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does not provide the optimum use of resources. mitigate the effect of fast channel and
With TDD products, operators are capable of interference fluctuation. The systems can
adjusting downlink and uplink ratios based on detect the mobile speed and automatically
their service needs in the networks. switch between different types of resource
In addition, TDD is inherently better suited to blocks, called sub channels, to optimally
more advanced antenna techniques such as support the mobile user. Furthermore, HARQ
Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) or Beam helps to overcome the error of link adaptation
forming (BF) than FDD due to the channel in fast fading channels and to improve overall
reciprocity between the uplink and downlink. performance with its combined gain and time
Mobile Internet with increased multimedia diversity.
services naturally requires the use of advanced
antenna techniques to improve capacity and E. Frequency Reuse One and Flexible
coverage. Frequency Reuse
From the operators’ perspective, securing
C. Advanced Antenna Techniques (MIMO greater frequency spectrum for their services is
and BF) always costly. Naturally it is in their best
Various advanced antenna techniques have interest if a technology allows decent
been implemented in the mobile WiMAX performance in the highly interference-limited
Release 1 profile to enable higher cell and user conditions with frequency reuse one. Mobile
throughputs and improved coverage. As a WiMAX technology was designed to meet this
matter of fact, mobile WiMAX was the first goal in a respectable way with its cell-specific
commercially available cellular technology sub channelization low rate coding and power
that actually realized the benefits of MIMO boosting and deboosting features. It also
techniques promised by academia for years. enables real-time application of flexible
With its downlink and uplink MIMO features, frequency reuse where frequency reuse one
both operators and end-users enjoy up to twice applied to terminals close to the cell center
the data rates of Single-Input Single-Output whereas a fraction of frequency is used for
(SISO) rate, resulting in up to 37 Mbps for terminals at the cell edge, thereby reducing
downlink and 10 Mbps for uplink sector heavy co-channel interference.
throughput using just 10 MHz TDD channel
bandwidth. V. KEY MAC FEATURES
Mobile WiMAX also enhances the cell
coverage with its inherent BF techniques. The MAC layer of mobile WiMAX (802.16e)
Coupled with TDD operation, its powerful BF technology includes the following features
mechanism allows base stations to accurately which provide for high efficiency and
form a channel matching beam to a terminal flexibility.
station so that uplink and downlink signals can
reach reliably from and to terminals at the cell A. Connection-based Data Transmission
edge, thus effectively extending the cell range. with Classification and QoS per
D. Full Mobility Support Connection
Full mobility support is another strength of the The WiMAX technology provides an
mobile WiMAX products. The baseline environment for connection-oriented services.
standard of mobile WiMAX was designed to For each service, certain classification rules are
support vehicles at highway speed with specified to define the category of traffic
appropriate pilot design and Hybrid Automatic associated with the connection. For example, it
Repeat Request (HARQ), which helps to could be Internet Protocol (IP) traffic destined
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for a specific IP address/port. For each from the serving base station to scan the
connection, certain QoS parameters are wireless media for neighbor base stations.
defined, for example, the minimum reserved Information collected during scanning such as
rate and maximum sustained rate. There are central frequencies of the neighbor base
several types of scheduling such as real-time stations can then be used in actual handover. In
services that can be applied based on the some deployment scenarios, scanning can be
application requirements. A special scheduling performed without service interruption. For
type (ertPS) is defined for the VoIP service this purpose, information about the central
with silence suppression and adaptive codec. frequency and parameters of the neighbor base
stations is periodically advertised by the
B. Scheduled Transmissions and the serving base station. To shorten the time
Flexible Bandwidth Allocation needed for themobile to enroll into the new
Mechanism cell the network is capable of transferring the
Bandwidth allocation mechanism is based on context associated with the mobile from the
real time bandwidth requests transmitted by serving base station to the target base station.
the terminals, per connection. Bandwidth All of these provide a potential for high
requests may be transmitted using a contention optimization in terms of handover latency.
based mechanism or they can be piggybacked Under ideal conditions the interval of service
with the data messages. The Base Station interruption may be as short as several 5 ms
executes resources allocation based on the frames. The specific handover optimization
requests and QoS parameters of the scheme used in a particular handover depends
connection. on the information available to the mobile.
B. MIMO
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or
MIMO, is the use of multiple antennas at both
the transmitter and receiver to improve
communication performance. It is one of
several forms of smart antenna technology. Figure 6: MIMO +BF
There are two important MIMO types, based
on the number of signals transmitted: MIMO+BF can enhance system coverage and
a. Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) and improve the cell edge user throughput, which
b. Space Multiplexing (SM) reduce network construction and maintenance
costs greatly.
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IX. CONCLUSION: