeping soon.
52
sy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tspsyang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
y: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit tyaron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
yev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kyevame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe tolran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe tusaron-a tte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Naviy,
luyu hapx. You are part of The People.
Noun Case Inflections
: [] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, , e, i and (allomorph of y)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikran yerikit. I eat the ikrans yerik.
it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
l: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
ri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of ri) (TOP.): Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ru) (DAT.): eltur ttxen si
intriguing
ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tng. I give food to you.
t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.
ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukl. The toruk hunts you.
ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oey. To my friends.
y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Naviya. Calm, you Navi.
y: [j] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, , e, i and (allomorph of ) (GEN .): Oel
yeiom Neytiriy yerikit. I happily eat Neytiris yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:
may look like ey)
Other Inflections
This is a list of Navi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Navi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they
can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that arent specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.
53
a: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan tftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen fl. The rules succeed.
e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
f: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape ftrr?
Whats the condition of the river today?
fne: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsau lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
fray+: [fRaj] P F (pro.) all of these plural for nouns (ALL OF THESE): Frayhelutral lor lu. All of
these houses are beautiful.
kaw: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kam. I never went.
kel: [kEl] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun: Tompakeltalun
zene tute Klforniay payit sivar nnn. Because of the drought, Californians have to use less
water.
lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for aw, mune, pxey: Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna: [mun.sna] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down
in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .
o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzsto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsramei? What knives did you throw?
pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p'E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
sna: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.
otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups
or sets. Use sstarsm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.
>
tsa: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tsea tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
tsyp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Zau ftseng, ma itetsyp.
Come here, little daughter.
ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren aawve trusey awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume m numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.
Other Inflectional Morphology
These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here dont just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like t. Others are productive for certain subsets, like yu, which can go on any verb.
>
ketsuk: [kE.tsuk^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu
ketsuktswa The moment was unforgettable
54
55
Non-Frommerian Words
These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the
extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Navi words. They are, for the most part, spurious inventions for the Activists Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None
of these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus
is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not
know what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use
is highly discouraged. Many of them flout Navi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.
Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.
h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name
arlek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant
Beydaamo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warrior of the Tipani
chantu gorek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
ASG n. stone jar
chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from
Pah sivil chey rack)
Eywa ksey nivibrista: [Ejwa kPsEj niviPbriPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles
everyone
Eywa silivi maskit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masPkit^nivi] ASG Ewyas wisdom is revealed to all
of us
Eywa te _ tansey makta: [Ejwa tEP tanPsEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.
the love of Eywas embrace is gifted to (personal
name)
feru mpreduk: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. basket
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Grolryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves
Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
iveh knivi sdir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. baby sling
ksey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep
Kaoli Tei: [ka.o.li. tE.i] G prop.n. the plains
of Goliath
>
Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the
Tipani
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai
56
57
The Changelog