C CDMA20001X Location Area Planning Guideline 20070922 A 2.0

CDMA
Document
Number
Product name
network
planning
and
optimization
Used by
Drafted by
product version
CDMA RNP department
Document version
2.0
CDMA20001X Location Area Planning

Guideline (V2.0)
Prepared by
Reviewed by
Reviewed by
Jiang Wei
CDMA RNP department
CDMA RNP department
Approved by
Date
2006-7-7
Date
2006-7-18
Date
2006-8-17
Date
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved
Revision History
Date
Version
Description
Author
2002-08-26
1.00
Script completed.
Jiang Jindi
2002-09-06
1.01
Revised based on review comments.
Li Yunzhi
2002-12-27
1.02
Jiang Jindi/Li
Yunzhi
2003-06-18
1.03
Jiang Jindi
2003-08-26
1.04
Added the information of Short Message.
Liu Jianguo
2005-06-14
1.05
Changed the descriptions, added the flowchart of

Short Message delivery, added the relationship
between signaling point and LAC, explained that
defining the LAC size is related to paging channel
occupation and BSC processing specification and
capability.
Liu Jianguo
2006-3-6
1.1
Reviewed and modified the whole document.
Jiang Wei
2006-7-7
2.0
2007-9-22
2.0
Added the description of adding the subscriber

number in the LAC.
Reviewed and modified the English document
Jiang Wei
Fu Yingshi
Contents
1 Preface .............................................................................................................................. 3
2 Fundamentals Overview .............................................................................................. 5
2.1 Multi-Carrier Networking Strategies .............................................................................................. 5
2.2 Short Message Delivery Modes ..................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Comparisons of Paging Channel Occupation Among Three Short Message Delivery Modes
....................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.3 Comparisons of SPU Loads Impact on Three Short Message Delivery Modes .................... 7
2.2.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Paging Channel Load ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Messages Sent Over Paging Channel .................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Paging Channel Load for Single Carrier Network .............................................................. 14
2.3.3 Paging Channel Load for Mutli-Carrier Network ............................................................... 16
2.4 Relationship Between REG_ZONE and LAC ............................................................................. 19
3 LAC Planning ............................................................................................................... 21

3.1 LAC Planning Procedure ............................................................................................................. 21
3.2 Selecting Appropriate Networking and Short Message Delivery Modes ..................................... 22
3.2.1 Relationships Between LAC and CIPS, Signaling Point, and BSC .................................... 22
3.2.2 Multi-Carrier Networking Mode ......................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 Short Message Delivery Mode ............................................................................................ 23
3.3 LAC Capacity Planning ............................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1 Capacity Planning Principle ................................................................................................ 24
3.3.2 Capacity Planning Method .................................................................................................. 24
3.3.3 Typical Values ..................................................................................................................... 25
3.4 LAC Boundary Planning .............................................................................................................. 25
3.5 CIPS Planning .............................................................................................................................. 27

3.6 Examples ...................................................................................................................................... 28
3.6.1 Case 1.................................................................................................................................. 28
3.6.2 Case 2.................................................................................................................................. 30
3.6.3 Case 3.................................................................................................................................. 32
4 LAC Optimization ....................................................................................................... 34

4.1 PCH Load Based LAC Optimization ........................................................................................ 34
4.1.1 Optimizing Short Message Delivery Mode ......................................................................... 36
4.1.2 Optimizing Networking Mode ............................................................................................ 36
4.1.3 Splitting LAC ...................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 SPU Load Based LAC Optimization.......................................................................................... 37
4.2.1 Optimizing Short Message Delivery Mode ......................................................................... 38
4.2.2 Optimizing Networking Solution ........................................................................................ 39
4.2.3 Balancing CIPS Traffic ....................................................................................................... 39
4.2.4 Extending CIPS................................................................................................................... 39
4.3 LAC Boundary Zones Optimization ............................................................................................ 40
4.3.1 Coverage Control in the Boundary Zones ........................................................................... 40
4.3.2 Paging Optimization ........................................................................................................... 40
4.3.3 Registration Parameter Optimization .................................................................................. 40
4.4 Example ....................................................................................................................................... 41
4.4.1 Current Situations ............................................................................................................... 42
4.4.2 Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 43
4.4.3 LAC Splitting ...................................................................................................................... 45
4.4.4 Optimization Measures ....................................................................................................... 46
5 Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 47
5.1 LAC Planning and Optimization Tool .......................................................................................... 47
5.1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 47
5.1.2 Description of LAC Planning Tool ..................................................................................... 47
5.1.3 Description of LAC Optimization Tool .............................................................................. 49
5.2 Parameters and Related Commands ............................................................................................. 51
5.2.1 Related Parameters in BSC ................................................................................................. 51
5.2.2 Related Parameters in MSC ................................................................................................ 54
Figures
Figure 2-1 Paging channel load ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 2-2 Relationship between LAC and REG_ZONE .................................................................. 20
Figure 3-1 LAC planning flowchart .................................................................................................. 21
Figure 3-2 Relationship between LAC and CIPS .............................................................................. 22
Figure 3-3 Terrain and BTS distribution in city A ............................................................................. 28
Figure 3-4 LAC boundary split solution 1 in case 1 .......................................................................... 30
Figure 3-5 LAC boundary split solution 2 in case 1 .......................................................................... 30
Figure 3-6 LAC boundary split solution in case 2 ............................................................................. 31
Figure 4-1 Paging channel load based LAC optimization flowchart ............................................... 35
Figure 4-2 Flowchart of SPU load based LAC optimization........................................................... 38
Figure 4-3 BTS distribution and terrain in the Sana urban ................................................................ 45
Figure 4-4 LAC splitting solution in the Sana urban ......................................................................... 46
Tables
Table 2-1 SPU load rise percentages from each short message ........................................................... 7
Table 3-1 Maximum number of carriers in a LAC in the typical scenarios ....................................... 25
Table 3-2 Number of BTSs in CIPS .................................................................................................. 27
Table 3-3 LAC planning tool inputs 1 ............................................................................................... 29
Table 4-1 LAC optimization tool input 1 ........................................................................................... 35
Table 4-2 Number of paging per subscriber estimation tool inputs ................................................... 42
Table 4-3 LAC optimization tool inputs 2 ......................................................................................... 43
Table 4-4 Sana optimization measures .............................................................................................. 46
CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline
For internal use only
Key words: LAC, REG_ZONE, location area, paging, paging channel, LAC
planning, LAC splitting, SPU load, and short message
Abstract: This document provides the LAC planning procedure and methods with
the deployment cases by analyses of the paging channel, short message, multi-carrier
networking, SPU load, and registration process. It also presents the LAC
optimization ideas and suggestions for the existing networks. The LAC planning and
optimization tool has been delivered with this document, which can estimate the
maximum sectors and maximum paging channel load of the LAC.
Abbreviations and acronyms
Acronym
Full name
LAC
Location Area Code
SPU
Signal Processing Unit
Reference documentation
Name
Author
Release date Query location or

channel
CDMA2000 1X
Paging Optimization
Guideline
Liu Jianguo
2005-07-15
Huawei Network
planning knowledge
navigation 20060306
cdma2000 1x
Multi-Carrier
Han Dong
Networking Guideline
2005-12-14
Huawei Network
planning knowledge
navigation 20060306
Analysis of LAC Split

in Sana Urban of
Bing Hao
Yemen CDMA
Network
2005-10-10
Relationship Between
LAC and Paging
Channel, Short
Jiang Wei
Message, and SPU
Load
2005-11-23
cdma2000 Short
Message Delivery
Operation Guideline
2005-01-27
9/2/2014
Wang Hao
Huawei confidential, no spreading without permission
Page i of 60
Introduction to
CDMA1x Location
Area Planning and
Paging Channel
Capacity Estimation
Tools
Liu Jianguo
2003-08-18
Huawei Network
planning knowledge
navigation 20060306
CDMA EVDO BSS

network planning
settings guideline
RRM team of
CDMA
2004-10-15
department
Huawei Network
planning knowledge
navigation 20060306
9/2/2014
Page ii of 60
Preface
In the CDMA systems, the location area consists of LAC and EG_ZONE. On
the forward link, the system can originate paging through LAC function. On the
reverse link, the MS can perform the registration through REG_ZONE function.
LAC and REG_ZONE are very important parts in the CDMA systems. They
involve the paging, registration, access, short message, and system bearer
capabilities. Their rationalities directly affect the network performance.
Since the settings of REG_ZONE and LAC are normally identical, this
document only describes the location area planning based on the LAC planning
and optimization.
Currently, many onsite engineers have misunderstandings on the location area
planning, which results in inappropriate location area planning during the
deployment. After a period of time, it is required to perform the location area
planning again. If a network is of large scale and has many subscribers, the
location area re-planning is difficult and it produces a waste of human resources
and materials.
This document aims to guide the onsite engineers to perform appropriate
location area planning during the deployment. Also, according to existing
network conditions, it illustrates some application cases to provide the methods
and suggestions about the location area planning and optimization.
Chapter 2 Fundamentals Overview covers the fundamentals related to the
location area.
Chapter 3 LAC Planning examines the location area planning procedure and
methods.
Chapter 4 LAC Optimization presents the procedure for location area
optimization.
Chapter 5 Appendix introduces the tool use and related parameters and
commands.
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The entry level engineers are recommended to focus on Chapter 3 and Chapter
4 first. The experienced engineers are suggested to read through the document.
The senior engineers can read this document from Chapter 3.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every
effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of
the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this
document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
9/2/2014
Page 4 of 60
Fundamentals Overview
2.1 Multi-Carrier Networking Strategies

