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International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and

Research
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A Secure Payment Scheme with Low Communication and Processing

Overhead for Multihop Wireless Network
M. Suresh1, Mrs. K.M.Padmapriya 2
1

Department of Computer Science, SSM college of Arts and science,

Department of Computer Science, SSM college of Arts and science, Komarapalayam

Abstract - In this proposed work a trust-based routing protocol is developed to route messages through the
highly trusted nodes to minimize the probability of dropping the messages. Thus improve the network
performance in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio. The proposed design contains a novel secure
reactive routing protocol for Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), called TRIUMF (Trust-Based Routing
Protocol with controlled degree of Selfishness for Securing MANET against Packet Dropping Attack). In the
proposed protocol trust among nodes is represented by trust value, which consists of cooperation score, direct
trust and indirect trust. The proposed trust routing allows controlled degree of selfishness to give an incentive to
the selfish nodes to declare its selfishness behavior to its neighbor nodes, which reduce the searching time of
misbehaving nodes to search for the malicious nodes only. In the proposed routing protocol two node-disjoint
routes between the source and destination nodes are selected based on their path trust values, one marked as
primary and the other as secondary. In this work both DLL-ACK and end- to-end TCP-ACK as monitoring
tools to monitor the behavior of routing path nodes: if the data packet successfully transmitted, then the path
nodes trust value are updated positively; otherwise, if a malicious behavior is detected then the path searching
tool starts to identify the malicious nodes and isolate them from the routing path and the network. Finally this
scheme reduces the searching time of malicious nodes, and the routing protocol avoids the isolated misbehaving
node from sharing in all future routes, which improves the overall network throughput.
Keywords - MANET, TRIUMF, Secure, Packet Dropping Attack, Throughput.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Wireless networks can be divided into two areas in much the same way that traditional wired networks
are: Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs). As with wired networks, wireless LANs
have a higher data rate and are confined to small areas, either a building or campus. Wireless WANs can cover
anything from a city to a continent. In the past wireless network manufacturers have relied on the complexity
of the technology to provide security. This assumption was essentially sound when one considered that the
technology was originally developed by the military. In practice this approach works to a degree, because with
radio, for example traditional methods of intercepting radio transmissions cannot detect a spread spectrum
signal. This model breaks down though when the same vendors equipment is used by unauthorized people to
access the LAN. To overcome this flaw some manufacturers use encryption to encode transmissions and so
make the signal indecipherable if intercepted.
The analyatical and simulation results demonstrate that RACE can significantly reduce the
communication and processing overhead comparing to the existing receipt-based payment schemes with
acceptable payment clearance delay and Evidences storage area, which is necessary for the effective
implementation of the scheme. Moreover, RACE can secure the payment, and identify the cheating nodes

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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

precisely and rapidly without false accusations or missed detections. In RACE, the AC can process the payment
reports to know the number of relayed/dropped messages by each node.
The problem of payment schemes may be classified into tamper-proof-device (TPD)-based and receiptbased schemes. In TPD-based payment schemes, a TPD is put in in every node to store and manage its credit
account and secure its operation. For receipt-based payment schemes associate offline central unit referred to as
the accounting center stores and manages the nodes credit accounts. The nodes usually submit plain proofs for
relaying packets, called receipts, to the AC to update their credit accounts. In Nuglets the self-generated and
forwarded packets by a node ar passed to the TPD to decrease and increase the nodes open account, severally.
Packet purse and packet trade models are projected. For the packet purse model, the supply nodes open account
is charged the full payment before causation a packet, and each intermediate node acquires the payment for
relaying the packet. For the packet trade model, every intermediate node runs associate auction to sell the
packets to consecutive node within the route, and therefore the destination node pays the whole price of relaying
the packets. In SIP once receiving a knowledge packet, the destination node sends a Receipt packet to the
supply node to issue a bequest packet to increment the credit accounts of the intermediate nodes.
II.
METHODOLOGY
The cheating reports to identify the cheating nodes and correct the financial data. Our objective of
securing the payment is preventing the attackers (singular of collusive) from stealing credits or paying less, i.e.,
the attackers should not benefit from their misbehaviors. We should also guarantee that each node will earn the
correct payment even if the other nodes in the route collude to steal credits. The proposed work is depicted in
figure 1.
Node deployment

Neighbor

Clustering and
routing
algorithm

Path selection

Access control
mechanism

Check energy
level

Analysis

End process

Figure. 1. System Design

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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

A. NETWORK FORMATION
Inter organizational networks emerge as a result of the interdependencies between organizations that
ensure organizations to interact with each other and lead in time to network structures. Where hierarchical
arrangements can be purposely planned, networks are reactionary since they emerge out of contextual events
that initiate the formation of a collaborative network. Although network emergence is well studied, the process
in which networks come into being and evolve through time is not as well known. Mainly due to the difficulties
in terms of data collection and analysis. This is especially the case for public sector networks since network
evolution studies are predominantly focused on the private sector. Some authors suggest that networks evolve
through a cyclical approach. Ansell and Gash (2007) propose five iterative phases that are important in all
cooperative phases: 1) face-to-phase dialogue, 2) trust building, 3) commitment to the process, 4) shared
understanding, and 5) intermediate outcome. Another model is developed by Ring and Van de Venn (1994) who
state that cooperative inter-organizational relations go through three repetitive phases: 1) negotiation phase in
which organizations negotiate about joint action, 2) a commitment phase in which organizations reach an
agreement and commit to future action in the relationship, and 3) an execution phase where joint action is
actually performed. These three stages overlap and are repetitive throughout the inter-organizational
relationship (Ring & Van de Venn, 1994). Both cyclical models attempt to explain the processes within an
operating network, but they do not consider the evolutionary process organizational networks go through from
their emergence till their termination.
B. ANCHOR NODE SELECTION
Choosing anchor points is a crucial step of the data gathering process since it determines the efficiency
of energy transferring and the latency of data gathering. A trivial scheme is to simply visit all the sensor nodes,
gather data through single-hop transmission and use the SenCar to forward data back to the static sink through
long range communications. However, this scheme would trigger several new problems in our data collection
and wireless recharge scheme. First, using single-hop data collection can only collect data from a very small
number of nodes per interval. Only the nodes reside at the anchor points are able to transmit data while data
generated at other nodes is not collected. Therefore, the fairness of data collection among all the nodes is greatly
undermined in single hop data collection. In contrast, if multi-hop transmission is used, we can collect data from
the larger neighborhood of anchor points thereby improving the fairness of data collection. Second, the average
packet latency will be increased with single hop communication. Since if nodes are not visited by the SenCar,
their data packets would be buffered until these nodes are selected as anchor points. It would result in longer
average data collection latency and is not scalable for large networks. In contrast, in our proposed solution, the
SenCar only visits a subset of selected sensor nodes (anchor points) and collects data through multi-hop
transmissions, which can enhance data collection fairness, reduce data collection latency, and avoid stopping at
unnecessary sensor locations for battery recharge. The anchor node selection procedure is shown in figure 2.

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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

Anchor Point Selection

Data Gathering

Single Hop
Transmission

Data Collection Latency

Figure.2. Anchor Node Selection Methodology

C. PATH SELECTION
We introduce mechanisms for path selection when the energy of the sensors in original primary path has
dropped below a certain level. This allows us to distribute energy consumption more evenly among the sensor
nodes in the network. Number of hope counts is also identified by using this method. The Energy Efficiency of
the individual node is increased by this path selection method.
Path Selection

Primary Path Drop

Notifications

Energy Consumption

Energy Efficiency
maintenance

Path Selection method

Figure 3. Path Selection Methodology

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International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)

Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

D. TRUST BASED SECURE ROUTING PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION

TMR provides a method of message security using trust based multipath routing. In this approach, less
trusted nodes are given lesser number of self-encrypted parts of a message, thereby making it difficult for
malicious nodes to gain access to the minimum information required to break through the encryption strategy.
Using trust levels, it makes multipath routing flexible enough to be usable in networks with vital nodes and
absence of necessary redundancy. In addition, using trust levels, it avoids the non-trusted nodes in the routes
that may use brute force attacks and may decrypt messages if enough parts of the message are available to them.
Secure connection has been established between source nodes to destination node. The TMR algorithm will find
out the multiple routes from source to destination using DSR algorithm. After finding multiple routes, all the
routes are sorted based on the trust level. Then it will choose the best route which is having maximum trust
level. In this method the message is split into parts. Then it routes the encrypted parts through best single route.
Trust based multi-path
routing
Encryption Strategy

TMR Algorithm and DSR

Algorithm implementation
Figure 4. Secure Routing Implementation

DSR Algorithm
When node S wants to send a packet to node D, but does not know a route to D, node S initiates a route
discovery.

Source node S floods Route Request (RREQ)

Each RREQ, has senders address, destinations address, and a unique Request ID determined by the
sender

Each node appends own identifier when forwarding RREQ
Getting the data across a network is only part of the problem for a protocol. The data received has to be
evaluated in the context of the progress of the conversation, so a protocol has to specify rules describing the
context. These kinds of rules are said to express the syntax of the communications. Other rules determine
whether the data is meaningful for the context in which the exchange takes place. These kinds of rules are said
to express the semantics of the communications.
III.

Packet Delivery ratio

Residual Energy

Delivery Latency

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

Packet delivery ratio:

Packet delivery ratio is defined as the ratio of data packets received by the destinations to those
generated by the sources mathematically, it can be defined as: PDR=S1/S2 where, S1 is the sum of data packets
generated by the each source. Graphs show the fraction of data packets that are successfully delivered during
simulations time versus while the PDR is increasing in the case of DSR and AODV, AODV is better among the
three protocols.
Residual energy:
You could rationalize, certainly, that it just was or wasnt inviting. You could argue that the decor was
all wrong or you might not have liked the individuals currently living there and subconsciously superimposed
your suspicions onto the home.There also is the potential that the home is in fact occupied by an entity, spirit or
specter. The ghost of some wayward soul, trapped for an eternity to forever wander the abyss of your basement,
watching your every move and causing the hairs on your body to constantly stand at attention.But, there is
another option that may be considered. Residual energy. Energy, negatively or positively charged left behind
from former tenants of the home. Human auras are a powerful and potentially tangible substance. The human
aura can literally extend up to three feet outside of a living body. It contains a multitude of colors, varying from
red, blue, black, gray, pink and purple. The fluctuations of colors, of course, depend on many variables. If
someone is angry, the aura will emit red. When someone is sad or in a very unstable mood, it tends to be gray. It
glows pinks, lavenders and blues when balanced and happy.
Delivery latency:
(1) In general, the period of time that one component in a system is spinning its wheels waiting for another
component. Latency, therefore, is wasted time. For example, in accessing data on a disk latency is defined as
the time it takes to position the proper sector under the read/write head
(2) In networking, the amount of time it takes a packet to travel from source to destination. Together, latency
and bandwidth define the speed and capacity of a network
(3) In VoIP terminology, latency refers to a delay in packet delivery. VoIP latency is a service issue that is
usually based on physical distance, hops, or voice to data conversion.
The results obtained are shown in the following figures 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

Fig. 5. Comparison chart for Simulation time vs Number of Dead nodes

Figure 6. Comparison chart for Simulation time Vs Number of Live nodes

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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

Figure 7. Comparison chart for Simulation time Vs Bandwidth usage

Figure 8. Comparison chart for Simulation time Vs Total Number of control packets

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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

Figure 9. Comparison chart for Data packets received Vs Time

IV.

CONCLUSION

The protocol is achieved by using trust based routing algorithm to optimize routing paths, providing an
effective multi-path with single sink and clustering concept for data transmission to obtain reliable
communications in the case of node faults. We aimed to maintain network life time in maximum, while data
transmission is achieved efficiently. Our study was concluded to evaluate the performance of ant based
algorithm and AODV routing protocol in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio and Normalized Routing Load. From
the comparison it is concluded that overall performance of ant based algorithm is better than AODV.
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Volume 01, Issue 05, [November - 2014] e-ISSN: 2349-9745, p-ISSN: 2393-8161

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