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History of Persian domes

Persian domes have an ancient origin and a history ex- 2.2 Parthian Empire
tending to the modern era.
The remains of a large domed circular hall measuring 17
meters in diameter in the Parthian capital city of Nyssa
has been dated to perhaps the rst century AD. It shows
the existence of a monumental domical tradition in Cen1 Overview
tral Asia that had hitherto been unknown and which
seems to have preceded Roman Imperial monuments or
Persian domes from dierent historical eras can be distinat least to have grown independently from them.[5] It
guished by their transition tiers: the squinches, spandrels,
likely had a wooden dome.[6]
or brackets that transition from the supporting structures
to the circular base of a dome. Drums, after the Ilka- The Sun Temple at Hatra appears to indicate a transition
nate era, tend to be very similar and have an average from columned halls with trabeated roong to vaulted
height of 30 to 35 meters from the ground. They are and domed construction in the rst century AD, at least
where windows are located. Inner shells are commonly in Mesopotamia. The domed sanctuary hall of the temsemi-circular, semi-elliptical, pointed, or saucer shaped. ple was preceded by a barrel vaulted iwan, a combination
The outer shell of a Persian dome reduces in thickness that would be used by the subsequent Persian Sasanian
every 25 or 30 degrees from the base. Outer shells can Empire.[7]
be semi-circular, semi-elliptical, pointed, conical, or bul- An account of a Parthian domed palace hall from around
bous, and this outer shape is used to categorize them. 100 AD in the city of Babylon can be found in the Life of
Pointed domes can be sub-categorized as having shallow, Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus. The hall was used
medium, and sharp proles, and bulbous domes as either by the king for passing judgments and was decorated with
shallow or sharp. Double domes use internal stieners a mosaic of blue stone to resemble the sky, with images
with wooden struts between the shells, with the exception of gods in gold.[8]
of those with conical outer shells. [1]
A bulbous Parthian dome can be seen in the relief sculpture of the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome, its shape
apparently due to the use of a light tent-like framework.[9]

Pre-Islamic period
2.3 Sasanian Empire

Persian architecture likely inherited an architectural tradition of dome-building dating back to the earliest
Mesopotamian domes.[2] Due to the scarcity of wood in
many areas of the Iranian plateau, domes were an important part of vernacular architecture throughout Persian history.[3]

2.1

Achaemenid Empire

Although they had palaces of brick and stone, the kings of


Achaemenid Persia held audiences and festivals in domical tents derived from the nomadic traditions of central Asia. They were likely similar to the later tents
of the Mongol Khans. Called Heavens, these tents
emphasized the cosmic signicance of the divine ruler.
They were adopted by Alexander the Great after his conquest of the empire, and the domed baldachin of Roman
and Byzantine practice was presumably inspired by this
association.[4]

Ruins of the Sarvestan Palace in Sarvestan, Iran.

The Persian invention of the squinch, a series of concentric arches forming a half-cone over the corner of a room,
enabled the transition from the walls of a square chamber
1

2
to an octagonal base for a dome. Previous transitions to a
dome from a square chamber existed but were makeshift
in quality and only attempted on a small scale, not being reliable enough for large constructions. The squinch
enabled domes to be widely used and they moved to the
forefront of Persian architecture as a result.[10] The ruins
of the Palace of Ardashir and Ghal'eh Dokhtar in Fars
Province, Iran, built by Ardashir I (224240) of the Sasanian Empire, have the earliest known examples.[3]

3 ISLAMIC PERIOD
from the Sasanian period, with some having been converted into mosques. The later isolated dome chambers called the kiosk mosque type may have developed
from this.[3] Pre-Islamic domes in Persia are commonly
semi-elliptical, with pointed domes and those with conical outer shells being the majority of the domes in the
Islamic periods.[17]
Although the Sasanians did not create monumental
tombs, the domed chahar-taqi may have served as memorials. A Soghdian painting fragment from the early eighth
century found at Panjakent appears to depict a funerary
dome (possibly a tent) and this, along with a few ossuaries
of an architectural nature, indicates a possible tradition
in central Asia of a funerary association with the domed
form. The area of north-eastern Iran was, along with
Egypt, one of two areas notable for early developments
in Islamic domed mausoleums, which appear in the tenth
century.[18]