For the details of multi-carrier networking strategies, refer to cdma2000 1X
Multi-Carrier Networking Guideline. For the LAC planning, the multi-carrier
networking solutions can be categorized into:
Terminals reside on different carriers through HASH algorithm.
Terminals reside on basic carrier.
For the case of all the terminals reside on the basic carrier, the paging load from
all the carriers is added on the paging channel of the basic carrier. Therefore this
paging channel may be overloaded.
If all the terminals reside on different carriers through Hash algorithm
(configuring paging channels on multiple carriers), the paging load is
distributed on the paging channels of the different carriers. The paging load is
light for each paging channel. This method is recommended for multi-carrier
expansion in an area.
2.2 Short Message Delivery Modes

2.2.1 Introduction
The short message delivery mode can be categorized into Broadcast Short
Message mode and Point-to-Point Short Message mode.
The Broadcast Short Message mode means that the short message whose
delivery address type is a broadcast address. Its disadvantages of this mode are
the idle terminals cannot receive short message, and there is no ACK resending
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mechanism. In addition, this technology is immature currently, so this strategy

is not used when a Text message is sent to a group.
The Point-to-Point Short Message mode means that the system sets a subscriber
list in the short message center and then sends a point-to-point message to the
subscribers in the list in turn. Its disadvantages are that the message count is
directly proportional to the subscriber number and it impacts the traffic greatly.
However, the ACK resending mechanism can ensure the messages received and
this technology is already mature. Currently, this strategy is applicable to
sending a Text message to a group.
On the uplink, the point-to-point short messages can be sent over access
channel and traffic channel. The paging channel occupation of uplink short
messages is very low and is lightly related to the LAC division, so uplink short
message delivery mode is beyond the scope of this document.
On the downlink, the point-to-point short messages can be sent in the following
modes:
Directly over the paging channel
Over the paging channel after location through paging
Over the traffic channel after location through paging
The following section shows the comparisons of paging channel occupation

and SPU load impact among three short message delivery modes, and
introduces the procedure for selecting an appropriate short message delivery
mode.
2.2.2 Comparisons of Paging Channel Occupation Among

Three Short Message Delivery Modes
Assume that K short messages are sent per second and the average length of a
short message is D.
PCH occupation Osms1=DK/9600
Over the paging channel after location through paging
For this short message delivery mode, sending a paging message in the whole
LAC is required. When a response from the sector where the subscriber is
located has received, the short message is sent in this sector only. As a result,
the paging channel occupation is mainly taken by the location through paging.
The short message delivery is a sector specific, so its paging channel occupation
is low relative to the entire LAC, which is about 10% of occupation for the
location through paging.
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Assume that a short message can be located after N times of paging.

Paging channel occupation will be Osms2=128KN1.1/9600
Over the traffic channel after location through paging
For this short message delivery mode, the paging channel occupation is mainly
used for location through paging. The paging channel occupation of Order
message and ECAM message generated during the traffic channel setup is low
relative to the entire LAC, which is about 10% of occupation for the location
through paging.
Paging channel occupation will be Osms3Osms2.
NOTE
The typical short message length is D=590bit (statistically average value),

which is far larger than that of GPM message (128bit). Therefore, Osms1 >
Osms2 Osms3.
The short message can be paged at most twice. Considering the paging
success rate and the impact of short message resending, N is set to be 1.5
(typical value). Therefore, Osms1 =2.8 times of Osms2= 2.8 times of Osms3.
2.2.3 Comparisons of SPU Loads Impact on Three Short

Message Delivery Modes
According to the test results in the labs, SPU load increase is directly
proportional to the amount of the short message delivery, but their relationship
is not completely linear. The SPU load rise from each short message varies with
the number of CIPSs in the LAC. The more the CIPSs, the less the impacts on
the SPU load.
Table 2-1 shows the SPU load rise percentages from each short message
according to the test results in the labs.
Table 2-1 SPU load rise percentages from each short message
The
number
of
CIPSs
in the
LAC
1
2
9/2/2014
SPU load increase per short message (%)

Directly over
the paging
channel
Over the paging

channel after
location through
paging
Over the traffic

channel after
location through
paging
0.31
0.31
0.69
0.53
2.12
1.25
Page 7 of 60
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.96
0.81
0.73
0.67
0.63
0.60
As shown in Table 2-1, when the short message is sent directly over the paging
channel, the SPU load from each short message is increased by 0.31%. When
the short message is sent over the paging channel after location through paging,
the SPU load from each short message is increased by 0.42% to 0.69%. When
the short message is sent over the traffic channel after location through paging,
the SPU load from each short message is increased by 0.6% to 2.1%.
NOTE
The SPU load impacts on three short message delivery modes are different, that
is, Osms3 > Osms2 > Osms1.
2.2.4 Conclusions
From the perspective of paging channel occupation,
Osms1 > Osms2 = Osms3
From the perspective of SPU load impact,
Osms3 > Osms2 > Osms1
When the paging channel capacity is insufficient, over the paging channel
after the location through paging or over the traffic channel after the location
through location mode is recommended.
When the SPU load resources are insufficient, directly over the paging
channel or over the paging channel after the location through paging mode is
recommended.
Note that the short message delivery over the paging channel is constraint to the
characters. If the short message exceeds the character threshold, BTS will
discard the short message. Therefore, the short messages with longer characters
must be sent over the traffic channel.
Considering the paging channel capacity, SPU load, and BTS constraints in
general, the short message distribution mode is recommended. We can set a
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short message distribution threshold, such as 100 bytes. If the short message is
shorter than the threshold, it is sent over the paging channel. Otherwise, it will
be sent over the traffic channel. The following two modes will exist:
Normally, if the short message is shorter than the threshold, it is sent over
the paging channel after the location through paging. If the short message
is longer than the threshold, it is sent over the traffic channel after the
location through paging.
Under specific conditions, if the SPU load resources are insufficient and
the requirement on short message delivery frequency is low, the following
modes are recommended:
If the length of the short message is shorter than the threshold, it is sent
by directly over the paging channel.
If the length of the short message is longer than the threshold, it is sent
by over the traffic channel after the location through paging.
2.3 Paging Channel Load

In the CDMA 2000 1X systems, the forward common channels consist of the
pilot channel, synchronization channel, and paging channel. The reverse
common channel is access channel. The dedicated WALSH codes are allocated
to each channel of the forward common channels. The paging channel
corresponds to 1-7 Walsh codes. According to the protocols, the paging channel
rate includes 9600bps and 4800bps. Unless otherwise specified, the paging
channel rate is set to be 9600bps. For the paging channel structure and detailed
information, refer to CDMA2000 1X Paging Optimization Guideline.
2.3.1 Messages Sent Over Paging Channel

In the CDMA systems, the messages sent from the BTS to MS over the paging
channel mainly include:
Overhead message
GPM message
Channel Assignment message and Order message
SCI bit
Short GPM message
Short message
Others (seldom)
Total paging channel utilization = Sum of paging channel rates for each kind of
message / 9600bps.
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Paging channel occupation of each kind of message = Message length (bits)

message delivery frequency (ps, the number of messages per second).
I. Overhead message
The overhead message, also called general message, consists of Neighbor list
message (NLM), CDMA Chanel list message (CCLM), Extended system
parameter message (ESPM), System parameter message (SPM), and Access
parameter message (APM).
The overhead message contains the information required for call setup and is
updated periodically to ensure the call setup successfully. According the
requirements in the protocols, the overhead message is sent every 1.28s.
Overhead message occupation (Oo) = (Total length of overhead message
/Overhead message delivery period) / Paging channel rate
The lengths of each kind of message are as follows:
NLM: 65+12*Na + (0-7). Where Na is the number of neighbors. (0-7) is

used to supplement to 8 digits. If Na=12, the NLM length is 216 bits.
CCLM: 61+11*Nc + (0-7). Where Nc is the number of carriers. (0-7) is

used to supplement to 8 digits. If Nc=1, the CCLM length is 72. If Nc=2,
the CCLM length is 88.
ESPM: fixed 168bits.
SPM: fixed 272bits.
APM: fixed 184bits.
The overhead message is sent every 1.28s.

Thus, the paging channel occupation of overhead message is (764 + 12Na +
11Nc)/ (1.289600)
If Nc = 1 and Na = 0, the paging channel occupation of overhead message

is the smallest, 6%.
If Nc = 2, and Na = 16, the paging channel occupation of overhead

message is 8%.
If Nc = 7, and Na = 40, the paging channel occupation of overhead

message is the largest, 10.8%.
NOTE
The minimum paging channel occupation of overhead message is 6%, the

maximum value is 10.8%, and the typical value is 8%.
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The paging channel occupation of overhead message is relatively permanent

and is irrelevant with the traffic. It is related only to the number of carriers and
neighbors in the cell.
II. GPM message

The General paging message (GPM) is used to page the MS. The lengths of
GPM vary with different service options, including 112bits or 128bits. We use
128bits in this document(38bit for overhead, 32bit for header, 42bit or 58bit for
Service option).
GPM occupation (Op) = [BHCA of local LAC * (called ratio congestion ratio)
* number of paging per subscriber * GPM length] / (paging channel rate *
3600)
In this formula, BHCA represents the busy hour call attempts designed for local
LAC. The number of paging per subscriber is set for paging resending. Assume
that 70% of subscribers respond upon the first paging, 10% of subscribers
respond upon the second paging, 10% of subscribers respond upon the third
paging, and 10% of subscribers have no response, and hence the number of
paging per subscriber is 1.5.
In the current network, GPM occupation (Op) = (Busy hour paging requests of
local LAC * GPM length) / (Paging channel rate * 3600)
NOTE
In the single carrier networks, if there is only one paging channel, the GPM
occupations of all the cells in the LAC are identical.
In the multi-carrier networks, if each carrier is configured for a paging channel,
and the MS resides on the paging channel of each carrier through Hash
algorithm, the GPM messages also are delivered to corresponding carriers
through Hash algorithm.
III. Channel assignment message and Order message

Chanel assignment messages include CAM or ECAM (Extended Chanel
assignment message). Order message is represented by OM. Those two kinds
of messages are used to communicate with the MS to complete the call setup.
During the call setup period, the BTS sends those messages only in a specific
cell.
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ECAM and Order message occupation (OCo) = [BHCA in local carrier *

(ECAM resending times * ECAM length + OM resending times * OM length)]
/ (Paging channel rate * 3600)
The length of ECAM is 240bits and the length of CAM is 136 bits. Selecting
ECAM or CAM is based on the actual conditions. We use ECAM in this
document. The resending times of ECAM/CAM is set to be 3. When the
ECAM/CAM has been sent for the first time, start a timer. If the system does
not receive a Response message before the timer expires, the ECAM/CAM will
be resent for at most three times. The average resending times is two.
The length of OM is 112bits and OM is sent directly for three times.
Therefore, the above formula can be derived to be: OCo = BHCA in local carrier
* 0.00236%
If the maximum BHCA per carrier is 1500, the occupation ratio of ECAM and
OM is 3.54%. During the estimation, the typical value of 3% is recommended.
The ECAM and OM occupation is related to BHCA of each cell. The higher the
BHCA in a cell, the higher the ECAM and OM occupation is. But the changes
of the ECAM and OM occupation is not great, usually it is less than 3%.
IV. SCI bit

The paging channel is divided into the paging timeslots in the units of 80ms.
Each timeslot consists of eight half-frames, and each half-frame is 10ms long.
Each half-frame starts with a Syn-Capusle Indicator (SCI) bit. Its sending
frequency is 1/10ms=100 times/second, and the digit length is 1bit. Therefore,
the paging channel rate of SCI bit is 100 times/s1bit/times = 100bps. Its
paging channel occupation is 100/9600 = 1.04%.
The SCI bit occupies the paging channel constantly and the ratio of occupation
is low, so the current traffic statistic does not measure its occupation.
V. Short GPM
Short GPM is a DONE message. It indicates that all the messages within this
timeslot are sent and is a null general paging message. After the MS receives the
DONE message, the MS can move out of its monitored timeslots and restores to
the idle state. The purpose of short GPM message is to reserve more powers for
MS to increase the standby time.
The short GPM message is sent when there is no any other message to be sent.
Thus, it is not taken into account in the calculation of paging channel load.
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VI. Short message

This section introduces the paging channel occupations of short messages.
Here we introduce a very useful concept: carrier-sector. The number of
carrier-sector expresses the product of the number of carriers and the number of
sectors in a BTS. For example, one BTS consists of 3 sectors, each sector use 4
carriers, thus the number of carrier-sector is 3*4=12.
If the uplink short messages are sent over the access channel, the system returns
an Order message once over the paging channel in the local cell. The paging
channel occupation is relatively low relative to the entire LAC. Usually, its
occupation is not taken into account.
If the uplink short messages are sent over the traffic channel, the system returns
an Order message four times and ECAM message twice over the paging
channel in the cell. The paging channel occupation relative to the entire LAC is
smaller than 1%. Its occupation is not taken into account.
The downlink short messages can be sent through three modes:
Osms1 = (Number of short messages * Length of short message) / (Paging

channel rate * 3600)
Assume that K short messages are sent per second, and the average length of the
short messages is D, this formula is derived to be: Osms1 = DK/9600
Over the paging channel after the location through paging
Osms2 = [Number of short messages * (Length of short message + 7 * OM

length)] / (Number of carrier-sectors in the LAC * paging channel rate
* 3600)
+
[(Paging requests generated by the short messages * GPM length) /
(Paging channel rate * 3600)]
The above formula includes two parts, the first part is sent in the responded
sectors only (in the process of short message paging and delivery, totally seven
OM messages and one short message shall be sent over the paging channel of
the responded sector). Since a LAC contains about 100 carrier-sectors, the
occupation of the first part is smaller, which takes about 10% of occupation of
the second part. That is, Osms2 is equivalent to Number of GPM in the entire
LAC 1.1.
Osms2 = [(Paging requests generated by the short message * GPM length) /
(Paging channel rate * 3600)] * 1.1
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Assume that each short message can be located after the paging of 1.5 times on
average (considering the paging success rate and short message resending
times). The paging channel occupation is:
Osms2 = 128K1.51.1/9600
Over the traffic channel after the location through paging
Osms3 = [Number of short messages * (2* ECAM length + 3 * OM length)] /

(Number of carrier-sectors in local LAC * paging channel rate *
3600)
+
(Paging requests generated by the short message * GPM length) /
(Paging channel rate * 3600)
In the above formula, the first part is sent in the responded sectors only (during
the process of short message paging and delivery, Order message shall be sent
three times and the ECAM shall be sent twice from the responded sector).
Generally, a LAC contains about 100 carrier-sectors, so the occupation of the
first part is smaller, which is about 10% of GPM occupation sent in local LAC.
That is, Osms3 is equivalent to Number of GPM in the entire LAC 1.1.
Osms3 = [(Paging requests generated by the short message * GPM length) /
(Paging channel rate * 3600)] * 1.1
Osms3 Osms2
NOTE
If the short messages are sent over the paging channel/traffic channel after
the location through paging, the paging channel occupation mainly comes
from the GPM generated by the short message. In a rough estimation, the
paging channel occupation of short message is equivalent to a voice
paging attempt.
If the short messages are sent directly over the paging channel, in the
rough estimation, a short message is equivalent to 2.8 voice paging
attempts (related to the average length of local short message).
2.3.2 Paging Channel Load for Single Carrier Network

According to the previous descriptions, it can be derived to be:
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PCHLoad Op Oo Oco OSMS

In this formula,
Op: Indicates the paging channel load generated by the GPM.
OO: Indicates the paging channel load generated by the overhead message.
Oco: Indicates the paging channel load generated by the channel

assignment message and Order message.
OSMS: Indicates the paging channel load generated by the short message.
OO occupies 8% of the paging channel resources (the occupations in each cell

vary with the configurations, but the difference is smaller than 2%) and OcO
occupies 3% (the occupations in each cell vary with the traffic volumes, but the
difference is smaller than 3%). OO and OcO account for 11%.
If the short messages are sent over the paging channel/traffic channel to the
location after paging, the downlink short messages are equivalent to the voice
terminating attempts. Thus, the sum of paging channel load occupations by
short message and by GPM is:
Op + Osms = [(Number of busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC +
Number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC) * Number of
average pagings per subscriber * GPM length] / (Paging channel rate * 3600)
If the short messages are sent directly over the paging channel, the downlink
short messages are equivalent to 2.8 voice terminating attempts. Thus, the sum
of paging channel load occupation by short messages and by GPMs is:
Op + Osms = [(Number of busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC + 2.8 *
Number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC) * Number of
average pagings per subscriber * GPM length] / (Paging channel rate * 3600)
Brief summary
When the short messages are sent over the paging channel/traffic channel after
the location through paging, the paging channel load is:
Paging channel load = [11 + (Number of busy hour terminating attempts in local
LAC + number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC) * N *
0.00037]%
Formula (1)
When the short messages are sent directly over the paging channel, the paging
channel load is:
Paging channel load = [11 + (number of busy hour terminating attempts in local
LAC + 2.8* number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC) * N *
0.00037] %
Formula (2)
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[Parameter settings in the formulas]

The formulas contain three parameters, which are the number of busy hour
terminating attempts in local LAC, the number of busy hour downlink short
messages in local LAC, and the number of paging per subscriber (N).
Number of busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC
During the LAC planning stage,

Number of busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC = BHCA in local LAC
(Terminating attempts ratio blocking rate).
During the LAC optimization stage, the number of busy hour terminating
attempts in local LAC is obtained from the traffic statistics.
Number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC
During the LAC planning stage, the number of busy hour downlink short
messages in local LAC is determined by the traffic model provided by the
customer, especially the clients requirement for mass short message delivery
rate.
During the LAC optimization stage, the number of BSC busy hour downlink
short messages can be obtained from the traffic statistics. And then, according
to the traffic volume in local LAC or the ratio of BHCA to total BSC occupation,
the number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC can be
estimated.
Average number of pagings per subscriber (N)
The average number of pagings per subscriber (N) is related to paging

successful rate. Assume that 70% of subscribers respond upon the first paging,
10% of subscribers respond upon the second paging, 10% of subscribers
respond upon the third paging, and 10% of subscribers have no response, then
the number of paging per subscriber (N) is 1.5.
During the LAC planning stage, the N is estimated according to the paging
success rate (once paging success rate). The typical value is 1.5.
During the LAC optimization stage, N can be calculated according to the
average number of pagings per subscriber provided in the LAC planning tool
and the data in the MSC traffic statistics.
2.3.3 Paging Channel Load for Mutli-Carrier Network

The multi-carrier networking solution can be categorized into two types:
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The terminals reside on the respective carriers through the Hash

algorithm.
All of the idle terminals reside on a carrier (usually, basic carrier).
I. Idle terminals reside on the basic carrier.

