SOURCE ROCK

EVALUATION
Faculty: Dr. P.N. Kapoor

GT Lecture 18.08.2008
 Source Rock
The sediments that have
been able to generate or may
have the potential to generate
hydrocarbons
 Petroleum System
An integrated geological syst em
that:
-- Generates hydrocarbons (gas & oil)
-- Concentrates and traps them
-- Produces economic deposits
Four Main Steps
-- Source: Rich in Organic Matter
-- Maturation & Generation: Burial Heating
-- Migration: Movement thru permeable beds
-- Trap (Reservoir & Seal): Structural & Stratigraphic
 Cross Secti on of a Petrol eum System
(Foreland Basin Example)

Geographi c Extent of Petroleum System

Extent of Play
Extent of Pros pect/Field
O
O O
Stratigraphic
Extent of
Petroleum
Overburden Rock
System Essential

Sedimentary
Basin Fill
Elements Seal Rock
of Reservoir Rock
Petroleum
Pod of Active System Source Rock
Source Rock
Underburden Rock
Petroleum Reservoir (O)
Basement Rock
Fold-and-Thrust Belt Top Oil Window
(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
Top Gas Window

(modified from Magoon and Dow, 1994)

Source Rock:
Organic Matter
-- Maturation
-- Generation of HC
-- Migration
Possible facies distribution extending from inner shelf to bathyal environments
In sequence stratigraphic concept
Organic Matter Source
 BITUMEN

Soluble organic matter in any

Organic Solvent
 KEROGEN
Insoluble organic matter in
any Organic Solvent
 From Geochemical techniques From Visual estimation
PETROLEUM
BP External
PRODUCTS
(GCB) Elemental Analysis Palynofacies Coal Petrology
Liptinite

SAPROPELIC
Algal Amorphous Alginite
REACTIVE KEROGEN

OIL KEROGEN Palynomorphs Exinite

C6->C6 LABILE KEROGEN Types I/II Epidermal Cutinite
compunds (Hydrogen Rich) Tissue Sporinite
Resin Resinite

GAS KEROGEN
REFRACTORY
C1-C5 Type III Brown Wood Vitrinite
KEROGEN

HUMIC
compounds (Hydrogen Poor)

INERT KEROGEN
INERT KEROGEN Black Wood Inertinite
CARBON Type IV

Kerogen Classification
Source Component Structure
Organic Matter components
Sediment Profile
 Evolution of Organic
Matter
ØDIAGENESIS
ØCATAGENESIS
ØMETAGENESIS
 DIAGENESIS

Microbial and Chemical

transformations of Organic
Matter produce Biogenic
Methane
 CATAGENESIS
Represents Time -
Temperature controlled
conversion of Microbially
transformed products into
Liquid and Gaseous
Hydrocarbons
 METAGENESIS

Production of stable Gaseous

Hydrocarbons, Immobile
Polyaromatic structures and
Thermogenic Gas
Hydrocarbon Generation
Amount and type of
hydrocarbons generated
depend largely on type of
Kerogen, catagenetic stage of
Evolution for a given Volume
of Source Rock
 Hydrocarbon Kitchen

Zone in w hich a Source Rock

is Mature to Generate
Hydrocarbons
 Kerogen Quality
v Assessed on Major Atomic
Constituents -C,H,O for their
HC generation Capability
v Crossplot of H/C vs O/C
depicts degree of evolution
of Kerogen with increasing
maturation
 Kerogen Types

ØTYPE I
ØTYPE II
ØTYPE III
 TYPE I
ü Highest H & Lipid content
ü High potential for HC
ü Derived from Algal/ Microbial
Lipids
 TYPE II
ü Hig H & Lipid content
ü High potential for HC
ü Derived from Phyto & Zoo
Planktons Lipids
 TYPE III
ü Less H & more Oxygen
ü Low potential for HC
adequate for Gas
ü Derived from Terrestrial
Higher Plants
 Types of Kerogen
• Type I : algal kerogen
– “best” oil source
– Lipid-rich
• Type II: herbaceous kerogen
– Good oil source
– Includes zooplankton (sapropelic)
• Type III: woody kerogen (coaly)
– Good gas source
– Rich in humic components
• Type IV: amorphous kerogen
Rock Eval Pyrolysis
4 Parameters
ü S1
ü S2
ü S3
ü Tmax
 S1

