6 Amplification Circuits

6 Amplification Circuits
6.1 Requirements for Amplification

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers
Difference Amplifier, Operation Amplifier
6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Input Resistances, Output Resistance, Offset-Voltage,
Offset-Current, Bias-Current Drift, Transfer Behaviour, Output Voltage Swing,
Gain-Bandwidth-Product, Slew Rate , Common Mode Rejection
6.4 Correction of the Real Behavior

6.4.1 Frequency Behavior
6.4.2 Zero Point Errors

6.4.3 Noise
6.5 Instrumentation Amplifier
6.6 Applications of Inverting Amplifiers
Multiplication, Division, Charge Amplifier,
Schmitt-Trigger, Control Circuits
6.7 Active Filters

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-1
6.1 Requirements to Amplification

defined transfer behaviour:
Linearity
Amplification independent on aging, fluctuations, environment
influence and voltage supply
high input sensitivity
no influence on the measurand: High input resistance
for voltage amplifier very high
for current amplifier very low
stable output: Low output resistance
long life time
low noise
low energy consumption

P. 6-2

Equivalent Circuit and Transfer Characteristic
Negative
Input Eingangsruhestrom
Bias Current
negativer
Input Resistance
Eingangswiderstand
Output Resistance
Une
Ua
positiver
Positive Eingangsruhestrom
Input Bias Current
Ua
+ Uv
Important:
Ouput circuit is galvanically independent
on the input circuit
Saturation
Ud
Saturation
- Uv

Amplification
Ud U p Un
Ua V0 Ud
V0 open loop voltage gain
Real 104 < V0 < 107

Ideal
(Differenzverstrkung)
U CM U p U n
Ud 0 V
Ua VCM UCM
with U CM
U p Un
VCM common mode amplification
Ideal 0
(Gleichtaktverstrkung)
Total Amplification
U a V0 U d VCM U CM
V0
with
104 107
VCM
P. 6-4

Principle of the Difference Amplifier
Ube1= Ube2
Ic1= Ic2
UA1= UA2
Ube1> Ube2
Ic1>> Ic2
UA1>> UA2

P. 6-5

Simple Amplifier
Difference Amplifier
Output stage

P. 6-6

Integrated Standard Operation Amplifier xx741 (Principle)
Difference Amplifier
Current Mirror
Second Amplification Stage

Output Stage
P. 6-7

Integrated Standard Operation Amplifier xx741 (Principle)

P. 6-8

Small Signal Equivalent Circuit of an Op-Amps(1)
Offset Voltage
Difference Input Resistance
uCM VCM
rCM
Input Bias Currents
rCM
Common Mode Input Resistances

Output Resistances
P. 6-9

Data Sheets
P. 6-10

Data Sheet OPA 365 [Texas Instruments]
2.2V, 50MHz, Low-Noise, Single-Supply Rail-to-Rail
Rail-To-Rail-inputs
Input voltages are amplified until the level of the supply voltage distortion-free

P. 6-11

uCM
VCM
uCM
VCM
rCM
Differential Input Resistance

(Differenzeingangswiderstand)
rE
uD
1
(i P i N )
2
u
CM
Common Mode Input Resistance rCM
1
(i P i N )
(Gleichtakteingangswiderstand)
rCM
rE 1G ... 100T (ideal )
rCM 1M ... 1T (ideal )
Output Resistance
(Ausgangswiderstand )
rA
uA
i A u
rA 2 ... 100 (ideal 0)

D const.

P. 6-12

Common Mode Input Resistances RGlP RGlN
(Gleichtakteingangswiderstnde)
Ip
Input Bias Current (Eingangsruhestrme):

(typ. 1 nA...500 nA)
IP = Ib+IO mit Ib Bias Current
RCMN
UO
=
ud
IN = Ib- IO IO Offset Current (typ. 20 fA...20 nA)
+
ue
Ri
- = kue
In
RCMP
ua
Ib 50 fA (FET); Ib 1 A (Bipolar)
P. 6-13

Differential Input Voltage (Differenz-Eingangsspannung):
Ud (typ. 3V.... 30 V)
Common Mode Input Voltage
(Gleichtakteingangsspannung):
UCM (typ. 13V... 16V )
Input voltage relative to ground
+VCC
Output Voltage Swing (Ausgangsspannungshub):