If all of the idle terminals reside on the basic carrier, a multi-carrier cell can be
equivalent to a single carrier cell with the highest traffic volume. The paging
channel load estimation formula is similar to that of single carrier. The paging
channel loads in each cell has a little difference which is usually less than 7%.
We can perform the LAC planning based on the paging channel load of
single-carrier cell.
II. Idle terminals reside on the respective carriers through Hash algorithm.
Assume that each carrier is configured with a paging channel and the idle
terminals reside on the respective carriers through the Hash algorithm.
Take the multi-carrier case for example to analyze the changes of each kind of
message.
Overhead message: the occupation is still about 8%.
Channel assignment message and Order message: The traffic of

dual-carrier cell is shared by two carriers through Hash algorithm, so the
Channel assignment message and Order message also are shared by two
carriers through Hash algorithm. Since dual carriers are usually deployed
in the heavy traffic areas by means of Hash algorithm, the paging channel
occupation of channel assignment message and Order message for each
carrier is slightly different from the occupation of single carrier cell. The
typical value of paging channel occupation is 3% by estimation.
GPM and short message: the voice terminating calls and short messages of
dual-carrier cell are shared on two carriers through Hash algorithm.
Therefore, the paging channel occupation by GPMs and short messages is
as much as1/2 amount of occupation of single carrier cell.
Similarly, in the tri-carrier cell, assume that each carrier is configured with one
paging channel and the idle terminals reside on the respective carriers through
Hash algorithm. The paging channel occupation of GPM and short message is
as much as 1/3 amount of occupation of single carrier cell.
In the case of that only two carriers are configured a paging channel
respectively, the tri-carrier cell is equivalent to a dual-carrier cell with heavy
traffic and the paging channel occupation by GPM and short message is as
much as 1/2 amount of occupation of single carrier cell.
Here, we introduce a parameter: the number of equivalent carriers (n). In the
case of multi-carrier cell, if the number of carriers is m, where n carriers are
configured with the respective paging channels, and idle terminals reside on n
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paging channels through Hash algorithm, then this m-carrier cell can be
equivalent to an n-carrier cell with heavier traffic (when n = 1, refer to section
2.3.2 ).
For the sectors whose number of equivalent carriers is n, the paging channel
load is calculated according to the following formulas:
the location through paging,
Paging channel load = [11 + (Number of busy hour terminating attempts in
local LAC + number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC) * N *
0.00037/n]%
Formula (3)
When the short messages are sent directly over the paging channel,
Paging channel load = [11 + (number of busy hour terminating attempts in local
LAC + 2.8* number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC) * N *
0.00037 / n] %
Formula (4)
When the number of equivalent carriers (n) = 1, formulas 1 and 2 are deducted.
III. Summary
After we introduce the parameter number of equivalent carriers (n), the
paging channel loads can be estimated by formula 3 or formula 4 for all of the
single carrier cell and multi-carrier cell.
the location through paging, the paging channel load = [11 + (Number of busy
hour terminating attempts in local LAC + number of busy hour downlink short
messages in local LAC) * N * 0.00037/n]%
Formula (3)
When the short messages are sent directly over the paging channel, the paging
channel load = [11 + (number of busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC +
2.8* number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC) * N *
0.00037 / n] %
Formula (4)
If a LAC has the sectors with different number of equivalent carriers (n), the
paging channel load of the sector with the smallest n is the heaviest. Therefore
the LAC planning should be based on the paging channel load of the sector with
the smallest n.
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IV. Example
[Case]
Assume that a LAC contains three BTSs, a S111 BTS A, a S222 BTS B, and a
S333 BTS C. BTS A configures a paging channel on F1. BTS B and BTS C
configure a separate paging channel on F1 and on F2 respectively. The idle
terminals evenly reside on F1 and F2 through Hash algorithm.
Figure 2-1 Paging channel load

Assume that each carrier has the same traffic volume. What are the loads of the
five paging channels described in Figure 2-1?
[Solution]
The number of equivalent carriers for BTS A is 1, the number for BTS B is 2,
and the number for BTS C is also 2.
The paging channel load of A-F1 is the heaviest, and the paging channel loads
for B-F1, B-F2, C-F1, and C-F2 are identical. Since the traffic volume of BTS C
is high, its paging channel load is slightly heavier than that of BTS B.
NOTE
During the process of LAC planning, those BTSs with the same number of
equivalent carriers should be placed within one LAC. So as to avoid the system
bottleneck when the paging channel load of some BTS is too heavy. In addition,
the integrative planning for a whole area should be taken into account in the
multi-carrier expansion.
2.4 Relationship Between REG_ZONE and LAC

In the CDMA networks, the concept of location area can be expressed by both
Location Area Code (LAC) and REG_ZONE. On the forward link, the system
originates the paging process based on LAC. The system also can originate the
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paging process based on CI, but which is seldom used now. On the reverse link,
the MS performs the registration process through REG_ZONE, that is, the MS
originates a zone-based registration only if the MS crosses a different
registration zones.
The CDMA protocols do not specify the relationship between REG_ZONE and
LAC. Figure 3-1shows the case that REG_ZONE is larger than LAC, that is, the
REG_ZONE contains the BTSs crossing multiple LACs:
Figure 2-2 Relationship between LAC and REG_ZONE

Figure 2-2 shows a REG_ZONE, including two LACs. When a subscriber
moves from the BTS in LAC1 to the BTS in LAC2, no zone-based registrations
are originated since the two BTSs belong to the same REG_ZONE. During this
period, if the subscriber is paged, the system will deliver a paging message in
the LAC1. But the subscriber may have moved to LAC2, thus the paging fails.
To avoid this kind of situation, when the LAC changes, the REG_ZONE should
also be changed accordingly. Therefore, the size of REG_ZONE cannot be
larger than LAC, that is, REG_ZONE should be a subset of LAC.
If the size of REG_ZONE is too small, there will be too many zone-based
registrations occured. It must cause the access channel load increase, thus the
successful rate of reverse access channel will be reduced. Therefore, the size of
REG_ZONE should be designed as large as possible.
Since the size REG_ZONE should be as large as possible, but it cannot be
larger than that of a LAC. Therefore, unless otherwise stated, the size of
REG_ZONE should be consistent with that of LAC.
NOTE
In the following chapters, the range of REG_ZONE is consistent with that of

LAC by default. Thus, only the LAC planning is introduced.
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LAC Planning
3.1 LAC Planning Procedure

The capacity, boundary, and system processing capability must be taken into
account in the LAC planning.
Firstly, select the appropriate networking and settings mode to reduce the
impact on the system processing capability.
Secondly, perform the capacity planning, that is, use the LAC planning tool to
determine the maximum number of carrier-sectors in a LAC.
Finally, perform the boundary planning according to the clutter and subscriber
distribution.
Now the LAC planning has completed. Next, the BSS engineers perform the
CIPS planning of the BTS according to LAC planning results.
Figure 3-1 LAC planning flowchart

The LAC planning procedure is detailed in the following sections.
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3.2 Selecting Appropriate Networking and Short

Message Delivery Modes
3.2.1 Relationships Between LAC and CIPS (CDMA
Integrated Processing Subrack), Signaling Point, and BSC
To alleviate the BSCs processing pressure, set the ranges of LAC, CIPS, and
BSC as CIPS LAC BSC. With the LAC planning, LAC shall not cross the
BSC, and with the CIPS planning, CIPS shall not cross the LAC.
Their relationship is described as follows,
CIPS LAC: An CIPS cannot cross multiple LACs. The MSC originates
the LAC-based paging. When the MSC pages any MS under a LAC, it
sends the paging messages to the CIPS related to the LAC.
If an CIPS crosses multiple LACs, this CIPS needs to process the

paging messages and signaling of the all the LAC. These operations
results in heavy SPU load of CIPS, which can become the system
bottleneck.
Figure 3-2 Relationship between LAC and CIPS

As shown in Figure 3-2, a BSC contains five CIPSs. The BTSs of CIPS 2 and
CIPS3 belong to LAC1. The BTSs of CIPSs 4 and 5 belong to LAC2. Some
BTSs of CIPS 1 belong to LAC1 and the others belong to LAC2.
When the subscribers in the LAC1 are paged, the MSC sends the paging
messages to CIPSs 1, 2, and 3 simultaneously.
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When the subscribers in LAC2 are paged, the MSC send the paging messages
to CIPSs 1, 4, and 5 simultaneously. As a result, CIPS 1 has to processing the
paging messages in LAC1 and LAC2 at the same time. If all the other
conditions are the same, the SPU load of CIPS 1 will be heavier than that of
other CIPSs and it is easier to become the bottleneck of system performance
and of system capacity.
LAC BSC: The LAC cannot cross BSC. Otherwise, the paging process
must be originated in multiple BSCs, occupying many system resources
and increasing the system load.
Relationship between LAC and signaling point: Usually, the LAC shall
not cross the signaling points. Otherwise, the paging process may be
originated in multiple signaling points at the same time. It will occupies
many interface A resources and results in a lower paging success rate
measured in the BSC. Thus, LAC Signaling point.
3.2.2 Multi-Carrier Networking Mode

The paging channel occupations for different networking modes are
different and the corresponding LAC planning results are greatly differ
from each other. To relieve the paging channel load, for the multi-carrier
expansion networks in an area, deploy a independent paging channel on each
carriers. The terminals reside on different carriers through Hash algorithm.
When multi-carrier networking mode has been determined, decide the number
of equivalent carriers (n). For the networks with different number of equivalent
carriers (n), perform the LAC planning based on the paging channel load with
the minimum number of equivalent carriers (n).
3.2.3 Short Message Delivery Mode

Unless otherwise stated, the short message distribution mode is recommended:
Set up a short message distribution threshold, such as 100 bytes.
If the short message is shorter than the threshold, the short message is sent
over the paging channel after the location through paging.
If the short message is longer than the threshold, the short message is sent
over the traffic channel after the location through paging.
In addition, the short messages need to be sent in a discrete mode based on the
subscribers IMSI/SIM number section. The principle is: Perform the discrete
calculation according to the IMSI (International Mobile Station Identifier)/SIM
(Subscriber Identity Model) number section, randomly choose the IMSIs/SIM s
from the section, and then send the short messages in a discrete mode. Using
this mode can effectively avoid the scenario when some short messages are sent
to a group of subscribers that cause all of those messages going to the same
LAC at the same time, which may induce the LAC overload.
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3.3 LAC Capacity Planning

3.3.1 Capacity Planning Principle
The size of LAC cannot be too large or too small. The paging channel capacity
determines the maximum value of LAC size, and the access channel capacity
determines the minimum value of LAC size.
If the size of a LAC is too large, the same paging message has to be sent in the
entire LAC. This results in paging channel overload and increases the signaling
flow at Abis interface and can cause the heavy processing load in BSC.
When REG_ZONE has the same size as of LAC, if the size of the LAC is too
small, the frequent registrations happen. This is no much beneficial to the
paging process but introduce more message treatment, which increase the loads
of the access channel and of the entire system. It may also reduce the system
access successful rate. Thus, the size of REG_ZONE should be designed as
large as possible if only the paging channel loads are allowed.
Usually, we can perform the LAC capacity planning based on the paging
channel capacity under the condition of reserving some security margins.
3.3.2 Capacity Planning Method

The core issue of capacity planning is focused on estimating the maximum
number of carrier-sectors in a LAC according to the traffic model and
prediction. When the maximum loading capability of LAC has been estimated,
the designer should consider the traffic development and system expansion and
then determine the LAC boundary according to the geographical distribution.
The capacity planning method is pretty simple: collect the nine parameters
required for LAC planning tool and fill them into the estimation tool to
calculate the maximum number of carrier-sectors (or subscribers) in a LAC.
The nine input parameters required for LAC capacity planning are:
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Paging channel design load
Number of equivalent carriers
Short message delivery mode over the paging channel
Number of subscribers per carrier-sector
BHCA per subscriber
Terminating attempts ratio
Blocking rate
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Average number of pagings per subscriber
BHSM per subscriber
Section 5.1.2 describes the procedure for obtaining the nine parameters.
Substitute the nine input parameters into the LAC planning tool (refer to
section 5.1.1 ) to calculate the maximum number of subscribers in a LAC, and
then calculate the maximum number of carrier-sectors in a LAC according to
the designed number of carrier-sectors per subscriber.
Usually, the LAC planning can be performed based on 70% of average paging
channel load.
The LAC planning should be prospective. It is required not only examining the
current traffic model that client gives, but also predicting the increases of traffic
and short messages in next 1-2 years. Enough security margins must be
reserved for the future network expansion to ensure that the LAC does not need
to adjust within 1-2 years after the planning.
3.3.3 Typical Values

When the paging rate is 9600bps, the maximum capacity of LAC in several
scenarios is shown in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Maximum number of carrier-sectors in a LAC in the typical scenarios
Number
of
equivalent
carriers
1
2
Maximum number of carrier-sectors in a LAC

Low
Intermediate High
frequency of frequency of frequency of
No short
short
short
short
messages
message
message
message
delivery
delivery
delivery
186
133
112
80
373
267
224
161
Note: when the short message delivery frequency is low, the busy hour short
message delivery times (BHSM) is 0.3. When the short message delivery
frequency is intermediate, BHSM=0.5. When the short message delivery
frequency is high, BHSM=1.
3.4 LAC Boundary Planning

After the maximum number of carrier-sectors in a LAC is determined, divide
the LAC boundaries.
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The LAC boundary planning must abide by the following principles:
Geographical vicinity: Try to configure the BTSs at geographical vicinity

in a LAC.
Traffic balance: Try to distribute balanced traffic volumes to all the LACs
in a system. The purpose is to avoid too heavy load, which may become
the system bottleneck, adding to a large LAC .
Reducing the boundary zones as much as possible: Thoroughly consider

the geographical distribution of subscribers and mobility behaviors, select
the LAC boundary zones in the areas with few subscribers, light traffic,
few registrations, and few involved BTSs to reduce the registrations in
LAC boundary zones.
Under the same conditions, select the boundary zones in the unimportant
areas and avoid VIP areas.
According to the above principles, the following skills must be used in the LAC
boundary planning:
Make use of the geographical objects, such as hills and mountains and
rivers to have the overlapping zones short and narrow.
In the fringe of urban and suburban area, the boundary should be chosen
close to the suburban side.
Try not to select the streets as the boundary zones and not configure the
boundary zones in the areas with heavy traffic, such as supermarket.
Try not to configure suburban/rural area and urban area in the same
REG_ZONEs.
Usually, the LAC should be designed as large as possible when the

requirements are met. This aims to reduce the LAC boundary zones. In some
specific geographical conditions, the LAC maybe split into many small LACs,
and which may help reducing the LAC boundary zones. Refer to the example in
country Y described in section 4.4 .
For the LAC boundary zones optimization, such as coverage control, paging
optimization, and registration parameters optimization topics, please refer to
section 4.3 .
NOTE
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The REG_ZONEs for suburban/rural area and for urban area should be set
differently. The reason is that, if the coverage in the suburban and urban is
not seamless, the MS may fail to perform the location update within the
periodic location update time. After the protection time expires, the
system deactivates the MS. If the MS moves to the urban area at that time
Page 26 of 60
and the REG_ZONE keeps unchanged, some MSs may be out of services
before performing the immediate location updates.
The LAC should be consistent with the REG_ZONE for most cases.
3.5 CDMA Integrated Processing Subrack (CIPS)

Planning
When the LAC planning has completed, the network planning engineers may
submit the LAC planning results to BSS engineers. Thereafter, the BSS
engineers will perform the CIPS planning according to the LAC planning
results.
To perform the CIPS planning, abide by the following principles:
CIPS LAC: An CIPS cannot have the BTS across multiple LACs.
Geographical vicinity principle: Place the neighboring BTSs in one CIPS

to avoid too many inter-frame signaling exchanges.
Traffic balance principle: The BHCA in each CIPS should be balanced. If

the BHCA in one CIPS is too high, the SPU load will too heavy. It will be
the system bottleneck.
Considering the impact of capacity expansion in the near future: some

CIPSs have to reserve places for the new BTSs adding into the network in
local area, and the traffic increase caused by this network expansion must
also be taken into account.
CIPS specification:60K BHCA (It does not correspond to the traffic

volume. In the typical environments, the traffic volume shall be about
400Erl). The BHCA here is an extensive concept, including
originating/terminating calls, registration, handoff, paging, and short
message. This BHCA is not measured in the traffic statistics. Hence, to
ensure that SPU load is receivable, we shall control the maximum number
of BTSs in an CIPS, as shown in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2 Number of BTSs in CIPS
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BTS
configuration
O1+S111
S111
Number of BTSs
in an CIPS
24 TRX
8
S222
S333
S444
3
2
Analysis
Areas with light traffic
Areas with heavy handoffs but
light traffic
Areas with heavy handoffs and
heavy traffic
-
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S555
S666
1
1
Areas with heavy traffic but

light handoffs
3.6 Examples
3.6.1 Case 1
The basic information of CDMA network in city A is as follows:
Network scale: 80 S222 BTSs in the first engineering phase.
Networking solution: Two paging channels are configured for two carriers
respectively, and idle terminals reside on the two carriers through Hash
algorithm.
Traffic forecast and capacity expansion forecast: It is expected to expand

at most 120 BTSs. A few BTSs may be expanded to S333 and the rest of
BTSs are expanded to S222.
Traffic model and planning:
Number of subscribers per carrier: 600
BHCA per subscriber: 2
No short messages
Terminating attempts ratio: 40%
Blocking rate: 2%
BTS distribution and terrain
Figure 3-3 Terrain and BTS distribution in city A
According to the above information, provide the LAC planning solution in city
A.
[Solution]
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Since in the first phase, all the BTSs are of S222 and idle terminals reside on the
two carriers through Hash algorithm, the number of equivalent carriers in all
the BTSs is 2.
According to the network information and LAC planning tool requirement, the
input parameter values are listed in Table 3-3.
Table 3-3 LAC planning tool inputs case 1
Input parameters
70%
Number of equivalent carriers n
2
Short message delivery mode This option is null because there are no short
over the paging channel
messages.
Number of subscribers per
600
carrier-sector
BHCA per subscriber
2
40%
Blocking rate
2%
The customer requires the 90% of paging success
Average number of pagings per
rate at the MSC, corresponding to N=1.5. Thus
subscriber (N)
Input 1.5.
BHSM per subscriber
0
Output result from the tool: One LAC supports a maximum of 466
carrier-sectors.
In the first phase of current network, there are 8032=480 carrier-sectors.
Considering the traffic increase and system expansion, the BTSs are expanded
to 120 in next two years. The configuration of S333 BTSs are little. Most of
BTSs are with configuration of S222. That is, the network is expected to be
expanded to the scale of more than 12032=720 carrier-sectors..
The margins must be reserved for the system expansion to reduce the LAC
adjustment times. Thus, the LAC should be split into at least two small LACs.
Thinking about the geographical distribution, if two small LACs are
inappropriate, the LAC can be split into three LACs.
According to the analysis of BTS distribution diagram in city A, to ensure the
traffic balance in two LACs (the numbers of BTSs of the two LAC are set to be
similar) and less boundary zone, We give the LAC boundary split solution 1
described in Figure 3-4.
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Figure 3-4 LAC boundary split solution 1 in case 1