Measures HC liberated by
heating at Moderate
Temperature
 S2

Measures Petroleum
Constituents generated by
heating Kerogen at Higher
Temperature
 S3

Measures CO2 liberated by

heating Kerogen at
convenient Temperature to
avoid dissociation
 Tmax

Temperature recorded at
max. of peak S2
Used to measure Maturation
Stage
 S2/S3

Signifies type of HC to be
generated from the Kerogen
 Tmax
ØImmature Biogenic Gas < 435 0 C Tmax
ØMature Oil Generation > 435 0 C - < 450 0 C Tmax
ØMature Gas Generati on > 450 0 C - < 470 0 C Tmax
ØPost Mature Thermal Gas > 470 0 C Tmax
Prospect
Evaluation
Source Rock Evaluation
The main source materials for
hydrocarbon are the vegetal
debris, including those of
phytoplankton, marine and
terrestrial algae as well as
lipid rich land plant remains.
Application of Organic Matter

• Quality of Organic Matter

• Quantity/Richness of OM
• Thermal Maturation
 Organic Matter Types
• Structured terrestrial organic
matter (Telinite)
• Spores and pollen (Sporonite)
• Charcoal (Fusinite)
• Biodegraded terrestrial organic
matter (Telocollinite)
 Organic Matter Types
• Biodegraded aqueous organi c matter
• Amorphous organi c matter (Mi crinite)
• Finely divided organic matter
(Organic matter of bacteri al origin )
• Grey amorphous organi c matter
(Corpocollinite)
• Structured mari ne organic matter (a) Algae
(Alginite),
(b) Dinoflagellates and Acritarchs
• Fungal remains (Sclerotinite)
• Resin (Resinite)
 Structured terrestrial
organic matter
This type of organic matter, when
altered, forms biodegraded
terrestrial organic matter of semi –
amorphous type and the
amorphous organic matter. These
two are important components of
sapropelic hydrocarbon
generating types.
Structured Terrestrial Wood
Spores pollen

Outer covering of Spore/pollen is

composed of sporo –pollenin;
It is a resistant material and is commonly
preserved in sediments.
Sporo-pollenin adds to the liquid
hydrocarbon potential of these sediments.
Spores and Pollen
 Charcoal

Structured terrestrial woody organic

matter by oxidation results into charcoal.
This material has no hydrocarbon source
potential.
Abundance of fusinite material is
indicative of oxidizing depositional
environment.
Charcoal
Biodegraded terrestrial
organic matter
Terrestrial organic matter of vegetal origin,
comprising of hard and soft parts of plants
(angiosperms, gymnosperms,
pteridophytes and bryophytes) is the first
product that is degraded to form this type.
Several stages of biodegradation have
been understood.
Biodegraded Terrestrial
Biodegraded aqueous
organic matter

Phytoplankton
Thalloid algal matter
Filamentous algae
Phytoplankton
Structured Aqueous
 Amorphous organic matter

Amorphous organic matter is a completely

transformed structureless matter where all
recognizable cellular structures have been
lost. It is very hard to distinguish the
source of this matter , as terrestrial or
aquatic. Such matter is spongy and
appears porous. It is generally
yellowish-brown or orange in colour.
Amorphous
 Organic matter of Bacterial
Origin

This type of organic matter forms

as a result of the conversion of
both terrestrial and algal organic
matters by fungal and bacterial
attack.
Finely Divided Organic Matter
 Grey amorphous organic matter

Grey amorphous organic matter is

granular or flaky appearance.
Granular matter indicates a
reducing environment of
deposition. Flaky piece of varying
sizes are associated with
phytoplankton and filamentous
algal remains.
 Structured marine organic
matter
Dinoflagellates, acritarchs, diatoms,
radiolarian, red algae constitute this
type of organic matter . These are good
source of hydrocarbons.
Biodegradation and alteration of this
material also results into amorphous
and semi-amorphous
organic matter.
 ORGANIC MATTER FACIES

The types of organic matter are

broadly classified into : (1) Humic
(2) Sapropelic.
Humic organic matter are land or
terrestrially derived. Sapropelic
organic matter is derived both from
marine and terrestrial sources.
 MAIN HC
FACIES % OF TOTAL OM
POTENTIAL

I. HUMIC (H) H > 75% (PC)

a. HUMIC – WOOD (H–W) Wood + BDT > Charcoal Very good (gas)
b. HUMIC – CHARCOAL (H–C) Wood + BDT < Charcoal Poor
II. SAPROPELIC (S) S > 75% (PC) Very good (oil)

