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Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2013, Article ID 230860, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/230860
Research Article
Dragon Fruit Foliage Plant-Based Coagulant for
Treatment of Concentrated Latex Euent: Comparison of
Treatment with Ferric Sulfate
Juferi Idris,1 Ayub Md Som,2 Mohibah Musa,2 Ku Halim Ku Hamid,2
Radah Husen,3 and Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi2
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Campus, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Sarawak, Malaysia
3
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Campus, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
2
1. Introduction
e Malaysian natural rubber industry has become among
the most important agriculture-based industries in this country. Currently, Malaysia is the third largest natural rubber
(NR) producer in the world [1] with total productions of
natural rubber in 2011 of 996,210 tonnes for both dry and
latex amounted to almost RM 13,278 million [2]. Malaysia
rubber industrys contribution to national exports from
natural rubber, rubber products, hevea wood products, and
other rubber in 2011 amounted RM40.42 billion equivalent
to 5.82% of Malaysias export [3]. Meanwhile, world rubber production and consumption in 2011 were 26,089,000
tonnes and 25,850,000 tonnes, respectively [4]. However, the
euents generated from this industry create a major impact
on the natural environment. It is estimated that in average,
20 tonnes of rubber and 410 thousand litres of euent per
Journal of Chemistry
T 1: e characteristics of concentrated latex euent [1, 513] and regulatory discharge standard limits [14].
Parameters
pH
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total solid (TS)
Suspended solid (SS)
Total nitrogen
Sulfate
Concentrated latex
euent (mg/L)
3.75.5
15007000
350014000
7576
200700
2001800
5002000
6.09.0
20
50
50
5.59.0
50
100
100
2. Experimental
Samples of concentrated latex euent were obtained from
MARDEX Industrial Latex in Perak, Malaysia. e euent
was collected from the process line prior to chemical occulation and sedimentation unit operations within the plant.
e samples collection and storing were based on standard
method for the examination of water and wastewater [32].
pH value and temperature of latex euent were determined
using a portable pH meter (HACH model). Raw concentrated
latex euent is a white-colored suspension at average pH of
7.3 and mainly consists of water.
Journal of Chemistry
106 ,
(1)
Journal of Chemistry
Parameters
pH
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 )
at 20 C
Chemical oxygen demand
Raw concentrated
latex euent
7.3
1527 mg/L
7857 mg/L
Suspended solids
1208 mg/L
Sulfate
1290 mg/L
Ammoniacal nitrogen
101 mg/L
Turbidity
7243 NTU
35
Zeta potential (mv)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
pH
Journal of Chemistry
T 3: Elemental analysis of dragon fruit foliage and comparison with other natural coagulants.
Shelled Moringa seeds [35]
54.8
6.1
8.5
Parameters
C (%)
N (%)
H (%)
(a)
(b)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Removal (%)
Removal (%)
F 2: Floccules (a) before and (b) aer the coagulation process of concentrated latex euent.
0
1
10
11
Latex effluent pH
COD (foliage)
SS (foliage)
Turbidity (foliage)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Dosage (mg/L)
COD (foliage)
SS (foliage)
Turbidity (foliage)
4. Conclusion
Generally, the COD, SS, and turbidity removal percentages
for ferric sulfate were higher than foliage at corresponding
euent pH. However, this was not a true indication of
the relative coagulative eectiveness of the foliage. e
lower removal percentages for foliage were probably due to
increased organic load from biological components of foliage
and subsequently contributed to increased BOD and COD
concentrations in the solution media. e highest recorded
COD, SS, and turbidity removal percentages for foliage
were observed for euent pH 10 at 94.7, 88.9, and 99.7%,
respectively, which were rather impressive considering the
complex chemical nature of the latex euent. As such, it
could be concluded that the foliage showed tremendous
potential as natural coagulant for water treatment purposes.
For this study, since the foliage showed high COD removal
percentages and yet could not reduce the COD concentrations to less than Standard B limit, it is suggested that it
could be used in the pretreatment stage of Malaysian latex
350
300
Concentration (mg/L)
Journal of Chemistry
250
200
150
100
50
0
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Dosage (mg/L)
COD (foliage)
SS (foliage)
COD (ferric sulfate)
SS (ferric sulfate)
Standard A
Standard B
Acknowledgments
e authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, for providing research grant for this study, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Sarawak Campus for facilities, and technical support
and management of MARDEX Industrial Latex Sdn Bhd for
providing the latex euent samples.
References
[1] M. Mohammadi, H. C. Man, M. A. Hassan, and P. L. Yee,
Treatment of wastewater from rubber industry in Malaysia,
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2010.
[2] Departmentof Statistics, Malaysia, Natural Rubber statistics
2011, Malaysia Rubber Board, 2011, http://www.lgm.gov.my/
nrstat/nrstats.pdf.
[3] Department of Statistics, Malaysia and Malaysian Timber
Industry Board (MTIB), Natural Rubber statistics 2011,
Malaysia Rubber Board, 2011, http://www.lgm.gov.my/nrstat/
nrstats.pdf.
[4] International Ruber Study Group (IRGS), Natural Rubber
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[5] R. I. Hutagalung, Use of Carbohydrate Residues in Malaysia,
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[6] P. Tekasakul and S. Tekasakul, Environmental problems related
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