The areas in blue circle indicate the VIP areas in the city A. If the areas are
configured as boundary zones, many negative effects are present. Thus, the
solution 2 described in Figure 3-5 is recommended.
Figure 3-5 LAC boundary split solution 2 in case 1

After the LAC boundary is determined, optimize the BTSs in the LAC
boundary zones. The optimization measures contain coverage control,
extended LAC paging, and registration optimization. The details will be
discussed in Section 5.4.
After the LACs has been decided, the next step is to perform the CIPS planning.
Refer to Section 3.5 .
3.6.2 Case 2
In Case 1, suppose the customer requires the short message delivery rate in the
short message center to be 40 pieces/second, and
If the short message is shorter than 100 bytes, it will be sent over the
paging channel after the location through paging.
If the length of the short message exceeds 100 bytes, it will be sent over
the traffic channel after the location through paging.
Based on the above conditions, please provide the LAC planning solution in
city A.
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[Solution]
Most parameters are the same as in Case 1, thus, BHSM=403600/total number
of subscribers = 403600/(8032600)=0.5.
Input parameters
70%
2
Short message delivery mode over Over the paging channel after the location through
the paging channel
paging
600
carrier-sector
BHCA per subscriber
2
40%
Blocking rate
2%
Number of pagings per subscriber The customer requires 90% of paging success rate at
(N)
the MSC, corresponding to N=1.5. Thus Input=1.5.
BHSM per subscriber
0.5
Output result: One LAC supports a maximum of 281 carrier-sectors. If the short
message delivery mode is directly over the paging channel, then one LAC
supports a maximum of 164 carrier-sectors.
Considering the traffic increase and system capacity expansion, based on the
calculation result in Case 1that the carrier-sectors will expand to 720, so this
LAC should be split into at least three small LACs.
Considering the terrain and traffic distribution in city A, the LAC boundary
split solution described in Figure 3-6 is appropriate.
Figure 3-6 LAC boundary split solution in case 2

This LAC boundary split solution is contributed to:
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The number of BTSs in three small LACs is identical and their traffic
volumes are almost the same.
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The boundary between LAC1 and LAC2 is divided by mountains and the
inter-handoffs are very few.
There are very few subscribers in the boundary zone between LAC2 and
LAC3.
Actually, since the number of subscribes in each carrier-sector is different, if

the LAC can be split based on the maximum number of subscribers in a LAC,
This result will be more reasonable..
3.6.3 Case 3
The situation of CDMA network in city C is as follows:
Network scale: in the first engineering phase, 50 S111 BTSs, 20 S222

BTSs, and 10 S333 BTSs have been built.
Networking deployment: S111 BTS is configured with a paging channel

and idle terminals reside on F1. Two paging channels are configured for
two carriers F1 and F2 respectively on S222 BTS. For S333 BTS, two
paging channels are configured for its carriers F1 and F2 respectively, and
idle terminals reside on two carriers F1 and F2 through Hash algorithm.
Traffic model and planning:
Number of subscribers per carrier-sector: 1500
BHCA per subscriber: 1.2
Terminating attempts ratio: 40%
Blocking rate: 2%
Traffic forecast and expansion forecast: It is expected to add the carriers

instead of BTSs according to the traffic increases. For example, S111
BTSs are expanded as S222, or S222 BTSs are expanded as S333 or S444.
Short message delivery requirements: The customer demands that SM

delivery rate in the short message center is 20 pieces /second.
If the short message is shorter than 100 bytes, it is sent over the paging
channel after the location through paging.
If the length of short message exceeds 100 bytes, it is sent over the
traffic channel after the location through paging.
Please consider the above information, provide the LAC planning solution in
city C.
[Solution]
For the BTS of S111, the number of equivalent carriers (n) = 1.
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Page 32 of 60
For the BTSs of S222 and S333, n=2.

In the process of integral planning, the minimum number of equivalent carriers
(n) = 1.
Total number of carrier-sectors = 503+2032+1033=360.
BHSM=203600/total number of subscribers = 203600/(1500360)=0.1333.

Input parameters
70%
1
Short message delivery mode over Over the paging channel after the location through
the paging channel
paging
1500
carrier-sector
BHCA per subscriber
1.2
40%
Blocking rate
2%
The customer requires the 90% of paging success
Number of pagings per subscriber
rate at the MSC, corresponding to N=1.5. Thus
N
Input =1.5.
BHSM per subscriber
0.1333
Output result: One LAC supports a maximum of 120 carrier-sectors.
According to the current network planning, the LAC should be split into three
small LACs. In actual networks, the LAC cannot be split evenly. Usually, the
LAC is split into at least four small LACs.
Considering the traffic increase and future network expansion, it is expected to
add the carriers instead of the BTSs.
If all of the S111 BTSs are expanded to S222, the networking mode must also
be changed. That is, the two carriers are configured with the separate paging
channels. The minimum number of equivalent carriers is 2. One LAC can
support a maximum of 240 carrier-sectors. The deployment of four LACs can
meet the network requirements.
When the number of LACs has been determined, the results can be obtained
based on the BTS distribution and geographical information, performing the
LAC boundary planning, similar to Case 1 and Case 2.
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LAC Optimization
When should we perform LAC optimization? Generally speaking, if one or

more of the following cases comes out, we have to do the job:
1) Current paging channel load is too heavy, and the average load exceeds 70%.
2) Current SPU load is too heavy, and the average load exceeds 50%.
3) The predicted traffic increment or short message delivery requirement
exceeds the bearing capability of current LAC.
4) There are too many registrations at LAC boundary zones, the paging success
rate is low.
No. 1 and No. 3 are all related to the paging channel load, one is for the current
paging channel load, and the other is for the predicted paging channel load.
They are categorized as PCH load.
This document discusses the LAC optimization in three cases.
4.1 PCH Load Based LAC Optimization

The PCH- based LAC optimization consists of two aspects:
When the current paging channel load is too heavy (average paging
channel load exceeds 70%), considering the LAC splitting.
Based on the traffic forecast, the traffic or short message increment

exceeds the bearing capability of current LAC within a short period of
time. That is, according to the predicted traffic and short message delivery
rate, the average paging channel load will exceed 70%.
The paging channel load can be obtained from the traffic statistics. If the
current version does not support this function, use the estimation tool in the
section 5.1.1 .
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Table 4-1 LAC optimization tool input case 1

Input parameters
Number of busy hour terminating
attempts in local LAC
Number of busy hour downlink
short messages in local LAC
Short message delivery mode over
the paging channel
21922
7200
1.21
2
Over the paging channel after the location
through the paging
The input parameters include:
The method of obtaining the five parameters is described in section 5.1.2 .

If the paging channel load is too heavy, the LAC optimization flowchart is as
follows:
Figure 4-1 Paging channel load based LAC optimization flowchart
The procedure for optimizing PCH Load based LAC is as follows:

1.
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Optimize the short message delivery mode.
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2.
Optimize the networking mode.
3.
Split the LAC if the requirements still cannot be met.
Determine the LAC splitting number.
Determine the LAC boundary zones.
Optimize the LAC boundary zones.
4.1.1 Optimizing Short Message Delivery Mode

On the paging channel, the short message delivery mode consists of:
Over the paging channel after the location through paging.
Directly over the paging channel.
The delivery over the paging channel after the location through paging mode
takes light paging channel load, which is equivalent to 36% of the paging
channel load of the directly delivery over the paging channel mode.
If the short messages are directly delivered over the paging channel, change it
to the delivery over the paging channel after the location through paging
mode, which can greatly reduces the paging channel load.
4.1.2 Optimizing Networking Mode

Different multi-carrier networking modes make different impacts on the paging
channel load, which has been described in section 2.1
In all the networking modes, the mode with the smallest impact on the paging
channel load is each carrier is configured with a paging channel and the idle
terminals reside on the paging channel of individual carrier through Hash
algorithm.
Networking mode optimization, actually, is to increase the number of
equivalent carriers, especially when different number of equivalent carriers
exists in a LAC, the paging channel load of the BTS with the smallest number
of equivalent carriers is the heaviest. That is, it is the bottleneck of paging
channel load.
Networking mode optimization can eliminate the bottleneck and indirectly
improve the bearing capability of LAC.
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4.1.3 Splitting LAC

If the short message delivery mode and networking mode have been optimized,
the requirements still cannot be met, consider the LAC splitting.
Assume that the current LAC has been split into x smaller LACs, the number
of busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC and number of busy hour
downlink short messages in local LAC of each smaller LAC are equal to 1/x
of originals. Other parameters keep unchanged. Substitute the values into the
paging channel load estimation tool, we can obtain the paging channel load of
each smaller LAC. If the LAC is split into too many smaller LACs, the
boundaries between LACs are also increased, which can degrade the network
quality. Thus, the number x should be as small as possible when the
requirements are met.
In actual networks, the traffic volume of each smaller LAC cannot be
thoroughly identical, which need a modification of x value according to actual
situations.
When the x value has been decided, select the LAC boundary zones according
to the subscriber distribution and clutter. For details, refer to section 3.4 .
After the LAC has been split, optimize the boundary zones. For the details,
please refer to section 4.3 .
4.2 SPU Load Based LAC Optimization