III. SAPROPELIC HUMIC (SH) H > 50% (PC)

a. SAPROPELI C HUMIC–WOOD (SH–W) Wood + BDT> Charcoal Good (gas)

b. SAPROPELI C HUMIC–CHARCOA L(SH–C) Wood + BDT< Charcoal Marginal (gas)

IV. HUMIC SAPROPELIC (HS) S > 50% (PC)

a. HUMIC SAPROPELI C – WOOD (HS–W) Wood + BDT > Charcoal Good (oil)
b. HUMIC SAPROPELI C–CHARCOA L(HS–C) Wood + BDT< Charcoal Marginal (oil)

Wood = Structured Terrestrial OM, BDT = Biodegraded Terrestrial OM, PC = Pre Condition
 Richness of Organic Matter

Rich Total organic Matter 50 -100%

Moderate Total organic Matter 25 -50%
Poor Total organic Matter 0 -25%
 Thermal Maturation

Thermal alteration index (TAI) is based on

palynofossils colours. The TAI scale range
of 1.00–5.00 proposed by Staplin (1969)
is followed. The number assigned to a
particular fossil is designated as its
thermal alteration index.
Standard Colours of TAI Scale
Hydrocarbon Source Potential

Evaluation on integration of Parameters

• Qualitative Aspect for gas/oil prone OM
• Quantitative Aspect for richness of OM
• Thermal Maturation
• Suitable paleoenvironments for OM
accumulation
• Models prepared give a lead in HC
exploration
 Organic Matter & Conversi on of Kerogen
Controls on total organic matter

• Productivity
• Grain size
• Sedimentation rate
• Oxidation/Reduction

Organic matter: 1%
• Kerogen 90%
• Bitumen 10%
Post burial chemical
evolution of natural
combinations of
preserved organic debris
conversion into
KEROGEN
Hydrogen: Carbon and Oxygen: Carbon contents of
common organic and palynological types .
Post depositional
alteration of
KEROGEN
into
BITUMEN
 What happens when we subject
kerogen to subsurface conditions?
KEROGEN
Shallow subsurface
Normal pressure and temperature
Diagenesis Released: CH4, CO2, H2O
• Overall decrease in O
• Overall increase in H and C

Deeper subsurface
Catagenesis Increased pressure and temperature
Released: oil & gas
• Overall decrease in H and C

Metamorphism
Metagenesis High temperature and pressure
Only C remains: becomes graphite
THERMAL STAGES OF BITUMEN GENERATION :
DIAGENESIS l ow-temperature/bac terial alteration
CATAGENESIS intermedi ate-temperature alteration
METAGENESIS high-temperature/pre metamorphi c alteration
 PALYNOFOSSILS
• SPORES
• POLLEN (Gymnosperms &
Angiosperms)
• DINOFLAGELLATES
• ACRITARCHS
• FUNGI
• CHITINOZOA
(contd.)
 PALYNOFOSSILS
• SCOLECODONTS
• SILICOFLAGELLATES
• DIATOMS
• CALCAREOUS ALGAE
• CALC. NANNOFOSSILS
• ORGANIC MATTER
 PROCESSING
TECHNIQUES
• Rock Samples -
(cores/cuttings)
• Powdering
• Treatment with Acids
• Obtain Organic Residue
• Slide Preparation
 FLOW CHART FOR PROCESSING OF SAMPLES FOR
ORGANIC MATTER

.......
.....

ROCK SAMPLE ....... TREATMENT

.....
TREATMENT WITH HF
POWDERING OF
SAMPLE WITH HCL
........................................................................
Slide No.1
KG-1

depth

CENTRIFUGE
1200-
1205m

.........................................................................
SLIDE READY
FOR STUDY
SLIDE MOUNTING
O

ON HOTPLATE
AT 100 C
DRYING OF
RESIDUE BY SPREADING
ON COVERSLIP CENTRIFUGE
.........................................................................
RESIDUE MIXED WITH HEAVY LIQUID
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL SEPARATION
Commonly Used
Maturation Parameters:
Vitrinite Reflectance
Liptinite Fluorescence
Thermal Alteration Index
Spore Coloration Index
Tmax
Time Temp Index (TTI)
Oil Window
based on
various
Maturation
indicators
Indicators of
HC
Maturation:

Vitrinite
Reflectance

&

Liptinite
Fluorescence
 Fluorescent organic matter

Palynomorphs AOM matrix AOM matrix

fluorescing, showing showing strong
matrix of moderate and but
autochthonous heterogeneous heterogeneous
(plankton -derived) fluorescence fluorescence
AOM remains
predominantly
non-fluorescent
 Relation between Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro),
SWL and Thermal Alteration Index (TAI)
Ro SWL(nm) TAI Ro SWL(nm) TAI
0.30 460 2.00 1.26 3.15
0.34 475 2.10 1.30 3.20
0.38 550 2.20 1.33 3.25
0.40 575 2.25 1.36 3.30
0.42 2.30 1.39 3.35
0.44 2.35 1.42 3.40
0.46 2.40 1.46 3.45
0.48 585 2.45 1.50 655 3.50
0.50 590 2.50 1.62 3.55
0.55 2.55 1.75 3.60
0.60 600 2.60 1.87 3.65
0.65 2.65 2.00 3.70
0.70 2.70 2.25 670 3.75
0.77 610 2.75 2.50 3.80
0.85 2.80 2.75 3.85
0.93 2.85 3.00 3.90
1.00 2.90 3.25 3.95
1.07 2.95 3.50 700 4.00
1.15 630 3.00 4.00 4.00
1.19 3.05 4.50 4.00
1.22 3.10 5.00 4.00
 Initiation and
progression
of
Bitumen
generation
as related to
Kerogen type
Light coloured immature OM

Incipiently mature with

Bitumen Formation
Mature OM with
Bitumen
Formation
Volume increase
enhances both
fracturing
potential and
pressure drive
leading to
Migration &
Accumulation.
Source rock
transformation
ratio,
Accumulation
and Oil
Composition in
reservoirs
HC source
potential
profile in a
well
Application of source rock
palynological studies
Ø Determination of organic matter types, total
organic matter and maturation for hydrocarbon
source potential.
Ø The source rock parameters integrated with
paleoenvironment, age, structure and basin
configuration for identification of source rock
potential facies in relation to geological and
geochemical parameters for better understanding
of source depocentres.
Ø To know the timing and duration of generation of
hydrocarbons based on the subsidence history
curves and time temperature index (TTI) plots.
 Relationship of Palynofacies and
Geochemical parameters
H/C at vRo Pyrolysis Yield Dominant
Palynofacies
~0.5 HI OI organic matter

Sapropelic >1.45 >850 10~30 Algal; amorphous

Humic Sapropelic 1.35-1.45 650-850 20-50 Amorphous;
minor terrestrial
Sapropelic Humic 1.15-1.35 400-650 30-80 Amorphous;
common terrestrial
Sapropelic 0.95-1.15 250-400 40-80 Mixed;
Humic-Wood some oxidation
Humic Wood 0.75-0.95 125-250 50-150 Terrestrial;
some oxidation
Sapropelic 0.60-0.75 50-125 40-150+ Oxidised;
Humic-Charcoal reworked
Humic <0.60 <50 20-200+ Highly oxidised;
Charcoal highly bioturbated
Fibrous AOM, massive AOM, Phytoclasts, wood, cuticle, algal
grey amorphous with pyrite filaments and overmature AOM
(after Batten, 1996) (after Batten, 1996)
 Parameters for evaluating
source potential

• Qualitative Aspect for gas/oil prone Organic

Matter
• Quantitative Aspect for richness of Organic
Matter
• Thermal Maturation
• Suitable paleoenvironm ents for Organic Matter
accumulation
• Models prepared give a lead in HC exploration
 Seq.-1 started generat ion of hydrocarbon since upper most
Oligocene
Seq.-2 initiated generat ion since Early Miocene
PLIO-

POTENTIAL
OM FACIES
PALEO-

TOTAL OM
CRETACEOUS CENE EOCENE OLIGO MIOCENE REC

POOR SOURCE
LR UP L UP L M U L U L M U
100

2.25 TAI
120

110

FM
Ma

90

80

60
70

20

10
30
50

40

0
30oC SAPROPELIC
TITTACHERI HUMIC-

PORTONOVO SH.
400m FM. CHARCOAL

2.50
RICH
oC
40

GOOD
MOD -
MADANAM LST. HUMIC
VANJIYUR SST. .
50
oC 800 SHIYALI CL ST. SAPROPELIC -
CHARCOAL
oC
60 1200 SH-C MOD

POOR-
NIRAVI FM.

MOD

POOR
NNLM
FM.
oC HUMIC-
70 1600 CHARCOAL

2.75
KARAIKAL SH. KDV
MOD MOD

BVG
oC

FM.
80
2000
KAMALAPURAM

STP
SH.
oC FM.
90
2400

MOD - GOOD
SAPROPELIC
oC RNL TTI=15 HUMIC-

ANDIMADAM FM.
100

RICH
PORTONOVO
2800 SH. CHARCOAL
oC
110 NNLM FM.
BVG FM.
TTI=61 3200 STP SH.

2.75+
120
oC
TTI=108 ANDIMADAM -.-.-.-
3400 FM. .-.-

Burial History Curve, TTI, OM Facies, TOM, TAI and source potential in w ell RNL
 TP-A NG-A NR-A

TITTACHERI FM

MADANAM LST.

TIRUTURAIPUNDI SST VANJIYUR SST

IMMATURE

KARAIKAL
TIRUPPUNDI
FORMATION NR-A

NAGAPATTINAM

NG-A

KAMALAPURAM FORMATION

TP-A
+
KOMARAKSHI SH
+
+ SATTAPADI
SATTAPADI SHALE
STP SH SH ALE
+ 0 10Km
+
SOURCE ANDIMADAM FM + wells studied
POTENTIAL +
POOR
+
MOD-GOOD
+

Source rock Potential facies in Nagapat tinam Subbasin, Cauvery Basin

 Source Rock Palynology

Depth (m)
Formation
Geochemical Parameters

Position
Organic

Sample
Total (Rao et al., 1988)
Matter Source

Dep.
Age

Env.
Organic
Potential

TAI
Facies Matter TOC T Max. S2
Eoc. BMP Lst.
M.

2000 2.00
Pasarlapudi Formation Rich 430

0.63 – 2.99
1.00

2.25
2100
Moderate- Poor
Humic-
Rich 1.50
Wood
2200
2.50
443

2.50
Rich Good for Gas 3.50

Inner to Middle Neritic

2300
3.00
Lower Eocene

2400

2500 0.50

2600 Poor
Mainly Sand
Poor Organic Matter
2700 0.30

2800
Palakollu

0.76 – 10.6
2900 3.00 446
Humic Sapro Marginal for
Shale

Charcoal 3.50
2.75

Rich Oil and Gas

Humic- 4.00 452
3000
Charcoal
Palynofacies, TOM, maturation and source potenti al of Palakollu Shale and
Pasarlapudi Formation in well PSP
 Geochemical data
Source Rock Palynology

position
Sample
(Philip et al., 1986
Depth OM Depo. TMax
Age Formation Facies TAI Source Potential
(m) TOM Env. TOC & vRo

2.00

Inner Neritic
Early-Middle

Poor-Moderate
Eocene
2200 SH-W

436-308
0.75

Middle –
Pasarlapudi
Humic Sapro- Poor

2.25
2300 0.90
pelic - Wood Rich
2400 1.00
2500 1.00
Sapropelic
Marginal
Paleocene

Neritic
1.50

436-
Outer

275
2600 Humic-
for Gas
Late

Charcoal Moderate 1.50

2700
2.00
2800 Humic-

2.50
Palakollu 0.90 445-
2900 Charcoal 318
Shale Poor 0.75
Early 3000
Palocene Poor 0.80
Razole 3100 Poor
1.50
3200
2.50
3300
4.00
(Maastrichtian)

Sapropelic 0.76
3400 Marginal
Chintalapalli Shale)

Humic- 3.50
Moderate for Gas

Upper Bathyal
3500
Charcoal 2.50
3600

2.75
Late Cretaceous

468-237
3700 2.00
(Maastrichtian)

3800
Late Cretaceous

1.00
3900 Poor-
Humic- 0.75
4000
Charcoal
Moderate Poor
4100
1.50
4200 Moderate Marginal
SH-C for Gas 2.00
4300
0.80
4400 Humic-
Charcoal Rich Poor 0.90
4500

Palynofacies, TOM, maturation and source potential of Chintalapalli Shale, Palakollu Shale and
Pasarlapudi Formation in well MTP
 NE SW
BMP PSP CTP RZL NSP GS8 GS5