UAmax (typ. 27 V.... 32 V)
Maximal value of the output voltage without
amplitude limitation
Rail-to-Rail
output voltage swing next the voltage supply VCC

-VCC
P. 6-14

Input-Offset Voltage U0 (Offset-Spannung):
(typ. 0,5 V... 5 mV)
Voltage between difference inputs, so that
the output voltage 0V is reached
Ip
RCMN
UO
=
ud
+
ue
Ri
- = kue
Ua (Ud U0 ) 0V
In
RCMP
ua
maximal output voltage

P. 6-15

Offset Voltage Drift (Offsetspannungsdrift):
(typ. 0,01 V/C ... 15 V/C)
U0
UO
U
U
O UV O t
UV
t
Input Current Drift (Eingangsstromdrift):

(typ. 10 fA/C ... 1 A/C)
[OPA 365, TI]
ip , i n
UN const.,U p const.
Different behaviour compared to A 741 (see Page 13)

P. 6-16

U A ( )
V0
G( )
U D ( )

Corresponds to the complex amplification
1 j 1 j
1
2
f1 10 Hz
Transfer Function
20 dB / Decade

f2 5 MHz
P. 6-17

Feedback (Closed Loop)
xe
k
xg
kg
xa
xa k ' xe xg k ' xe k g xa
1
k'
xe
x
xa
e
'
1
1 k kg
kg
'
k
1
xe fr k '
kg
Advantages:
Smaller amplification, but just dependent on kg if k is sufficently high
Selection of stabile circuit elements
independence on changes of amplifier properties
Band width (Frequenzbereich) becomes higher.
Input resistance of voltage Amplifiers
Output resistance
and by Current Amplifiers
by voltage output and and

by current output
P. 6-18

Feedback (Closed Loop)
Amplification
Amplification
k'
Amplification of the
system with feed
back
'
1 k kg
k'
1 k 'k g

Professur
Chair
for Measurement
fr Mess- undand
Sensortechnik
Sensor Technology
fg' 1 k 'kg
P. 6-19

Gain-Bandwidth-Product (Verstrkungs-Bandbreite-Produkt ): GBW
(typ. 0.8 MHz..3 MHz)
In the sector in which the amplification is sinking with 20 dB/Dekade, the product of
frequency and corresponding amplification is constant.
GBW V0 fg 0

P. 6-20
Slew Rate (Maximale Anstiegssteilheit):

SWR (typ. 0.5 V/s...50 V/s)
SWR is the maximum possible change of
the output voltage pro Time Unit
u A
SWR
t max

P. 6-21

Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(Gleichtaktunterdrckung ): CMRR
(typ. 80dB...120dB)
Proportion of the open voltage gain to
the common mode gain
V
CMR 20 lg
VCM
80120 dB
Supply Voltage Rejection (Betriebsspannungsunterdrckung ): SVR

(typ. -60dB..-100dB)
Proportion of the offset voltage change related to the changes of the voltage supply
Signal-Noise-Ratio: SNR
P. 6-22

Families of Op-Amps

P. 6-23

Ideal Amplifier
is a useful Model for amplification circuits
Ie
Ie 0
Ue 0
any Ia, Ua are possible
Ue
Ua
very high difference

amplification
High input resistance

Re
Common mode amplification

VGl 0
low output resistance

Ra 0
no cut-off frequency
P. 6-24

Frequency Behaviour
Open Loop Amplification
Ua
20 lg
Ue
fg cut-off frequency
20 dB / Decade
ideal behaviour
real behaviour

fT
k'
k0'
f
1 j
fg
P. 6-25

Frequency Behaviour
Frequency Behaviour
Correction
Smaller gain band width product

Slew-Rate reduction

P. 6-26

Frequency Behaviour
f1
Real amplifier
Many amplification stages
k'
k0'
f
f
f
1 j f 1 j f 1 j f
1
2
3
|j| > 180

Oscillation
P. 6-27

Frequency Behaviour
Closed loop
lower amplification
more band width
v1 fg1 v10 fg10

v100 fg100 fT
For every amplification level, a different compensation is necessary

A transimpedance amplifier is a special amplifier with very high band width and
a variable amplification
P. 6-28

Zero Point Error
How can we treat offset voltages and input bias currents?
Ip
ReN
UO
=
ud
Ri
ue
In
= kue
ua
ReP
Application of the superposition principle
Example: u/u amplifier