The three domes of the Palace of Ardashir are 45 feet


in diameter and vertically elliptical, each with a central
opening or oculus to admit light.[11] They were built with
local stone and mortar and covered with plaster on the
interior.[12] The large brick dome of the Sarvestan Palace,
also in Fars but later in date, shows more elaborate decoration and four windows between the corner squinches.
Also called the Temple of Anahita, the building may
have been a Fire temple.[12][3] Instead of using a central
oculus in each dome, as at the Palace of Ardashir and as
shown in the bas relief found at Kuyunjik, lighting was
provided by a number of hollow terracotta cylinders set 3
into the domes at regular intervals.[13] Multiple written
accounts from Arabic, Byzantine, and Western medieval
sources describe a palace domed structure over the throne 3.1
of Chosroes decorated in blue and gold. The dome was
covered with depictions of the sun, moon, stars, planets,
the zodiac, astrapai, and kings, including Chosroes himself. According to Ado and others, the dome could produce rain, and could be rotated with a sound like thunder by means of ropes pulled by horses in a basement.[14]
Caravansaries used the domed bay from the Sasanian period to the Qajar dynasty.[3]

Islamic period
Early Islamic period

Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

Ruins of a chahar-taqi in Iran.

Chahar-taqi, or four vaults, were smaller Zoroastrian


re temple structures with four supports arranged in a
square, connected by four arches, and covered by central
ovoid domes. The Niasar Zoroastrian temple in Kashan
and the chahar-taqi in Darreh Shahr are examples.[15]
Such temples, square domed buildings with entrances at
the axes, inspired the forms of early mosques after the
Islamic conquest of the empire in the 7th century.[16]
These domes are the most numerous surviving type

The earliest known Islamic domes in Persia, such as the


Great Mosque of Qom (878) and the tomb of Muhammed
b. Musa (976), seem to have continued the rounded Sasanian form.[19] Domed mausoleums contributed greatly to
the development and spread of the dome in Persia early
in the Islamic period. By the 10th century, domed tombs
had been built for Abbasid caliphs and Shiite martyrs.
Pilgrimage to these sites may have helped to spread the
form.[3]
The earliest surviving example, the Qubbat-al Sulaibiya,
was an octagonal structure with a central dome on a drum
built around 892 in Samarra.[20] Free-standing domed
pavilions are known from Shiraz and Bukhara in the tenth
century.[21] The Samanid Mausoleum in Transoxiana
dates to no later than 943 and is the rst to have squinches
create a regular octagon as a base for the dome, which
then became the standard practice. The Arab-Ata Mausoleum, also in Transoxiana, may be dated to 97778

3.3

The Ilkhanate

and uses muqarnas between the squinches for a more unied transition to the dome. Cylindrical or polygonal plan
tower tombs with conical roofs over domes also exist beginning in the 11th century.[3] The earliest example is the
Gonbad-e Qabus tower tomb, 57 meters high and spanning 9.7 meters, which was built in 1007.[22][20]

3.2

Seljuq dynasty

3
mosque with interlacing ribs forming ve-pointed stars
and pentagons. This is considered the landmark Seljuk
dome, and may have inspired subsequent patterning and
the domes of the Il-Khanate period. The use of tile and
of plain or painted plaster to decorate dome interiors,
rather than brick, increased under the Seljuks.[3] One of
the largest Seljuq domes, built over the site of a Sassanian
Fire Temple, was that of the Jameh Mosque of Qazvin
with a span of 15.2 meters.[26] The largest Seljuq domed
chamber was the Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar, which had a
large double shell, intersecting ribs over plain squinches,
and an exterior elaborately decorated at the zone of transition with arches and stucco work.[3] The tomb of Sultan
Sanjar, who reigned from 1117 to 1157, was damaged in
the sack of Merv in 1221 by Tolui Khan.[19]

3.3 The Ilkhanate

The Jameh Mosque in Isfahan, Iran.