B B’
0
Rajahmundry Sandstone
Narasapur Claystone
Narasapur Claystone
1000

Matsyapuri Sandstone

2000

Depth in meters
Pasarlapudi Formation

3000
Palakollu Shale

Razole Formation
4000
Chintalapalli Shale

5000
0 25 50 75 km

Lithofacies distribution across profile B -B’

 NE SW
BMP PSP CTP RZL NSP GS8 GS5

B B’
0

Rajahmundry Sst
Narasapur Cl
Narasapur Claystone
1000

Matsyapuri Sst

2000
Depth in meters

Pasarlapudi Fm

3000

4000 Razole Fm
Good for oil & gas
Chintalapalli Sh
Moderate for oil & gas

5000 Moderate for gas 0 25 50 75 km

Source potential facies across profile B-B’

 KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-A
A A’

FLUVIAL
KMG-A MDP-A
END-A
DKR-A
FLUVIAL-PARALIC INNER NERITIC
0m
LOWER DELTA INNER-MIDDLE NERITIC

Bay of Bengal
1000m MARGINAL MARINE MIDDLE-OUTER NERITIC
0 10km
TANUKU HORST MANDAPETA
DRAKSHARAMA RIDGE
SUBBASIN

SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING PALEOENVIRONMENTS

 KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-A
A A’

MDP-A
HUMIC-CHARCOAL HUMIC KMG-A END-A
0m (H-C) SAPROPELIC- DKR-A
CHARCOAL
SAPROPELIC HUMIC HUMIC
-CHARCOAL (SH-C) SAPROPELIC-
WOOD
SAPROPELIC
1000m HUMIC- WOOD (SH-
SAPROPELIC Bay of Bengal
0 10km W)
TANUKU HORST MANDAPETA
DRAKSHARAMA RIDGE
SUBBASIN

SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING PALYNOFACIES

 KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-A
A A’
POOR ORGANIC MATTER

KMG-A MDP-A
END-A
DKR-A

POOR - MODERATE MODERATE - RICH

0m
MODERATE RICH
Bay of Bengal

1000m MANDAPETA
0 10km TANUKU HORST DRAKSHARAMA RIDGE
SUBBASIN

SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING RICHNESS OF ORGANIC

MATTER
 KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-A
A A’

POO R SOURCE POTENTIAL LATE

CRETACEOUS

EARLY TAI = 2.50

CRETACEOUS

MID-LATE
TRIASSIC

MID. TRIASSIC
- PERMIAN

GAS PROD.
HYDROCARBON SOURCE POTENTI AL

0m MARGINAL FOR
MDP-A
GAS/OIL KMG-A END-A
DKR-A
MODERATE FOR MODERATE-GOOD
GAS FOR OIL & GAS
1000m MODERATE FOR
GOOD FOR GAS
0 10km OIL & GAS
MODERATE-GOOD
GOOD FOR OIL & Bay of Bengal
FOR GAS
GAS

SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL FACIES

 GSZ SBKA BKA BKD
DATUM LINE Top of sequence order VIII
1100 :s:s 1360 ss ss 1100

Cenomanian
Late Albian -
3200 Moderate 0 VIII s s m
for gas :s:s ss VIII
:s:s s s
:s:s ss Poor ss
:s:s VIII s
ss ss ss 1220
VII 1500 s s

Late Aptian -
ss ss ss

Albian
s s s
VIII 1300 s s ss VII 1300
3400 s s s
ss ss ss
VI s s
ss ss ss 1405
s s s

A p t I a n
ss ss VII VI
s 1700 s s
V ss ss
s s s
ss ss ss 1500
3600 s s s
s s Mod.for oil ss ss
IV & gas s s
VII ss ss ss
s s
Moderate 1600 ss ss
for gas VI

-
1900 s
ss ss
s V
s
ss ss 1700

B a r r e m i a n
3800 s
ss ss
s s
ss ss
s s
VI ss ss
2100 V s
BKD 2120 ss ss
ANNAVARAM
2140 s s
2160 :s:s Mod.-Good ss 1900
2180 :s:s for gas
4020 PITHAPURAM 2200 :s:s
BKA 2220 :s:s
2240 :s:s
KAKINADA 2260 :s:s IV
SBKA 2280 IV
2300 :s:s
0 20 Km :s:s
GSZ :s:s
YANAM
:s:s 2100

Source potential facies in Kakinada area, Krishna-Godavari Basin

 FLUORESCENCE STUDIES
v Spectral wavelength is measured on Leitz MPV-3
Fluorescence Microscope Spect rophotometer
v Polospores, organic matter excited by ultra violet
light of 200-400nm spectral wavelength range and
emission spect ra of 400-700nm range is observed
v The maximum spectral wavelength of light emitted
by specimen is considered f or calculation of
maturity
v Boreholes drilled along the Hinge Zone and west of
it are considered f or plotting maturation profiles
to interpret source depocent res
 N
Maturation during
Miocene Bihar
SWL 560-575nm Karimpur-A
Immature phase
SWL 480-530nm Abhay-A SWL 575nm
Galsi-B
Galsi-C Palashi-A SWL<550nm
Ichapur-A
Mainagar-A SWL560-580nm
Immature phase in Ichapur-B

all the wells during Chandkuri-A

Miocene SWL570nm

Orissa
SME-A
SWL 560-570nm

0 20 40 60 Km

Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral wavelength in Bengal

Basin during M iocene
Maturation during N

Oligocene Bihar
Karimpur-A
SWL 580-585mm
Immature phase
ØImmature phase Abhay-A

in the wells Galsi-

Galsi-B
SWL 535nm Palashi-A SWL <570nm
Galsi-C Ichapur-A

B, C, Mainagar-A, Mainagar-A
Early phase of maturation
Ichapur-B

Palashi-A and SWL570-585nm

SWL 585-590mm

Abhay-A Chandkuri-A

Ø Early phase of Orissa

maturation in the SME-A
SWL 570-585nm

wells SME-A, 0 20 40 60 Km
Chandkuri-A,
Ichapur-A, B and
Karimpur-A Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral
wavelength in Bengal Basin during Oligocene
Maturation during N

Eocene Bihar

ØImmature phase in the Immature phase SWL 590-600nm Karimpur-A

SWL 540-570nm Abhay-A
wells Galsi-B, C Galsi-B
Galsi-C Palashi-A
SWL590nm

Ichapur-A
SWL<570nm
ØEarly phase of Mainagar-A SWL>600nm
Ichapur-B
Initiation of generation
maturation in the wells of hydrocarbons
Mainagar-A, Palashi-A Chandkuri-A

ØInitiation of SWL>600nm

Orissa
generation of
SME-A
hydrocarbons in the SWL590-600nm

wells SME-A, 0 20 40 60 Km

Chandkuri-A, Ichapur-
A, B, Abhay-A and
Karimpur-A Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral
wavelength in Bengal Basin during Eocene
 Maturation N

during Paleocene Bihar

Early phase of maturati on
Ø Early phase of SWL 570-580nm Abhay-A
Karimpur-A
SWL>600nm
maturation in the wells Galsi-B
Galsi-C Palashi-A
SWL 585-590nm
Galsi-B, Mainagar-A, SWL 580-590nm
Mainagar-A
Ichapur-A
Ichapur-B
Palashi-A Mature phas e
Chandkuri-A
Ø Initiation of
generation of SWL>630nm

hydrocarbons in the Orissa

wells Abhay-A and SME-A

Karimpur-A 0 20 40 60 Km

Ø Mature phase in
Chandkuri-A
Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral
wavelength in Bengal Basin during
Paleocene
 N
Maturation Bihar

during Cretaceous Initiation of generation Karimpur-A

of hydrocarbons
SWL 590-600nm Abhay-A
Galsi-B SWL590-600nm
Palashi-A
Ø Initiation of Galsi-C Ichapur-A
Mainagar-A
generation of Ichapur-B

hydrocarbons in the Mature phase

wells Galsi-B, Chandkuri-A

Mainagar-A, Palashi-A SWL630-655nm

Orissa
ØMature phase in SME-A
Chandkuri-A
0 20 40 60 Km

Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral

wavelength in Bengal Basin during Cretaceous
 Interpretation on Maturation Profile

v Maturation profiles drawn for the area al ong

the Hinge Zone and west of it for Cretaceous
to Miocene
v Maturation profiles indicate, organic matter
near the Hinge Zone has reached maturi ty
level earlier as compared to that i n the
area far west of Hinge Zone
Hydrocarbon Source Potential

Evaluation on integration of Parameters

• Qualitative Aspect for gas/oil prone OM
• Quantitative Aspect for richness of OM
• Thermal Maturation
• Suitable paleoenvironments for OM
accumulation
• Models prepared give a lead in HC
exploration