P. 6-29

Zero Point Error
Superposition Principle
The reaction on every source of errror is considererd alone:
...... additionally available voltage sources are short-circuited
...... additionally available current sources are broken
The results are added to each other
Ip
UO
Rq
Ri
ue
Uq
= kue
IR
R1
In
ug
ua
R2
P. 6-30

Zero Point Error
Influence of Off-Set Voltage
Ip
UO
Rq
Ri
ue
Uq
IR
= kue
R1
ua
ku
In
ug
R2
Uq 0, I p In 0
Input Mesh:
UO Ug 0

Ua (UO )
R1 R2
UO
R2
P. 6-31

Zero Point Error
Influence of Input Bias Current
Ip
UO
Rq
Ri
ue
Uq
- = kue
IR
R1
ug
In
Influence of Ip
R2
Uq 0, UO 0, In 0
Ua (I p )
Input Mesh: Ip flows over Rq

Influence of In
ua
R1 R2
Rq I p
R2
Uq 0, UO 0, I p 0
In flows to the node between R1 und R2
Input Mesh:
Ug 0
Ug In IR R2
In IR
Ua (In ) R1 In
P. 6-32

Ip
Zero Point Error
UO
Rq
=
ue
Uq
Ri
- = kue
IR
R1
In
ug
ua
R2
Superposition principle
Ua (Uq ,UO ,I p ,In )
R1 R2
R2
R R
Uq UO Rq I p 1 2 In
R1 R2
Compensation for Rq=R1R2

Ua
R1 R2
R R2
Uq UO Rq I p In 1
Uq UO Rq IO
R2
R2
P. 6-33

Zero Point Error
Noninverting Amplifier
Input bias currents flowing through the resistances at the input are acting like an off-set voltage
If the resistances are equal to each other, no difference voltage is amplified
Rq
UE
RDn Rq
R RG
Ua T
Ue
RG

P. 6-34

Zero Point Error
Inverting Amplifier
R
Ua (UO ) 1 G UO
RE
The Offset voltage is not amplified!
Ua (In ) RGIn
Ie
Ip over RDp has a similar influence to UO
Iq
Rq
RDp
RG
RDpIp RgIn
Ua (Ip ,In ) 1
Rq
RDp

RGRq
Rq RG
Ua (Ip ,In ) RgIO
P. 6-35

Noise
Reduction of the Signal-toNoise- Ratio

P. 6-36
6.5 Instrumentation Amplifier (1)

... Is a precision amplifier
with difference input and
an output related to the ground
Subtraction
R4
V
R3
R4
i1
R2 R3 R4

V
R1 R2 R3
R3
-
u1
+
u2
R1
ua
R2
R1 R3
R2 R4
R4
V
R3
But a high input impedance is not easy to realise!

P. 6-37

Impedance converter for amplification of difference voltages
For example for Bridges
R2
U a U 2 U1
R1
Amplification changes only by changing two resistances!
P. 6-38

Impedance Converter
U1 U2
IR1
R1
V1' IR1 R1 R2 U2
V2' U2 IR1 R2
Ua V2' V1'
Ua IR1 R1 2R2
2 R2
U 2 U1
U a 1
R1

P. 6-39
6.6 Applications of Inverting Amplifier
Multiplication
1
2
2
u1 u2 u1 u2 u1 u2
4
u1
u2
Xk
ua
ua k u1 u2
e. g. Thermal Transducer
P. 6-40
Division
ig
Rg
Xk
i1
ug
R1
u2
u1
ua
ug k uau2
ug
kuau2
u1
ig
i 1
Rg
Rg
R1
Rg
ug
u1
R1
ug
Rg
u1
ua
k u2
k R1 u2
P. 6-41

Realisation of arithmetic operations by closed loop
ig kG ua
(Generalization)
ig
ig ie
k
G
ie
ig kG ua
ua k 'ie
'
+
ua
ua k 'ie
k'
IU
1
ie
kG
1
kG
The amplification in the forward direction should be always the

inverse operation to the element in the feedback
Forward Amplification
Feedback Amplification
divide
Multiply
square root
square
integrate
differenciate
logarithmize
exponentiate
P. 6-42

Charge Amplifier for Piezoelectric Sensors
Q kF
++++
-- --
F pA
[As]
Q Charge
F Force
k Transfer Faktor
[N]
F
Uq
F0
Electric polarized Crystals,

e.g. SiO2 (Quarz
Uq0
t
tq = RqCq
~1 s
Output voltage should be integrated!

43

Charge Amplifier
Charge
Q ( t ) i ( t )d t
i (t )
dQ ( t )
du ( t )
C A
dt
dt
u A (t )
1
Q (t )
C
Problem: Input bias currents will be also integrated!

P. 6-44

Regulator Circuits (1)
P-Regulator Simple Amplifier
I-Regulator
Integration
PI-Regulator
Rg
ie R
e
ue
Cg
ua
Rg
1
ue
ue dt
Re
ReCg
ua

P. 6-45

Regulator Circuits (2)
PID- Regulator
Rg
ie
ue
Re
Ce
Cg
ua
Rg Ce
due
1
ua
u RgCe
ue dt
R C e
dt ReCg
g
e

P. 6-46

Time Domain
Xa (t ) Xe (t ) g(t )
g(t ) h(t )
t
g(t ): pulse response
h(t ) : Step response
Frequency Domain
Transfer Function
G( p) (g(t ))
X a ( p) ( X a (t ))
X e ( p) ( X e (t ))
Xa ( p) G( p) Xe ( p)
1
G( p)
h(t ) 1
p 2j
pt
x
(
t
)
e
dt
a
pt
x
(
t
)
e
dt
e
0
G( p) p t
e dt
p
j
Frequency Response (Fourier-Transformed)
F( j) g(t ) e jt dt Fourier(g(t ))
47

Realisation of Defined Transfer Functions (1)
Example: Dynamic Correction of Linear Systems
xe(t)
xa(t)
F(P)
1/F(P)
sensor
xe(t)= xa(t)
* g(t)
dynamic
correction
System of First Order
x e (t )
t:
1
xa t x a
k
Time constant
xe (t ) xa (t t ) dt xa (t ) * g (t )
0
Transfer Function:
g(t ) L11/ F (P )
System of Second Order
1
2
1
x e (t ) x a
x a 2 xa
k
0
0
: Attenuation ratio
0: Angular frequency
of non attenuated oszillation
48

Short Circuit Kernel Impedance
I2
U1
Zk
Short Circuit Kernel Impedance Short Circuit Kernel Impedance

Zg
virtual ground
ie
Ze
ue
+
ua
Zg
ua
ue
Ze
49

Circuit
Short Circuit Kernel Impedance

s=p
50
51

Low pass filter
Transfer Function
1
1
R1C
1
p
R2C
Transfer Function
PID-Regulator
t
R2
R2C
U
1 e
R1
Transfer Function
1
1
p
p
R
C
R
C
2 2
1 1
R2C2
p
Transfer Function
1
1
(t )
U R2 C1
t
R1C1R2C2
R1C1 R2C2
52

53
6.7 Active Filters

Filter: Circuit with a frequency dependent frequency response
Low pass
Pass Band
Attenuation Band
High pass
Band pass
Notch
Passive Filter: R, L, C - Filter
Active Filter: Op-Amps, No Inductivities
sperr
54
6.7 Active Filters

Properties of real filters
Ripple in the pass band
Ripple in the attenuation band
Cut-off frequency: decay of the modulus by
1
2
(3dB)
55
6.7 Active Filters
Low pass- Filter 1st order

R
C
Ue
Ua
G( p)
1
1 RCp
One negative Pol
Transfer Function of a Filter of order n

G( p)
A0
n
1 ci p i
i 1

ci
n
real Filter-Coefficients
Order of the filter
n negative pols
P. 6-56
6.7 Active Filters

Low pass filter
High pass filter
Active filter
57
6.7 Active Filters

Properties of different filter types
Gau (1):
flat amplitude characteristic
Bessel (2):
Optimal Transfer of square pulses for f < fg

group delay time indipendent on , low ripple.
Butterworth (3):
Amplitude characteristic optimized for f < fg, constant.
Tschebyscheff (4): Filter with riple e = 0,5 dB
Group delay time
t gr
Normed group delay time
g
Tgr
t gr
2
58
6.7 Active Filters

Amplitude characteristic of active Filter of 4th Order
59
6.7 Active Filters
4. Ordnung
1 RC with critical damping
2 Bessel
3 Butterworth
4 Tschebyscheff with 3 dB ripples
Butterworth
maximal constant
frequency response
10. Ordnung

