GPRS Principle Overview in PS: Objectives

GPRS principle overview in PS
Objectives:
WCDMA Core Network Structure
MS Types
Interface and protocols
Contents
1 WCDMA Core Network Structure ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 PS network structure ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Function of each element .................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.1 SGSN ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 GGSN..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 DNS........................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2.4 CG .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.5 BG .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.6 HLR/AUC .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.7 MSC/VLR .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.8 SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC ................................................................................................... 8
2 MS Types..................................................................................................................................................... 9
3 Interfaces and Protocols .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 PS Communication Interfaces......................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Introduction to the interfaces .......................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Iu-PS Interface ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Gn/Gp Interface.................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.3 Gi Interface .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.4 Gc Interface.......................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.5 Ga Interface.......................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.6 Gr Interface .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.7 Gs Interface .......................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.8 Gb interface.......................................................................................................................... 19
i
ii
1 WCDMA Core Network Structure

1.1 PS network structure
GPRS or General Packet Radio Service is a packet switched technology, based on
GSM. The radio and network resources of GPRS are only accessed when data actually
needs to be transmitted between the GPRS mobile user and the GPRS network. This
data is divided into packets and is then transferred via the radio and core GPRS
network. Between alternating transmissions, no GPRS network resources need to be
allocated. GPRS offers up to 115 kbps, depending on the network availability, channel
coding scheme and terminal capability. This increase in speed in GPRS with respect to
GSM is achieved by using more than one timeslot of the TDMA frame. Due to the
packet switched characteristics of GPRS the allocation of the available timeslots may
vary from one instant to the next (e.g. it may have 8 timeslots at one time and 4 later
on).
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new value added service that allows
information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It supplements
today's Circuit wireless Switched Data and Short Message Service.
With the rapid development of the wireless communication application and the
widespread of the data service, the existing GSM system has been in a position unable
to satisfy the users requirement for wireless multimedia communication. In this
context, the mobile communication technology of 3rd generation represented by the
WCDMA come into existence.
Compared with the existing GSM technology, the most distinguishing feature the
WCDMA possesses is its high data transmission bit rate as the circuit switch is
384kbps while the packet switch is as high as 2Mbps. Especially, the 2M transmission
rate of the packet switch that is far higher than the 114kbps of GPRS in the GSM
makes possible for the widespread of some new services or some services that can not
be realized on the GSM network, such as: video phone, VOD, fast data download, etc.
When comparing with the existing GSM and other mobile networks, the USMTS has a
brand new feature that allows to negotiate on the mobile bearer characteristics and to
1
TN_BT004_E1_0
define such attributes of transmission as possible throughput, delay and data error rate,
furthermore, the UMTS supports various application types required by different Qos.
And UMTS bearer also features universality, which is able to provide broad and fine
support to the existing application and the emerging new applications in the future. The
UMTS network resource can preserve resource for each and every terminal user,
making their dream of online forever come true.
The following figure shows the structure of
WCDMA network structure.
G
c
PDN
HLR
GGSN
Gr
RNC
Gi
G
a
Gn
CG
Gf
Iu
SGSN
Gb
EIR
BSC
Gs
Gp
GGSN
MSC/VLR
Gd
SMS- GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
Fig 1.1-1
1.
Other PLMN
Ge
CAMEL SCF
WCDMA packet domain networking architecture
Iu interface: the interface with RNC implementing the communication function

with RNC.
2.
Gn/Gp interface: the interface between GSN nodes, including interface between
SGSNs, and interface between SGSN and GGSN with GTP protocol. The
interface between GSN nodes in the PLMN is the Gn interface, while the
interface between the GSN nodes in other PLMNs is the Gp interface.
3.
Gr interface: the interface with HLR by using SS7 signaling communication.
4.
Gs interface: the interface with MSC/VLR, which is the standard SS7 signaling
interface.
2
Chapter 1 WCDMA Core Network Structure
5.
Ga interface: the interface with charging gateway CG with GTP protocol.
6.
Gd interface: the interface with SMS, implementing the processing of GPRS

short messages.
7.
Ge interface: the interface with CAMEL SCF using SS7 signaling.
8.
Gf interface: the interface with EIR.
9.
Gb interface: the interface with BSC, realizing GSM access.
1.2 Function of each element

1.2.1 SGSN
SGSN
provides
the
MS
mobility
management
and
security
management
(authentication, encryption, and so on) in the UMTS-PS network. It has the session
management function. With this function, it can activate, modify, and delete PDPs
contexts at the MS or PDN side.
SGSN connects to the GGSN through the Gn interface. In this way, it can set up a
channel with GGSN and the external data network (X.25 or IP) through the GPRS
Tunneling Protocol (GTP) for the interconnection between MS and external network.
SGSN connects to the HLR through the Gr interface. During the first attach process of
MS, SGSN may require the HLR to insert the subscription information about the MS.
For example: PDP information (including PDP type, PDP address, QoS level, routing
information, and so on), to SGSN through Gr interface.
SGSN provides SMS bearer function, and supports the MO SMS and MT SMS in the
SGSN.
SGSN provides two routing modes: static and dynamic.
SGSN has the CDR collection function, and can transfer the charging information to
CG through the Ga interface.
The major functions of ZXWN SGSN are as follows:
1.
Network access control: SGSN interacts with HLR to acquire the subscription
information about the subscriber, and controls whether the user can access the
packet-based network through authentication.
TN_BT004_E1_0
2.
Packet routing and transferring: SGSN provides the route lookup function. With
this function, it can look up IP address information about SGSN, RNC, and so
on, to route the uplink and downlink datagrams.
3.
Mobility management: SGSN implements functions related to the location of

MS, such as Attach, route update, paging, and relocation. Mobility management
is one of the major functions of SGSN.
4.
Logical link management: This function is available when SGSN provides the
Gb interface. It implements functions between the PCUs on the BSC, including
link management, link backup, load sharing, and so on.
5.
Radio resource management: SGSN works with RNC and BSC to implement the
radio resource management function, for example, traffic control.
6.
Network management: It implements functions such as SGSN configuration,

performance analysis, and control and management of the radio network.
1.2.2 GGSN
GGSN is one of the NEs introduced to enable the 3G network to provide packet-based
data service. It provides routing and encapsulation functions for the packets between
the 3G network and the external network. It can be considered as the routing device in
3G network that connects with the external data network. Which GGSN is selected by
the user as a gateway is determined during the activation of the PDP contexts according
to the subscription information about the user and the Access Point Name (APN)
requested by the user.
ZXWN GGSN complies with 3GPP R4 protocol and the related technical
specifications released by the Ministry of Information Industry. In this way, it meets the
CN requirements defined by 3GPP, keeps compatibility with the GPRS system, and
takes the current state of the mobile services into consideration.
The major functions of ZXWN GGSN are as follows:
1.
Interfacing external IP packet-based network: GGSN provides the gateway

function for the MS to access the external packet-based network. From the angle
of the external network, GGSN functions like a router that can route packets to
all the user IP addresses in the GPRS network.
2.
GPRS session management: It establishes and disconnects the communications

4
between MS and the external network.

3.
Sending the packets received from the external data network to a proper SGSN
to transfer the packets to MS.
4.
Generating and outputting CDR: It shows the use of the external network by the
user.
1.2.3 DNS
DNS has two functions:
1.
Get the GTP-C IP address of GGSN by using APN sent from SGSN;
2.
Get the GTP_C IP address of old SGSN by using RAI sent from the new SGSN.
1.2.4 CG
In a WCDMA network, the billing information of the packet domain is generated on
SGSN and GGSN. SGSN generates four kinds of Call Detail Records (CDRs), M-CDR,
S-CDR, S-SMO-CDR and S-SMT-CDR, while GGSN generates G-CDR. Due to such
factors as complicated data communications process, long communication time, heavy
billing information (CDRs) generated on GSNs (SGSN and GGSN) that are not required
to permanently maintain the CDRs, GSNs must send the CDRs to the Charging
Gateway Functionality (CGF) for storage. The CDRs are then processed by CGF and
transferred to the billing system (BS). CGF is a logic entity. Physically it can be
provided together with GSN, or form a physical entity independently, a charging
gateway (CG). Its location in the WCDMA network is as shown in Fig 1.2-1.
TN_BT004_E1_0
SMS-GMSC
SMS- IWMSC
E
SM-SC
C
Gd
MSC/VLR
HLR
D
Gs
Iu
R
TE
Gc
Gr
Uu
Iu
MT
UTRAN
Gi
Gn
Gb
TE
MT
R
BSS
Gn
PDN
GGSN
SGSN
Ga
TE
Ga
Gp
Um
CGF
GGSN
SGSN
Gf
Billing
System
EIR
Other PLMN
Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Fig 1.2-1
Location of Charging Gateway in the WCDMA Network
CG is usually connected with GSNs via the WCDMA backbone network, and with the
billing center via the WAN. Via the Ga interface, CG receives M-CDRs, S-CDRs,
S-SMO-CDRs and S-SMT-CDRs from SGSN, and G-CDRs from GGSN, and
generates CDR files by consolidating these CDRs according to the standard. The
billing center obtains these files via the FTP/FTAM interface (or removable media such
as Mobile Originate MO) and implements billing.
In the WCDMA network, the ZXWN CG is the intermediate device located between
the SGSN/GGSN and the BS, equivalent to the preprocessor of BS. Its function is to
mask for the BS the differences of the GSNs from different manufacturers. It provides
a united logic interface and reduces the BS of its processing burden.
The ZXWN CG is designed in compliance with the following protocols:
3GPP TS 32.015:3G call and event data for the Packet Switched (PS) domain
The ZXWN CG implements the following functions:
1.
CDRs generated by GSNs collected in real time;
2.
Buffering the CDRs

6
3.
Preprocessing the CDRs, such as CDR consolidation and filtering, deleting

certain CDR fields, and modifying or adding some CDR fields.
4.
Transferring the CDRs to the BS.
1.2.5 BG
BG is used to connect two PLMNs. It implements the following functions:
1.
Security function. By using firewall and configuring IPsec protocol to provide

security.
2.
Exchanging of routing information: BGP is run here to exchange routing

information between different PLMN, usually BGP is run between different ASs,
every PLMN is one AS.
3.
Billing protocol: Billing protocol is used here to collect bills between different
PLMNs.
Usually BG is implemented on a router.
1.2.6 HLR/AUC
In a 3G network, HLR/AUC serves as the central data processing center, which
processes subscriber data and completes signaling switching with other functional
entities through the No.7 signaling.
ZXWN HLR provides the PLMN with related subscriber information, covering basic
service subscription information, supplementary service subscription information and
location information, about subscribers, and also supports subscriber security
management.
1.2.7 MSC/VLR
When Gs interface is installed, MSC/VLR can support:
SGSN and MSC/VLR relationship establishment and maintenance
GPRS
joint mobility management
Joint IMSI/GPRS attach/detach

Joint location area/routing area updating
Circuit paging coordination function
7
TN_BT004_E1_0
Thus Improve the radio resource utilization ratio.
1.2.8 SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC
After Gd interface is installed, SMS can be sent from GPRS thus reducing the
occupation of SDCCH and impact on voice service of SMS service. Its decided by the
operator to use MSC or SGSN to send SMS.
2 MS Types
There are three kinds of MS:
1.
Type A: Can use packet switch service and circuit switch service at the same time
2.
Type B: Can get attached to GPRS network and GSM network at the same time,
but can not use packet switch service and circuit switch service at the same time,
service is automatically selected
3.
Type C: Can not be attached to GPRS network and GSM network at the same
time, manually selected.
3 Interfaces and Protocols

3.1 PS Communication Interfaces
The major interfaces in the PS domain include Gn/Gp, Iu, Ga, Gs, Gr, Gd, Gi, and Gc,
as shown below.
PDN
Gc
HLR
GGSN
Gr
RNC
Gi
Gn
Ga
Gf
Iu
SGSN
Gb
BSC
Gs
EIR
Gp
GGSN
MSC Server/
VLR
Gd
SMSGMSC
SMS-IWMSC
Fig. 3.11
CG
Other
PLMN
Ge
CAMEL SCF
Network Entity Interfaces in the PS Domain
3.2 Introduction to the interfaces

3.2.1 Iu-PS Interface
3.2.1.1 Overview
The Iu interface stays between MSCS/MGW/SGSN and the RNC. The interface
between MSCS/MGW and RNC is called Iu-CS. The interface between SGSN and
RNC is called Iu-PS.
The Iu interface has the following functions:
1.
Setting up, maintaining, and releasing RAB.
2.
Inter-system and inter-system changeover and SRNS relocation.

11
TN_BT004_E1_0
3.
Supporting cell broadcast.
4.
User independent common management process.
5.
User signaling management.
6.
Transferring NAS signaling messages between the user and the CN.
7.
Supporting the LCS.
8.
Supporting the access to different CN domains by the user.
9.
Security function.
3.2.1.2 Specific Protocol Layers

The Iu-PS interface transfers signaling data through SCCP. AAL5 is used to bear
control plane data and user plane packets. Fig 3.2-1 shows the protocol layers of the
Iu-PS interface, where the layer-2 and layer-3 protocol stack of the signaling part
adopts SSCOP->SSCF-NNI->MTP3-B instead of IP->SCTP->M3UA.
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
RANAP
Iu UP Protocol
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
M3UA
MTP3-B
GTP-U
SCTP
SSCF-NNI
SSCF-NNI
UDP
IP
SSCOP
IP
AAL5
AAL5
ATM
ATM
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Fig 3.2-1 Protocol Layers of the Iu-PS Interface

12
Chapter 3
Interfaces and Protocols
RANAP stays at the bottom of the network layer. It is the user of the transport-layer
SCCP. It provides the signaling transfer function for the Iu_PS service and resource
management function for the Iu interface.
SCCP runs on MTP3(B) or M3UA protocol stack. It offers connection-oriented and
connectionless data transfer services.
SSCF-NNI assists the SSCOP in implementing the link-layer functions, including link
setup, data transfer, and signaling link error monitoring, and so on. SSCF-UNI
coordinates between the services requested by the layer-3 signaling user and the
services that can be offered by SSCOP. It implements primitive mapping between the
upper and lower protocol modules. In this case, the service users of layer 3 are
independent of the SSCOP module.
SSCOP is used to set up a connection over a PVC for reliable transferring of signaling
messages. It works with SSCF and LM to implement the link-layer functions.
3.2.2 Gn/Gp Interface

3.2.2.1 Overview
Gn/Gp is the interface between GSNs. The Gn interface stays between two GSNs in the
same PLMN and the Gp interface stays between two GSNs in different PLMNs.
3.2.2.2 Specific Protocol Layers
Gn and Gp interfaces use the GTP for communication. Fig 3.2-2 shows the protocol
layers of the Gn/Gp interface. The major signaling of Gn interface is GTP signaling,
which is borne over the UDP. UDP is borne over the IP layer. The major GTP signaling
includes path management signaling, location management signaling, tunnel
management signaling, and mobility management signaling.
GTP
GTP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L1
L1
Gn or Gp
GSN
Fig 3.2-2
GSN
Protocol Layers of the Gn/Gp Interface

13
TN_BT004_E1_0
1.
L1/L2: Protocol related with the bottom-layer transmission network. The

bottom-layer transmission network might be ATM, Ethernet, DDN, ISDN and
FR.
2.
UDP/IP: Used for routing in the backbone network.
3.
GTP protocol: GPRS Tunnel Protocol. It is the core of the Gn/Gp protocol.
GTP packets transmitted via the Gn/Gp interface include data packets and signaling
packets. GTP signaling packets requires reliable transmission and has a retransmission
mechanism. Within the specified period, if no reply is received from the peer end, the
transmit terminal will retransmit the packets until a reply is received or until the
retransmitted data reaches the specified number. GTP data packets do not have the
retransmission mechanism. The loss of data packets is transparent for GGSN.
3.2.3 Gi Interface
Gi is the interface between PLMN and external PDN. Through the Gi interface, CN
connects with external PDN, and GGSN allows the user to directly access the public
network through direct connection or the NAT technology or to access the servers or
terminals inside an enterprise network through the tunneling or VPN technology.
3.2.4 Gc Interface
3.2.4.1 Overview
Gc is the interface between GGSN and HLR. It uses MAP and is optional. In case of
reverse PDP activation, the Gc interface is used to acquire the SGSN address of the MS
to implement PDP context activation initiated by the network. Gc interface is borne
over by SS7. (If the Gc interface is not configured, in case of reverse PDP activation,
GGSN indirectly acquires the SGSN address of MS from SGSN with the GTP-MAP
conversion function through GTP protocol.)
Gc interface can be E1, T1, or FE, depending on the networking requirement. Different
interface boards can be used for reliable networking.
3.2.4.2 Signaling of Various Layers of Gc Interface
Fig 3.2-3 shows the signaling of various layers of Gc interface.
14
Chapter 3
MAP
MAP
TCAP
TCAP
SCCP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP3
MTP2
MTP2
L1
L1
Gc
GGSN
Fig 3.2-3
HLR
Gc Interface Protocol Structure
L1: Physical bearer.

MTP2: Implement the link-level function of the narrowband SS7, manage and maintain
the SS7 links, and transfer the SS7 messages. The database configures the one-to-one
corresponding relationship between the links and the processing modules. The link
management and message transmission is only directly related to the configured MTP3
module.
MTP3: Signaling Message Handling (SMH) and signaling network management. The
SMH function includes message routing and message distribution. The signaling
network management is to update the route and ensure reliable message transmission in
cooperation with other signaling points in the network if a failure occurs to the
network.
Signaling network management is classified into three parts: Signal service
management, signal link management and signal route management. The network
management has its own message format and coding scheme. If a signaling link or a
signaling point fails on the signaling network, the signaling management can take
actions and process necessary signals to maintain the signaling service and recover
normal signaling conditions.
SCCP: Transmit signaling messages between any two signaling points transparently.
The two nodes can be in a SS7 network, or can be in different SS7 networks
respectively.
SCCP
functions
include:
Routing
control
function
(SCRC),
connection-oriented control function (SCOC), connectionless function (SCLC) and

management (SCMG).
15
TN_BT004_E1_0
TCAP: Accept the request for operation and invoke (including operation codes and
parameters) from local TC subscribers and accept the components of remote operation
& invoke results (the session). It establishes session for the communication (request
operation & invoke, return the operation & invoke result) between the TC subscribers
at both ends. It maps session handling into service handling, packetizes the components
(operation & invoke request and result) and the information of TC subscribers as the
messages that the SCCP can transmit, and interacts with the SCCP via the N primitive.
The operation & invoke request and result as well as subscriber information are
transmitted transparently.
It manages its own invoke ID, session ID, and service ID, provides the function of
syntax analysis, and provides the Abort reason for upper-layer TC subscriber. After
receiving the TR request from the CSL sub-layer, the TSL sub-layer assigns a service
ID, and sends the service ID via the N primitive. After receiving the message from
SCCP, it sends the message to the CSL sub-layer via the TR primitive. If the SCCP
does not provide a transfer service, the TCAP informs the TC subscribers of the reason.
3.2.5 Ga Interface
3.2.5.1 Overview
Ga interface is the standard interface between GSN and Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN). GSN and GGSN can output CDRs to the GGSN unit of other equipment
suppliers via the Ga interface. Alternatively, GGSN sends files to GGSN of other
equipment suppliers through internal negotiation. Ga interface can mainly be FE
interface, or can be E1, ATM, FE, or GE. Different interface boards can be used for
networking according to actual condition.
3.2.5.2 Signaling of Various Layers of Ga Interface
Fig 3.2-4 shows the signaling of different layers of Ga interface.
16
Chapter 3
GTP
GTP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L1
L1
Ga
GSN
CG
Fig 3.2-4 Ga Interface Protocol Structure
1.
L1/L2: Protocol related with the bottom-layer transmission network. The

bottom-layer transmission network might be ATM, Ethernet, DDN, ISDN and
FR.
2.
UDP/IP: Used for routing in the backbone network.
3.
GTP: GTP can be scaled to transfer billing data between GSN and GGSNF.
The data transmission and control method in Ga interface is the same as that in the
Gn/Gp interface.
3.2.6 Gr Interface
3.2.6.1 Overview
The interface between SGSN and HLR is the Gr interface. It is used to switch the
location information of the mobile subscribers to facilitate the management of the
subscribers. SGSN reports to HLR the current location of the mobile subscribers, and
the HLR transfers all the subscribed data of the subscribers to SGSN. When the
subscribers need a special service, and hope to change their subscribed data or the
subscribed data of the subscribers is changed, this switching happens. The signaling of
this interface is MAP, and the transmission adopts E1 2Mbps trunk.
3.2.6.2 Introduction to Interface Layers
The structure of Gr interface is shown inFig 3.2-5:
17
TN_BT004_E1_0 GPRS principle overview in PS
MAP
MAP
TCAP
TCAP
SCCP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP3
MTP2
MTP2
L1
Gr
SGSN
L1
HLR
Fig 3.2-5 Structure of the Gr Interface Signaling
3.2.7 Gs Interface
3.2.7.1 Overview
In the system, the Gs interface is between MSCS/VLR and SGSN. It is an optional
interface. Gs interface coordinates the interaction between MSCS/VLR and SGSN.
SGSN implements the joint attachment, joint location update and joint deactivation via
the Gs interface. MSCS/VLR uses the UMTS-PS connection via the Gs interface to
send paging, MM message, and other operations. Gs interface implements a series of
functions through bearing the BSSAP+ message. Its key functions are: paging for
non-UMTS-PS services, location update process processing of non-UMTS-PS, alert
service processing of non-UMTS-PS, separation process processing of UMTS-PS/IMSI,
reset processing, MM/MS message processing and error processing.
Layers of the Gs interface are shown in Fig 3.2-6. All messages that pass through the
Gs interface are borne by BSSAP+ signaling. BSSAP+ signaling is borne on SCCP
protocol. The protocol layers of Gs interface are as shown in Fig 3.2-6.
BSSAP+
BSSAP+
SCCP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP3
MTP2
MTP2
L1
L1
Gs
SGSN
MSC/VLR
Fig 3.2-6 Gs Interface

18
Chapter 3 Interfaces and Protocols
3.2.8 Gb interface
3.2.8.1 Overview
Gb interface is between SGSN and BSC. SGSN connects to the base station BSS via
Gb interface, working for MS. The connection between SGSN and MS is established
through the logic control protocol LLC to provide mobility management (location
tracking) and security management. SGSN implements the protocol conversion
between MS and SGSN. That is, the IP protocol used by the backbone network is
converted into SNDCP and LLC protocols, and the MS authentication and registration
functions are provided.
The key functions are data encapsulation/decapsulation function, packet data service
processing, packet data transfer, MS-SGSM data link creation/deletion/modification
process, user signaling management, GSN tunnel management between GSN nodes,
packet segmentation/encapsulation, compression/decompression and encryption/
decryption process. The structure of Gb interface is shown in Fig 3.2-7.
Relay
SNDCP
GTP
UDP/
TCP
LLC
Relay
RLC
MAC
GSM RF
BSSGP
Network
Service
BSSGP
IP
Network
Service
L2
L1 bis
L1 bis
L1
Gb
BSS
SGSN
Fig 3.2-7 Structure of Gb Interface Protocol

The functions of BSSGP protocol are BSSGP packet pre-decoding and the transmission
of LLC frames between SGSN and MS.
The functions of LLC protocol: LLC packet pre-decoding and the transmission of
GMM messages between SGSN and BSS.
NS layer functions: NS SDU transfer, NSVC load sharing, NS-VC management and
congestion monitoring and restoring.
FR layer functions: Delineation of frames, frame multiplexing/demultiplexing through
19
TN_BT004_E1_0 GPRS principle overview in PS
the address field of the header (DLCI), frame error detection (without error correction),
fault performance management entity, flow control, FR PVC management entity, and
monitoring PVC status.
20

GPRS Principle Overview in PS: Objectives

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GPRS principle overview in PS

WCDMA Core Network Structure

Interface and protocols

1 WCDMA Core Network Structure