The Seljuq Turks built tower tombs, called Turkish Triangles, as well as cube mausoleums covered with a variety of dome forms. Seljuk domes included conical,
semi-circular, and pointed shapes in one or two shells.
Shallow semi-circular domes are mainly found from the
Seljuk era. The double-shell domes were either discontinuous or continuous. The continuous double-shell domes
separated from one another at an angle of 22.5 degrees
from their base, such as the dome of the Friday mosque
in Ardestan, whereas the discontinuous domes remained
completely separate, such as those of the tower tombs
of Kharrqan.[23] This pair of brick tower tombs from the
11th century in Kharraqan, Iran, are the earliest known
masonry double shell domes. The domes may have been
modeled on earlier wooden double shell domes, such as
that of the Dome of the Rock. It is also possible, because the upper portions of both of the outer shells are
missing, that some portion of the outer domes may have
been wooden.[24] These brick mausoleum domes were
built without the use of centering, a technique developed
in Persia.[25]
The Seljuq Empire introduced the domed enclosure in
front of the mosques mihrab, which would become popular in Persian congregational mosques, although domed
rooms may have also been used earlier in small neighborhood mosques. The domed enclosure of the Jameh
Mosque of Isfahan, built in 1086-7 by Nizam al-Mulk,
was the largest masonry dome in the Islamic world at that
time, had eight ribs, and introduced a new form of corner squinch with two quarter domes supporting a short
barrel vault. In 1088 Tj-al-Molk, a rival of Nizam alMulk, built another dome at the opposite end of the same

The Mausoleum of ljait in Soltaniyeh, Iran.

After the disruptive eects of several Mongol invasions,


Persian architecture again ourished in the Ilkhanate and
Timurid periods. Characteristic of these domes are the
use of high drums and several types of discontinuous
double-shells, and the development of triple-shells and
internal stieners occurred at this time. Beginning in
the Ilkanate, Persian domes achieved their nal conguration of structural supports, zone of transition, drum, and
shells, and subsequent evolution was restricted to variations in form and shell geometry. The construction of
tomb towers decreased.[27]
The two major domes of the IlKhanate period are the
no-longer-existing mausoleum of Ghazan in Tabriz and
the Mausoleum of ljait in Soltaniyeh, the latter having been built to rival the former.[3] ljait was the rst
sovereign of Persia to declare himself of the Shia sect
of Islam and built the mausoleum, with the largest Persian dome, to house the bodies of Ali and Hussein as
a pilgrimage site. This did not occur and it became his
own mausoleum instead.[28] The dome measures 50 meters high and almost 25 meters in diameter and has the
best surviving tile and stucco work from this period. The
thin, double-shelled dome was reinforced by arches between the layers.[3]

3 ISLAMIC PERIOD

Tower tombs of this period, such as the tomb of AbdasSamad Esfahani in Natanz, sometimes have muqarnas
domes, although they are usually plaster shells that hide
the underlying structures. The tall proportions of the
Jameh Mosque of Varamin resulted primarily from the
increased height of the zone of transition, with the addition of a sixteen-sided section above the main zone of
muqarnas squinches.[3] The 7.5 meter wide double dome
of Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum (1351-1352) is the earliest known example in which the two shells of the dome
have signicantly dierent proles, which spread rapidly
throughout the region. The inner and outer shells had radial stieners and struts between them.[29] An early example of a dome chamber almost completely covered
with decorative tilework is that of the Jame Mosque of
Yazd (1364), as well as several of the mausoleums of
Shah-i-Zinda in Samarkand. The development of taller
drums also continued into the Timurid period.[3]

3.4

Timurid dynasty

At the Timurid capital of Samarkand, nobles and rulers


in the 14th and 15th centuries began building tombs
with double-shelled domes containing cylindrical masonry drums between the shells. In the Gur-e Amir, built
by Timur around 1404, a timber framework on the inner
dome supports the outer, bulbous dome. Radial tie-bars
at the base of the bulbous dome provide additional structural support. Timber reinforcement rings and rings of
stone linked by iron cramps were also used to compensate for the structural problems introduced by using such
drums.[30] Radial sections of brick walls with wooden
struts were used between the shells of discontinuous double domes to provide structural stability as late at the 14th
century.[31]

Central Asian and Iranian tradition of tall domes with


glazed tile coverings in blue and other colors.[33] The
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, situated in southern Kazakhstan was never nished, but has the largest existing brick dome in Central Asia, measuring 18.2 m in
diameter. The dome exterior is covered with hexagonal
green glazed tiles with gold patterns.[34]
Mausoleums were rarely built as free-standing structures
after the 14th century, being instead often attached to
madrasas in pairs. Domes of these madrasas, such as
those of the madrasa of Goharshad (1417-1433) and
the madrasa at argerd (1436-1443), had dramatically
innovative interiors. They used intersecting arches to
support an inner dome narrower than the oor below,
a change that may have originated with the 14th century use of small lantern domes over transverse vaulting. The madrasa of Goharshad is also the rst tripleshell dome. The middle dome may have been added as
reinforcement.[3] Triple-shelled domes are rare outside
of the Timurid era. The dome of the Amir Chakhmaq
mosque (1437) has a semi-circular inner shell and an advanced system of stieners and wooden struts supporting
a shallow pointed outer shell. Notably, the dome has a
circular drum with two tiers. Another double shell dome
from the early Seljuq period at the shrine complex of
Bayazid Bastami was changed in the Timurid period by
the addition of a third conical shell over the existing two
domed shells.[35]
The Uzbek architecture of the region around Transoxiana
maintained the Timurid style of dome-building. Where
dome chambers were surrounded by axial iwans and corner rooms on an octagonal plan, as at the Khwaja Abu
Nasr Parsa shrine (ca. 1598), they provided the model
for Indian mausoleums such as Humayuns Tomb in Delhi
or the Taj Mahal. Some of the earliest surviving domed
markets, called tmcs, can be found in Shaybanid-era
Bukhara.[3]

3.5 Safavid dynasty


The domes of the Safavid dynasty (1501-1732) are characterized by a distinctive bulbous prole and are considered to be the last generation of Persian domes. They are
generally thinner than earlier domes and are decorated
with a variety of colored glazed tiles and complex vegetal patterns.[36] The dome of the Blue Mosque in Tabriz
(1465) had its interior covered with dark-blue hexagonal tiles with stenciled gilding.[3] The palace of l
The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Turkistan, Kaza- Qp includes small domed rooms decorated with artikhstan.
cial vegetation.[37]
A miniature painted at Samarkand shows that bulbous
cupolas were used to cover small wooden pavilions in Persia by the beginning of the fteenth century. They gradually gained in popularity.[32] The large, bulbous, uted
domes on tall drums that are characteristic of 15th century Timurid architecture were the culmination of the

The dome of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan (16031618), perhaps the quintessential Persian dome chamber, blends the square room with the zone of transition and uses plain squinches like those of the earlier Seljuq period. On the exterior, multiple levels of
glazed arabesque are blended with an unglazed brick

5
sights in the countryside.[3]

4 References
[1] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 111-113.
[2] Spiers 1911, p. 957.
[3] O'Kane 1995.
[4] Smith 1950, p. 81-82.
[5] Grabar 1963, p. 192.
[6] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 99.
[7] Stronach 1976, p. 623.
[8] Lehmann 1945, p. 250-251.
[9] Smith 1950, p. 82.
[10] Creswell 1915a, p. 148.
[11] Creswell 1915a, p. 149.
[12] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 101.
[13] Creswell 1915a, p. 150.
[14] Lehmann 1945, p. 253.
The Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran.

[15] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 100.


[16] Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005, p. 162.

background. The domes of the Shah Mosque (later renamed the Imam Mosque) and the Mdar-e h madrasa
have a similar exterior pattern against a background of
light blue glazed tile.[3] The bulbous dome of the Shah
Mosque was built from 1611 to 1638 and is a discontinuous double-shell 33 meters wide and 52 meters high.
The oldest example of the Safavid onion dome is over
the octagonal mausoleum of Khwaja Rabi (1617-1622).
Safavid domes were inuential on those of other Islamic
styles, such as the Mughal architecture of India.[38]

[17] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 113.


[18] Grabar 1963, p. 192-194.
[19] Creswell 1915, p. 208.
[20] Tappin 2003, p. 1942.
[21] Grabar 1963, p. 197.
[22] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 103.
[23] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 102, 104, 105, 113.

3.6

Qajar dynasty

[24] Mainstone 2001, p. 124.


[25] Gentry & Lesniewski 2011.

In the Qajar period (1779-1924), the movement to modern architecture meant less innovation in dome construction. Domes were built over madrasas, such as the 1848
Imam madrasa, or Sultani school, of Kashan, but they
have relatively simple appearances and do not use tiled
mosaics.[38] The covered markets or bazaars (tmcs) at
Qom and Kashan feature a central dome with smaller
domes on either side and elaborate muqarnas. An exaggerated style of onion dome on a short drum, as can
be seen at the Shah Cheragh (1852-1853), rst appeared
in the Qajar period. Domes have remained important in
modern mausoleums, such as the tombs of fe, Sad,
Reza Shah, and Ruhollah Khomeini in the twentieth century. Domed cisterns and icehouses remain common

[26] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 102.


[27] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 105, 110.
[28] Creswell 1915, p. 208, 211.
[29] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 106.
[30] Tappin 2003, p. 1942-1943.
[31] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 112.
[32] Born 1944, p. 208.
[33] Peterson 1996, p. 68.
[34] natcom.

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
O'Kane, Bernard (1995), Domes, Encyclopdia
Iranica, retrieved November 28, 2010

[35] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 107-108, 114.


[36] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 102, 108-109.

[38] Ashkan & Ahmad 2009, p. 109.

Peterson, Andrew (1996). The Dictionary of Islamic


Architecture. Abingdon, England: Routledge. ISBN
0-203-20387-9.

Architectural Complex of Khodja Akhmed Yasawi,


Republic of Kazakhstan National Commission for
UNESCO, retrieved September 16, 2009

[37] Grabar 1990, p. 19.

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2009). Persian Domes: History, Morphology, and
Typologies. Archnet-IJAR (International Journal
of Architectural Research) 3 (3): 98115.

Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950). The Dome: A Study in


the History of Ideas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03875-9.

IntroducArchitecSpeculum
208221.

Spiers, R. Phen (1911), Vault, in Chisholm,


Hugh, The Encyclopdia Britannica: A Dictionary
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Creswell, K. A. C. (January 1915). Persian Domes


before 1400 A.D.. The Burlington Magazine for
Connoisseurs (The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.) 26 (142): 146155.

Stephenson, Davis; Hammond, Victoria; Davi,


Keith F. (2005). Visions of Heaven: the Dome in European Architecture (illustrated ed.). Princeton, NJ:
Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898549-7.

Born, Wolfgang (April 1944). The


tion of the Bulbous Dome into Gothic
ture and its Subsequent Development.
(Medieval Academy of America) 19 (2):
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Creswell, K. A. C. (February 1915). Persian


Domes before 1400 A.D. (conclusion)". The
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(2011). Structural Design and Construction of
Brunelleschis Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore.
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doi:10.2307/988190.
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Heaven to Pleasure Dome. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (Berkeley, CA:
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doi:10.2307/990496.
Lehmann, Karl (1945), The Dome of Heaven,
in Kleinbauer, W. Eugne, Modern Perspectives in
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Academy Reprints for Teaching) 25, University of
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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1

Text

History of Persian domes Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes?oldid=669593250 Contributors: Ipigott,


Yobot, AmateurEditor, Wieralee and Tomandjerry211

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