P. 6-60
6.7 Active Filters
1 RC with critical damping

2 Bessel
3 Butterworth
4 Tschebyscheff with 3 dB ripples
Bessel
Group delay time
independent on frequency
in the pass Band

P. 6-61
6.7 Active Filters

Active Filter 2nd Order
G(S)
S
Multiple feedback
A0
1 a1S a2S 2
p
j
g g
G(S)
R2 R1
R2R3
S 2gC1C2R2R3S 2
1 gC1 R2 R3
R1
Comparison of Coefficients A0 R2
R1
R2R3
a1 gC1 R2 R3
R1
a2 g2C1C2R2R3
62
6.7 Active Filters

Active Filter 2nd Order
A0
G(S)
1 a1S a2S 2
R2
A0
R1
RR
a1 gC1 R2 R3 2 3
R1
a2 g2C1C2R2R3
Capacitance values are given
R1
R2
A0
C2 4a2 1 A0
C1
a12
a1C2 a12C22 4C1C2a2 1 A0

R2
4fgC1C2
a2
R3
4 2fg2C1C2R2
63
6.7 Active Filters

Sallen-Key-Filter
- For analoge filters 2nd Order
- Low pass filter, high pass filter and band pass filter are possible with the same
structure
- Notch und Cauer-Filter are not possible
Low pass
High pass
Band pass
Z1 = R1
Z2 = open
Z3 = 1/s C1
Z4 = R2
Z5 = 1/s C2
Z1 = 1/s C1
Z2 = open
Z3 = R1
Z4 = 1/s C2
Z5 = R2
Z1 = R1
Z2 = open
Z3 = 1/s C1
Z4 = 1/s C2
Z5 = R3 // C3
64
6.7 Active Filters

General
Low pass
High pass
Band pass
6.7 Active Filters

Positive Feed Back Low Pass Amplifier 2nd Order
Transfer function
A0
G(S)
1 a1S a2S 2
Amplification is hold on a
specific value
A0
A1 g C1R1 R2 1 R1C2
a2 g2C1C2R2R3
P. 6-66
6.7 Active Filters

Positive Feed Back Low Pass Amplifier 2nd Order
Special case:
Fr R1=R2=R3=R und C1=C2=C
A0
R3 ( 1)
a1 gRC1
a2 gRC
Critic
Damping
1,0
BesselFilter
ButterworthFilter
1,268
1,856
Tschebyscheff-Filter
with 1 dB ripple
1,955
defines the filter typ

67
6.7 Active Filters

Positive Feedback High Pass Filter

P. 6-68
6.7 Active Filters

Band Pass Filter with a Simple Positive Feed Back
Resonance frequency
(Extreme low damping)
fr
1
2 RC
k
3k
Amplification at fr
Ar
Performance of rejection
f
1
Q r
f 3 k
69
6.7 Active Filters

Aktives Doppel-T-Sperrfilter, Notch-Filter
Resonance frequency
(unfinite barrier effect)
fr
1
2 RC
Amplification
A0 k
Performance of rejection
f
1
Q r
f 2 (2 k )
70

6 Amplification Circuits

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

6 Amplification Circuits

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

6 Amplification Circuits

6.1 Requirements for Amplification

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

6.4 Correction of the Real Behavior

6.4.2 Zero Point Errors

6.7 Active Filters

6.1 Requirements to Amplification

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers

Real 104 < V0 < 107

VCM common mode amplification

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers

Second Amplification Stage

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.2 Structure of Amplifiers

Input Bias Currents

Common Mode Input Resistances

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Differential Input Resistance

rE 1G ... 100T (ideal )

rCM 1M ... 1T (ideal )

rA 2 ... 100 (ideal 0)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Input Bias Current (Eingangsruhestrme):

IN = Ib- IO IO Offset Current (typ. 20 fA...20 nA)

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Output Voltage Swing (Ausgangsspannungshub):

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

maximal output voltage

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Input Current Drift (Eingangsstromdrift):

[OPA 365, TI]

Different behaviour compared to A 741 (see Page 13)

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

and by Current Amplifiers

by voltage output and and

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Slew Rate (Maximale Anstiegssteilheit):

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Supply Voltage Rejection (Betriebsspannungsunterdrckung ): SVR

6.3 Real Behaviour of Amplifiers

Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun