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I. INTRODUCTION
[ISSN: 2045-7057]
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INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
[17], [18] and [19]. This SLR follows the following model and
steps involved in it, which are further explained in the sub
sections.
Outline Research Questions
Define a Literature Search Strategy
o Define Key words and Key Phrases
o Select Sources
Define a homogeneous literature selection protocol. This
protocol is based on three literature selection phases, i.e.,
primary, secondary and final study selection.
The above steps are categorized as a pre-review phase. The
following steps constitute our systematic review.
Data Extraction
Data Analysis & Synthesis
o Quantitative Analysis
o Qualitative Analysis
Results Documentation
A. Outline Research Questions
To get the right answers, we have to ask the right
questions. The following guidelines are used to outline the
research questions,
Categorize the area of interest in population, intervention
and outcome relevance.
o All the organizations and institutions involved in GSD
constitutes the population
o The initiatives and factors are interventions
To outline the industrial challenges through exploration of
industrial research literature.
Challenges identified by researchers through hypothetical
and empirical research.
The research foot prints leading to the development of
internationally renowned standards.
The research questions drafted out with the help of these
pointers are listed in Table 1. The fourth question is
unorthodox but is critical for our research as we focus on
distributed process in small to medium sized organizations.
ID
RQ1
RQ2
RQ3
RQ4
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TABLE I
UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Research Question
Aim
What are the current Classification of the current initiatives (in
global software process the literature) used for standardization of
global software process improvement.
improvement initiatives?
Are Collocated Software Collocated software development process is
Process
Initiatives much matured domain and initiatives in
applicable in the context this domain can be found at different levels
of
Global
Software of implementation. It will be very effortless
Development?
if these initiatives can be used for global
processes. The purpose of this question is to
look for any empirically proved evidence in
the literature which suggests likewise.
Do the improvement The objective here is to find empirical or
initiatives really affect hypothetical evidence regarding the
the maturity of the effectiveness of improvement initiatives.
process?
Does the SPI Initiative An important question to ask is that
follow the fit for all whether we can use an SPI initiative for all
approach?
sizes of organizations i.e., if an initiative is
successfully implemented in a large scale
organization will it fit a small scale
organization?
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INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
TABLE III
Characterization constructs with prioritization scale
organization
Weight, wc
Definition
Paradigm Focus
Publication
Source
Journal
Conference
Research Outcome
Target
Audience
Publication Type
Highly Reputed
Non Reputed
Organization
Distributed
Outsourcing: focus
is
on
global
outsourcing across
companies
Insourcing: focus is
on
global
outsourcing within
Initiative
Development Process
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Offshore
Publication
Level
Construct, c
Onshore
Outsourcing: focus
is on outsourcing
within borders
Insourcing: focus is
on
developing
within
an
organization
at
different physical
locations
within
same borders
Research Article
Book Chapter
Report
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INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
G. Data Synthesis
The extracted data is synthesized in useful information
which provides a foundation for the next phase of this
research. The following syntheses are performed on the data
and the results are summarized in the next section.
Answer all the research questions
List down all the factors categorically
Drafting out the initiatives to have a better understanding of
what has already been published
Characterization of articles based on extracted data
Listing a set of high quality SLRs as a guideline (a starting
point) for researchers and practitioners
Stating the best definition of different GSD terms found in
the reviewed literature
Evaluation
Framework
Requirement
Elicitation
[38]
Framework
Offshore
Outsourcing
[27]
Tool
Decision
Support
[28]
Tool
Task
Distribution
[39]
Mathemati
cal Model
Development
Time
Estimation
Distributed
Extreme
Programming
[13]
Process
Integration
Project
Planning
[40]
Model
Agile
Methodology
[42]
Research
Framework
Framework
Framework
Scrum
Practices
[43]
Knowledge
Sharing
Process
Quality
[44]
Tool
Process
Quality
Assurance
MicroEstimation
(Coordination
)
Collaboration
[46]
Performance
Measurement
System
Temporal
Cultural
Differences
Risk
Management
[49]
Process
Maturity
Offshore
Quality
Assurance
Requirements
Prioritization
and
Integration
[52]
IV. RESULTS
The extracted and synthesized information reflects dynamic
attributes of improvement in globally distributed software
development process. The most important yet general
observation found is that there are standard and mature
initiatives like CMMI [20] and ISO 9001: 2000 [21] for
collocated software development process but no such
internationally acknowledged initiative could be found for
global software process improvement. The research
community needs to work on the standardization and
validation of such initiatives.
A. Answers to Research Questions
Research Answer 1: The initiatives both empirically
validated and hypothetically proposed, found in the literature
are listed in table 4. To further strengthen the evidence in favor
of this question we found an SLR [3] carried out by Rafael and
Jorge which concludes that no appropriate process model for
DSD has been agreed upon.
Collaborat
ive
Environm
ent
Model
Model
TABLE IV
LIST OF INITIATIVES EXTRACTED FROM SYNTHESIZED INFORMATION
Type
Classification
Ref
Remarks
FrameProcess
[29]
work
Maturity
Model
Process
[33]
This is a simulation model tailored to
Evaluation
examine the performance of GSD
projects.
Model
Process
[34]
The model analysis the quality of the
Quality
software process for an organization
based on ISO/IEC 9126.
Reference
Distributed
[24]
The model is derived from a case
Model
Software
study and is validated in the
Process
industry.
Assessme
Process
[35]
This tool is used to initiate software
nt Tool
Improvement
process improvement in very small
enterprises.
Set of
Global
[22]
The practices are validated
Practices
Software
empirically and were used to define
Process
new processes in a distributed
Definition
environment based on two
geographically distant locations.
SimulatProject
[36]
ion
Planning
Model
FrameSoftware
[37]
The framework is designed to
work
Architecture
support software architecture in
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Technique
Tool
Framework
Model
Model
Reference
Model
FrameWork
Framework
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[32]
[41]
[45]
[47]
[48]
[50]
[51]
[53]
[54]
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2
4
1
4
1
+
+
+
+
-
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Research
Method
Impact on
SPI Initiative
Paradigm
Frequency
TABLE V
FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN THE STUDY
Impact of SPI initiative can have three values i.e.
Positive (+), Negative (-), Both (+/-)
Research Method has values i.e.
Empirical Study (ES), Literature Review (LR), Case Study (CS)
Factors
ES
LR
ES
ES
LR
People
Organization
People
People
InterOrganization
Process
1
3
8
+
-
People
Process
Organization
ES
CS
LR
+/-
People
CS
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
6
2
4
1
2
1
7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/-
People
Organization
People
Organization
Organization
Organization
People
Organization
Organization
Process
Organization
Project
Organization
People
ES
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
ES
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
ES
ES
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INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
SPI Awareness
Lack of Trust, Fear
Language Difference
Perceived Loss of Control
5
2
6
1
+/-
CS
LR
LR
LR
+
-
People
Project
Organization
InterOrganization
InterOrganization
InterOrganization
InterOrganization
People
Organization
Organization
Power
Differences
Shared Business Goal
Metrics
Management Involvement in
Development process
Following Best Practices in
Management & Engineering
Formal and Structured Planning,
Procedures and Policies
Use of Process Experts
Cognitive Diversity
Tracking and control
Inertia Laziness
Conflicting Expectations
Lack of standards
Notification of
Organizational Changes
Distribution Overhead and Effort Loss
Platform Heterogeneity
Managing Distributed Dependencies
Process Mismatch
Managing Social Networks
Distributed Performance Monitoring
Managing Complexity
Absence of Work Units
Inter/Intra Organizational Politics
Team Dynamics
(Size, Spirit, Strength)
Belief and Willingness
Quality of Products and Services
Implementation Methodology
Different Mindsets
Content Completeness
Zero transmission loss
Nurturing and Leveraging Core
Competencies
Conflicting Assumptions
Product Owner Effectiveness
Continuous Integration
2
2
1
3
People
ES
Organization
LR
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+/+/+/-
Organization
Process
Organization
People
Process
Organization
Organization
LR
LR
LR
CS
CS
LR
LR
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
+
+
+
+/+/-
Organization
Project
Project
Process
People
People
People
Process
Organization
People
CS
LR
LR
ES
ES
ES
ES
LR
CS
ES
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+/+/+
+
+
People
Organization
Process
People
People
People
People
ES
LR
CS
CS
ES
ES
ES
1
1
1
Process
Scrum Project
Scrum Project
ES
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
Component
Communication
Coordination
Collaboration
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TABLE VII
Number of studies focused on type of research
Initiatives
Total
Implemented
11
Proposed
22
ES
LR
LR
Hybrid
Method
6
19
2
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INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
V. RESULTS DISCUSSION
A. Initiatives
We have found around 30 initiatives in the literature
focusing different aspects of software process which play their
roles in its improvement. One third of these initiatives are
frameworks and most of the rest are models (2 reference
models, 1 simulation model and 1 mathematical model). One
article has presented an assessment tool which can be used in
small enterprises for the initiation of process improvement. In
[22] a set of practices have been defined and empirically
validated for the definition of new small processes which are
used in software process improvement. Precise estimation of
development time has a critical role in its success and a mature
process has always an accurate time estimation line for time
line estimation, authors have presented a mathematical model
[13]. The continuous improvement can only be achieved if the
quality of the process is assessed periodically and is embedded
as an integral part of process improvement. There are a few
initiatives regarding process quality measurement which are
worth inking down i.e., [46], [52], [45], [29], [34]. In
distributed environment Task Distribution has large influence
on success. An empirically validated and benchmarked tool is
presented in [39].
B. Factors
The factors are categorized motivators and barriers when a
factor improves a process its referred to as motivator and is
referred as barriers when impediments the process. The most
commonly discussed factor is the Communication
Infrastructure of an organization. The success of a distributed
project depends upon the maturity of this factor. The second
equally discussed motivator is the Knowledge Sharing.
Usually organizations have a distributed knowledge
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INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
APPENDIX
TABLE APPENDIX
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Final Status
Content Type
Database
Title
ID
VI. LIMITATIONS
Year
15
INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1
0.
1
1.
1
2.
1
3.
1
4.
1
5.
1
6.
1
7.
1
8.
1
9.
development
Improving Distance
Mentoring: Challenges
and How to Deal with
them in Global
Development Project
Courses
Improving Productivity
of Local Software
Development Teams in
a Global Software
Development
Environment
Evaluation and
Measurement of
Software Process
Improvement A
Systematic Literature
Review
Agile Practives in
Global Software
Engineering A
Systematic Map
Improving Global
Software Development
Project Performance
Using Simulation
Teaching Requirements
Elicitation within the
Context of Global
Software Development
Research directions in
software process
improvement
Six Sigma and Software
Development Process:
DMAIC Improvements
The application of a
new process quality
measurement model for
software process
improvement initiatives
Reporting empirical
research in global
software engineering: a
classification scheme
Continuous
Improvement through
Iterative Development
in a Multi-Geography
Improving validation
activities in a global
software development
A Framework to Enable
Offshore Outsourcing
Transitioning to
Distributed
Development in
Students' Global
Software Development
Projects: The Role of
Agile Methodologies
and End-to-End Tooling
Implementing Software
Process Improvement
Initiatives: An Analysis
of Vietnamese
Practitioners' Views
Improving Global
System Development
and Collaboration
across Functions:
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10
SI-4
20
06
SI-5
I
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0.
2
1.
2
2.
20
11
SI-6
I
2
3.
20
10
SI-7
I
2
4.
20
07
SI-8
20
09
SI-9
20
04
SI10
20
06
SI11
20
11
SI12
2
5.
2
6.
2
7.
I
20
08
SI13
20
08
SI14
2
8.
20
01
SI15
2
9.
SI18
SI19
20
10
20
10
3
0.
3
1.
20
08
SI21
20
09
SI22
3
2.
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Experiences from
Industry
Crafting a Global
Teaming Model for
Architectural
Knowledge
Analysis of software
process improvement
efforts in Pakistan
A Framework for
Model-Based
Continuous
Improvement of Global
IT Service Delivery
Operations
Does Software Process
Improvement Reduce
the Severity of Defects?
A Longitudinal Field
Study
Software quality and IS
project performance
improvements from
software development
process maturity and IS
implementation
strategies
From integration to
composition: On the
impact of software
product lines, global
development and
ecosystems
Essential
communication
practices for Extreme
Programming in a
global software
development team
Behavioral
characterization: finding
and using the influential
factors in software
process simulation
models
Systematic literature
reviews in software
engineering A tertiary
study
Priority assessment of
software process
requirements from
multiple perspectives
Systematic literature
reviews in software
engineering A
systematic literature
review
Managing the business
of software product line:
An empirical
investigation of key
business factors
An experimental
investigation of the
impact of individual,
program, and
organizational
characteristics on
software maintenance
effort
Design rationale capture
20
10
SI23
20
10
SI24
20
08
SI25
20
12
SI26
20
07
SE-4
20
10
SE10
20
06
SE11
20
01
SE15
20
10
SE30
20
06
SE29
20
09
SE31
20
07
SE32
20
00
SE33
20
SS-1
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3.
for process
11
improvement in the
globalised enterprise: an
industrial study
3
A reference framework
S
J
20
4. for process-oriented
05
software development
organizations
3
Requirements Tracing
S
J
20
5. On target (RETRO):
07
improving software
maintenance through
traceability recovery
3
RE challenges in multiS
J
20
6. site software
03
development
organizations
3
Towards Progressive
S
J
20
7. and Load Balancing
10
Distributed
Computation: A Case
Study on Skyline
Analysis
Key Phrase: Global Software Development
3
Risk Management in
I
C
20
8. Global Software
11
Development Projects:
Challenges, Solutions,
and Experience
3
A Decision Support
I
C
20
9. System for Global
11
Software Development
4
Using the Cloud to
I
C
20
0. Facilitate Global
11
Software Development
Challenges
4
A Comparison of
I
C
20
1. Industrial Process
10
Descriptions for Global
Custom Software
Development
4
TAMRI: A Tool for
I
C
20
2. Supporting Task
09
Distribution in Global
Software Development
Projects
4
Exploring the Role of
I
C
20
3. Instant Messaging in a
11
Global Software
Development Project
4
Global Software
I
C
20
4. Development and
08
Delay: Does Distance
Still Matter?
4
Communication,
I
C
20
5. Knowledge and Co09
ordination Management
in Globally Distributed
Software Development:
Informed by a scientific
Software Engineering
Case Study
4
How Globally
I
C
20
6. Distributed Software
11
Teams Can Improve
Their Collaboration
Effectiveness?
4
Architecture-Centric
I
C
20
7. Global Software
06
Processes
4
Technology Selection to I
C
20
8. Improve Global
06
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4
9.
SS-2
SS-3
5
0.
SS-4
5
1.
SS-5
E
5
2.
SI26
5
3.
5
4.
SI27
SI28
5
5.
SI29
5
6.
5
7.
SI30
I
5
8.
SI31
SI32
SI33
5
9.
6
0.
6
1.
SI34
6
2.
6
3.
SI35
SI36
I
6
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Collaboration
Fostering a HighPerformance Culture in
Offshore Software
Engineering Teams
Using Balanced
Scorecards and Project
Scorecards
An empirical study of
speed and
communication in
globally distributed
software development
Cultural Differences in
Temporal Perceptions
and its Application to
Running Efficient
Global Software Teams
Goal and Risk Factors
in Offshore Outsourced
Software Development
from Vendor's
Viewpoint
Delegation in Global
Software Teams:
Leading or Managing?
Improving Contextual
Skills in Global
Software Engineering:
A Corporate Training
Experience
Governance
Mechanisms in Global
Development
Environments
Process-Based
Collaboration in Global
Software Engineering
Successful Global
Development of a
Large-scale Embedded
Telecommunications
Product
A reference model for
successful Distributed
Development of
Software Systems
Challenges of Globally
Distributed Software
Development Analysis
of Problems Related to
Social Processes and
Group Relations
How Do Distribution
and Time Zones Affect
Software Development?
A Case Study on
Communication
New Angles for Global
Software Engineering
Research? - Keynote
Summary
Managing Cognitive
and Cultural Diversity
in Global IT Teams
Critical Success Factors
for Offshore Software
Development
Outsourcing Vendors: A
Systematic Literature
Review
Globally Distributed
20
11
SI37
20
03
SI38
20
06
SI39
20
09
SI40
20
09
SI41
20
08
SI42
20
11
SI43
20
09
SI44
20
07
SI45
20
07
SI46
20
08
SI47
20
11
SI48
20
10
SI49
20
10
SI50
20
09
SI51
20
SI-
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6
5.
6
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6
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6
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7
0.
7
1.
7
2.
7
3.
7
4.
7
5.
7
6.
7
7.
7
8.
7
9.
Software Process
Engineering
Descriptive Analysis of
Fear and Distrust in
Early Phases of GSD
Projects
Offshore QA - A
Framework for Helping
Software Development
Outsourcing Companies
Comply with ISO
9001,2008
A Framework for
Training Skills for
Global Software
Development
From CMMI and
isolation to Scrum,
Agile, Lean and
collaboration
A framework for
supporting the software
architecture evaluation
process in global
software development
A reference model for
global software
development: findings
from a case study
Using SCRUM in
global software
development: A
Systematic Literature
Review
Process models in the
practice of distributed
software development:
A systematic review of
the literature
Assigning tasks in a 24h software development
model
Design guidelines for
software processes
knowledge repository
development
Barriers in the selection
of offshore software
development
outsourcing vendors:
An exploratory study
using a systematic
literature review
Modeling software
development across
time zones
Sociomaterial bricolage:
The creation of
location-spanning work
practices by global
software developers
Incremental method
evolution in global
software product
management: A
retrospective case study
An empirical study of
groupware support for
distributed software
architecture evaluation
process
Motivation in Software
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11
52
0.
20
09
SI53
20
10
SI55
I
8
1.
I
8
2.
8
3.
I
RP
20
10
SI56
20
09
SI59
20
09
SI60
20
06
SI61
8
4.
8
5.
8
6.
I
20
09
SI62
8
7.
E
20
10
SE34
8
8.
E
20
06
SE35
20
11
SE36
20
11
SE37
E
8
9.
I
9
0.
I
9
1.
20
06
SE38
20
11
SE39
20
10
SE40
9
2.
9
3.
9
4.
9
5.
E
20
06
SE41
20
SE-
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Engineering: A
systematic literature
review
Characterizing software
architecture changes: A
systematic review
A framework for the
design and verification
of software
measurement methods
An empirical study of
the effect of knowledge
integration on software
development
performance
Software Process
Improvement as
organizational change:
A metaphorical analysis
of the literature
Factors influencing
clients in the selection
of offshore software
outsourcing vendors:
An exploratory study
using a systematic
literature review
Initiating software
process improvement in
very small enterprises:
Experience with a light
assessment tool
Evaluating the
relationship between
process improvement
and schedule deviation
in software maintenance
Effectively utilizing
project, product and
process knowledge
A holistic approach to
managing software
change impact
De-motivators for
software process
improvement: an
analysis of
practitioners views
Software process
improvement as
emergent change: A
structurational analysis
Verification framework
and algorithms for
integrating information
distribution systems
Priority assessment of
software process
requirements from
multiple perspectives
Evaluating
Collaboration Platforms
for Offshore Software
Development Scenarios
Moomba A
Collaborative
Environment for
Supporting Distributed
Extreme Programming
in Global Software
Development
Software Process
08
42
20
10
SE43
20
09
SE44
20
04
SE45
20
10
SE46
20
11
SE47
20
08
SE48
20
09
SE49
20
08
SE50
20
09
SE51
20
03
SE52
20
07
SE53
20
06
SE54
20
06
SE55
BC
20
07
SS-6
BC
20
04
SS-7
BC
20
SS-8
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6.
9
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Modeling
Socio-Technical
Perspectives
Optimized Software
Process for Fault
Handling in Global
Software Development
Towards the
Competitive Software
Development
Using grounded theory
to study the experience
of software
development
Applying Multi-Criteria
Decision Analysis to
Global Software
Development with
Scrum Project Planning
Collaboration in
Distributed Software
Development
Synchronous
Communication Media
in the Software
Requirements
Negotiation Process
A Comparison of
Commonly Used
Processes for Multi-Site
Software Development
Communications in
Global Software
Development: An
Empirical Study Using
GTK+ OSS Repository
Increasing Awareness in
Distributed Software
Development
Workspaces
Collaboration in Global
Software Engineering
Based on Process
Description Integration
Ten Strategies for
Successful Distributed
Development
Dealing with Scalability
in an Event-Based
Infrastructure to
Support Global
Software Development
Defect Detection
Effectiveness and
Product Quality in
Global Software
Development
Scrum Practices in
Global Software
Development: A
Research Framework
A Lightweight
Approach for
Knowledge Sharing in
Distributed Software
Teams
Benefits of Global
Software Development:
The Known and
Unknown
Global Software
[ISSN: 2045-7057]
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Development Project
Management Distance
Overcoming
Toward Visualization
and Analysis of
Traceability
Relationships in
Distributed and
Offshore Software
Development Projects
Meeting the Challenge
of Communication in
Offshore Software
Development
On the Use of Handover
Checkpoints to Manage
the Global Software
Development Process
A Software Inspection
Process for Globally
Distributed Teams
Critical Success Factors
for Offshore Software
Development
Outsourcing Vendors:
An Empirical Study
Achieving Better
Collaboration in Global
Software Design with
Micro Estimation
Awareness Support in
Global Software
Development: A
Systematic Review
Based on the 3C
Collaboration Model
Software Architecture
Evaluation in Global
Software Development
Projects
Analyzing
Collaboration in
Software Development
Processes through
Social Networks
Distributed Information
System Development:
Review of Some
Management Issues
Multi-site Distributed
Software Development:
Issues, Solutions, and
Challenges
The Rosetta Stone
Methodology A
Benefits Driven
Approach to Software
Process Improvement
Product Line
Architectures for Global
Software Development
A Case Study:
Coordination Practices
in Global Software
Development
Maintainability through
Architecture
Development
Safety Critical Software
Process Improvement by
Multi-objective
Optimization
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19
INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF M ULTIDISCIPLINARY S CIENCES AND ENGINEERING , VOL . 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
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Algorithms
Logical Time in
Distributed Software
Systems
A framework to
improve communication
during the requirements
elicitation process in
GSD projects
Design rationale capture
for process
improvement
in the globalised
enterprise: an industrial
study
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