The SPU load based LAC optimization described here aims to decrease the
SPU load through the LAC splitting because the SPU loads in many networks
are too heavy in earlier times.
Actually, the paging process influences the SPU load at most 12%-13%. When
the LAC has been split, the number of pagings in a LAC has been reduced, but
the number of registrations is increasing at the same time. Thus, the final result
does not largely affect the total SPU load.
According to the theoretical estimati, when an LAC has been divided into two
smaller LACs, the SPU load is reduced by a maximum of 4%-5%. If an LAC is
divided into three smaller ones, the SPU load is reduced by about 5%-6%. After
the LAC is split, the boundaries are added and the network quality is affected.
Thus, it is not recommended to split the LAC to reduce the SPU load. That
is, whether splitting an LAC or not depends on the paging channel load, instead
of the SPU load.
The flowchart of SPU load based LAC optimization is as follows:
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Figure 4-2 Flowchart of SPU load based LAC optimization

The procedure of optimizing SPU Load based LAC is as follows:
1.
Firstly, optimize the short message delivery mode.
2.
Secondly, optimize the networking solution (CIPS LAC).
3.
Thirdly, balance the CIPS traffic.
4.
Extend the CIPS if the requirements still cannot be met.
Consider the LAC splitting if the CIPS extension is unavailable within

a short period of time.
Finally, Split the LAC as an emergency treatment .
Determine the LAC splitting number.
Determine the LAC boundary zones.
Optimize the LAC boundary zones.
4.2.1 Optimizing Short Message Delivery Mode

As stated in section 2.2.3 , the SPU load impacts on three different short
message delivery modes are vary, that is, Osms3 > Osms2 > Osms1. Thus,
optimizing the short message delivery mode can decrease the SPU load, that is,
reducing the number of short messages sent over the paging channel as many as
possible.
By comparing the paging channel load, SPU load, and BTS constraints (the
short messages with longer bytes may be discarded when sent over the paging
channel), the recommended delivery mode of short message is to be:
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If the length of short message is shorter than 100 bytes, use over the
paging channel after the location through paging mode.
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If the length of short message is longer than 100 bytes, use over the
traffic channel after the location through paging.
In the case that the short message delivery mode has been optimized by the
above steps, the SPU is still overloaded, consider the optimized networking
plan.
4.2.2 Optimized Networking plan

The so called optimized networking plan here indicates the system processing
capability related parts, that is, CIPS LAC Signaling point BSC. CIPS
LAC is a must. If an CIPS has the BTSs belonging to different LACs, the SPU
load of this CIPS will be heavy, which becomes the system bottleneck.
If the current networking plan meets the requirements stated in section 3.2.1 ,
balance the CIPS traffic.
4.2.3 CIPS Traffic Balance

The numbers of BTSs under each CIPS in a BSC are different, so the traffic
volumes may also be different. As a result, the SPU loads in each CIPS will
inconsistent. If the SPU loads are greatly different with each other, adjusting the
traffic and SPU loads is necessary. This aims to balance the SPU loads in each
CIPS, and avoid the heavy loads becoming the system bottleneck.
When balancing the CIPS traffic, configure the neighboring BTSs in an CIPS to
decrease the inter-frame signaling processing and reduce the system load.
If the SPU loads in each CIPS are almost the same, but the overall SPU load is
still heavy, consider the CIPS extension.
4.2.4 Extending CIPS

If the above three steps have been performed but the overall SPU load is still
heavy, extend the CIPS.
The principles of CIPS extension are:
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If the SPU busy hour average load in the CIPS frame exceeds 50%,
perform the capacity expansion planning.
If the SPU busy hour average load has exceeded 70%, perform an
immediate expansion.
Page 39 of 60
4.3 LAC Boundary Zones Optimization

In the LAC boundary zones, the following problems may exist:
The registrations are too frequent, which may affect the access channel
capacity and even results in the subscriber access unavailability.
The paging success rate is low.
After the LAC has been split, the boundary zones are added. These problems
may be more serious.
Focus on those issues, the LAC boundary zones can be optimized in the
following three ways:
4.3.1 Controlling Coverage in the Boundary Zones

Control the coverage in the boundary zones, for example, adjusting the azimuth
and downtilt angle, reduce the coverage overlapping zones of different LACs,
and decrease the handoffs between BTSs in different LACs to reduce the paging
failures and frequent registrations caused by the inter-LAC handoffs. Since the
coverage cannot be completely controlled,thus, perform the paging
optimization and registration optimization based on the coverage control.
4.3.2 Paging Optimization

To increase the paging success rate in the LAC boundary zones, enable the
extended LAC paging function.
The principle of extended LAC paging is: when an LAC pages a MS, the BSC
or MSC extends the paging areas to increase the paging ranges at LAC
boundary zones following certain rules to ensure that the MSs in the LAC
boundary areas can be successfully paged even if they did not register after the
idle handoff.
For details, refer to CDMA2000 1X Paging Optimization Guideline.
4.3.3 Registration Parameters Optimization

After the extended LAC paging function has been enabled, we may modify two
parameters (Total_Zones and Zone_Timer ) of BTSs in the boundary zones to
reduce the location area-based registrations.
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Total_zones: At the LAC boundary zones, the value of this parameter can
be set to 2. (At the boundary zones with three LACs, the value can be set to
3.). If TOTAL_ZONES is set to 2, the ZONE_LISTs of MS can save at
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most of two ZONEs. When the MS moves from one ZONE (ZONE1) to
the other ZONE (ZONE2), but ZONE2 was not in the ZONE_LISTs, the
ZONE2 can be added to the ZONE_LISTs. Therefore the zones in the
ZONE_LISTs is ZONE1 and ZONE2 now. At the same time, a
ZONE_TIMER will be originated for the ZONE1.If the MS returns to
ZONE1 before ZONE_TIMER expires, the MS will not originate a new
registration. Thus, the MSC keeps the information that the MS is still in
ZONE2. Since the settings of registration zone and LAC are consistent, if
the extended LAC paging function is not enabled, the MS will not been
paged until the ZONE_TIMER expires, and the MS still resides in ZONE1,
then the MS will originate the location-based registration and the MS can
be paged.
Zone_timer: Usually, setting it to 2 or 5 minutes is appropriate, and it can

be adjusted according to the traffic statistics.
WARNING
The parameters Total_zones and Zone_timer must be modified after enabling

the extended LAC paging function. Otherwise, many subscribers in the
boundary zones may not be paged.
4.4 Example
[Description]
The network in country Y has 1SMC\2MSC\5BSC \250BTS. The entire
network has 200 thousand subscribers, and average traffic volume per
subscriber is 0.024Erl. 45% of traffic volumes are distributed in the capital
Sana urban.
Sana BSC network has nine CIPSs and two LACs. In the urban area, there is a
LAC, including seven CIPSs and 44 of S222 BTSs and absorbing 85% of traffic
volumes of the local BSC. The busy hour average SPU load in the busiest CIPS
reaches 67%, and in the idlest CIPS reaches only 36%. The suburban LAC
includes two CIPSs, and its SPU load is light.
Traffic forecast and expansion forecast: The traffic volumes will be doubled
within one year (the subscribers will increase to 400 thousands), and will
continue to increase thereafter.
The short message delivery frequency in SMS center is 9 short
messages/second and all the short messages are sent over the traffic channel
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Page 41 of 60
now. The client requires the delivery rate reaching 134 short messages /second.
How can we meet the clients requirements?
[Solution]
4.4.1 Current Situations

I.
Current SPU load

Because the network bottleneck is in Sana urban, we take the current SPU load
of LAC1, which is located in Sana urban, as the reference point of the analysis.
Since the CIPS SPU load in LAC1 is heavy. if the short message delivery rate in
SMS center is increased, the SPU loads will be greatly increased, which will
affect the system stability. As the traffic volumes are ever-increasing, the SPU
load based optimization is required.
II.
The analysis of current paging channel load

Since the earier BTS versions do not support the paging channel measurement
functions, we have to use the estimation tool to evaluate the paging channel
load.
Five input parameters are detailed as follows (the values are selected from the
traffic statistics at 11:00 on September 26, 2006):
Busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC: CS Term

Attempts[Times] in the Sana BSC is 53747. LAC1 accounts for 85%.
Thus, Busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC =
5374785%=45685 in LAC1.
Number of busy hour downlink short messages in local LAC: MT/PP

Short Messages on PCHs [Times] in Sana BSC is 1026, and TCH
Downlink Short Messages[Times] is 15414. Thus, the total number of
downlink short messages is 1026+15414=16440. LAC1 accounts for
about 85%. Thus, Number of busy hour downlink short messages in local
LAC = 1644085%=13974.
Number of pagings per subscriber: It can be obtained from MSC traffic

statistics during the optimization period. Obtain Responses upon First
Paging, Responses upon Second Paging, Responses upon Third
Paging, and Paging No Response from the MSC traffic statistics, and
substitute the four data into the paging channel load estimation tool to
calculate the number of pagings per subscriber, The result is N=1.34.
Table 4-2 Inputs of number of pagings per subscriber estimation tool

Calculate the number of pagings per subscriber according to the MSC traffic
statistics.
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Responses
upon First
Paging
Responses
upon Second
Paging
Responses
upon Third
Paging
Paging No
Response
39237
1967
3476
3850
Number
of pagings
per
subscriber
N
1.34
The input parameters are detailed as follows:
Number of equivalent carriers: Because most of BTSs have two carriers

and each carrier is configured with a paging channel. The idle terminals
reside on its carrier through Hash algorithm. Thus, there are two
equivalent carriers.
Short message delivery mode over the paging channel: Since most of
onsite short messages are sent over the traffic channel, and few short
messages are sent over the paging channel, the short message delivery
mode is over the paging channel after the location through paging.
(Note: the impacts on the paging channel load for Over the paging
channel through the location through paging mode and for over the
traffic channel through the location through paging are the same.)
Substitute the five parameters into the paging channel load estimation tool as
follows,
Table 4-3 Input 2 of LAC optimization tool

Input parameters
Average number of pagings per subscriber
45685
13974
1.34
2
Over the paging channel after the
location through paging
The result of average paging channel load is 25.79%.

Thus, the paging channel load is very light.
4.4.2 Analysis
The SPU load of CIPS is the bottleneck of current network.
The SPU load can be reduced through the following measures:
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Page 43 of 60
Optimizing the short message delivery mode: Current short messages are
sent over the traffic channel and this short message delivery mode has the
strongest impact on the SPU load. Thus, optimize the short message
delivery mode.
If the short message is shorter than 100 bytes, use the over the paging
channel after the location through paging mode.
If the short message is longer than 100bytes, use over the traffic
channel after the location through paging mode. This mode can
largely reduce the impact of short messages on the SPU load.
Optimizing the networking plan: Current networking plan is appropriate.

There are two equivalent carriers and no CIPS has the BTSs belonging to
multiple LACs. Therefore, the networking plan optimization is not
required.
Balancing CIPS load: The SPU load of the busiest frame is 67% and that
of the idlest frame is 36%. The BHCAs in each CIPS are unbalanced. Thus,
adjust the number of BTSs in each CIPS to ensure the BHCA balance. If
the SPU load in an CIPS is heavy, it could be the network bottleneck.
Extending CIPS: The current traffic volume is already heavy and the
future traffic volumes are even much heavier. It is recommended to add
three CIPSs and distribute evenly the BHCAs in each CIPS to further
reduce the SPU load in each CIPS.
In addition, the future traffic volumes will increase rapidly, and the short
message delivery rate will go up from 9 pieces/ second to 134 pieces/second.
Therefore bearing capability of paging channel must be taken into account.
According to the traffic forecast, the traffic volumes will be doubled within a
year, that is, 456852=91370.
The short message delivery rate requires reaching 134 pieces/second, that is,
the total delivery volume will increase by 134/9=14.9 times, reaching
1397414.9=208057 pieces/second.
Suppose other conditions are unchanged. Substitute the parameters into the
paging channel load estimation tool. The result paging channel load is
85.23%.,It has exceeded the warning line of 70%-75%. The paging channel of a
BTS with heavy traffic may be overflowed. As the traffic volumes increase, the
paging channel load will increase constantly. Thus the LAC splitting is a must.
The engineering adjustments in a large scale must be as few as possible. The
LAC splitting will also reduce the SPU load by 4-5%. Thus, while
implementing the SPU load reduction measures, perform the LAC splitting at
the same time.
If a LAC is split into x smaller LACs, and the traffic volumesas well as the short
messages of the x LACs are similar with,each other, the number of busy hour
terminating attempts and the number of delivered short messages in each
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Page 44 of 60
smaller LAC become 1/x of originals. Substitute x=2 into the paging channel
load estimation tool. The customer requirements have been met. Therefore
splitting a LAC into two smaller LACs is good enough.
4.4.3 LAC Splitting

If the LAC 1 must be split, consider the LAC splitting method.
Figure 4-3 shows the BTS distribution in Sana urban.
Figure 4-3 BTS distribution and terrain in Sana urban

According to the traffic statistic data and the BTS distribution diagram, the
BTSs with heavy traffic are distributed only in the dense urban region and
which is in a continual area. Thus, drawing the LAC boundary is difficult. If the
LAC is split in the center of the urban area, the traffic volumes of each LAC
may be balanced but the negative effects are great. So it is not recommended.
Thus, according to Sana terrain, what can we do is to ensure balanced traffic
volume for each LAC, to reduce the area of LAC boundary zone as much as
possible, and to configure the LAC boundary zones in the unimportant areas.
Bearing the above considerations in mind, Figure 4-4 shows the appropriate
LAC boundary zones, expressed by the red lines. The center areas (dense urban)
between two red lines are formed into one LAC (LAC-A) and other areas are
formed into the other LAC (LAC-B). As a result, the traffic volumes of two
LACs are basically identical, and the boundary zones avoid across over the
dense urban area.
LAC-B is divided into two parts and there are no overlapping zones and
connections. Thus, the LAC-B can be split into two smaller LACs (LAC-B1
and LAC-B2).
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Page 45 of 60
Figure 4-4 LAC splitting solution in the Sana urban

After the LAC has been split, the next step is to perform the paging and
registration optimizations in the LAC boundary zones. Refer to section 4.3 .
4.4.4 Optimization Actions

Table 4-4 lists the optimization actions based on the previous analysis.
Table 4-4 Sana optimization actions
Date
Jan 1
Jan 7
Jan 8
Jan 8
Jan10
Jan 11-20
Future
Actions
BTS version upgraded to monitor the paging channel load.
CIPS expansion and load balance
LAC splitting
Enable extended LAC paging function and optimize the BTS
registration parameters in the boundary zones.
Optimized the short message delivery mode.
Adjusted the number of the short messages delivery rate step by
step, and check the SPU load and paging channel load
simultaneously.
Monitor and optimize the overall network.
After these operations have completed, the short message delivery rate in the
SMS center meets the clients requirement, thus the paging channel load and
SPU load are in the receivable range.
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Appendix
5.1 LAC Planning and Optimization Tool

5.1.1 Introduction
The LAC planning and optimization tool consists of two parts: LAC planning
tool (used for estimating the maximum number of subscribers and the number
of carrier-sectors in the LAC) and LAC optimization tool (used for estimating
the paging channel load).
5.1.2 Description of LAC Planning Tool

During the LAC capacity planning, the input parameters include:
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Paging channel designed load
Short message delivery mode over paging channel
Number of subscribers per carrier-sector
BHCA per subscriber
Ratio of terminating calls
Blocking rate
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BHSM per subscriber
Estimation tool for the maximum number of carrier-sectors in the LAC

Input parameters
Output results
Paging channel design

load
70%
Number of equivalent
carriers n
Short message delivery

mode over paging
channel
Over the paging

channel after the
location through
paging
Subscribers per
carrier-sector
1200
BHCA per subscriber
1.2
Ratio of terminating
calls
40%
Blocking rate
2%
Paging number N per

subscriber
1.5
BHSM per subscriber
Maximum
number of
subscribers in
the LAC
233127
Maximum
number of
carrier-sectors
in the LAC
194
They are detailed as follows:
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Paging channel designed load is set to reserve the margins for the
paging channel. Since what we estimated is the average paging channel
load, but the traffic volume in each cell is unbalanced, thus the paging
channel loads are different. In addition, the margins for system expansion
must be reserved. Usually, it is set to be 70%-75%.
Number of equivalent carriers: For the multi-carrier cells, assume that

the number of carriers is m, in which n carriers are configured with the
paging channels, and the idle terminals reside on the n paging channels
through Hash algorithm. The cell with m carriers is equivalent to the cell
with heavier traffic of n carriers. (If all the idle terminals reside on the
basic carrier, then n=1).
Short message delivery mode over the paging channel: Selected based
on the MSC settings. Usually, over the paging channel after location
through paging mode is recommended. Note that you only need to enter
the short message delivery mode over the paging channel. If all the short
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messages are sent over the traffic channel, then select sent over the
paging channel after the location through paging mode.
Number of subscribers per carrier-sector has been determined after the

planning.
BHCA per subscriber is determined according to the traffic model

provided by the client If the traffic model provided by the client does not
contain BHCA per subscriber option, it can be converted according to
traffic volume per subscriber (BHCA per subscriber = traffic volume per
subscriber 3600/average call duration per subscriber. Average call
duration per subscriber is provided by the client and its ranges are from
60 seconds to 90 seconds).
Ratio of terminating calls is provided in the traffic model, generally,

35% - 40%.
Blocking rate is provided in the traffic model, generally, 2%.
Number of pagings per subscriber is estimated according to the

designed paging success rate. Number of pagings per subscriber = Paging
requests /number of subscribers. Assume that 70% of subscribers respond
upon the first paging, 10% of subscribers respond upon the second paging,
10% of subscribers respond upon the third paging, and 10% of subscribers
have no response, the number of pagings per subscriber is 1.5 (the BSC
measures the paging success rate as 60%, but the MSC measures the
paging success rate as 90%). The number of pagings per subscriber
varies with the paging success rate. Its typical value is 1.5.
BHSM per subscriber expresses the number of short messages

delivered per subscriber in busy hour. Very few clients provide it. If the
traffic model does not contain this option, we can estimate the BHSM per
subscriber = K * 3600 / total number of subscribers (K stands for short
message delivery rate in the short message center required by the client).
After you substitute the nine input parameters into the LAC capacity planning
tool, the maximum number of carrier-sectors and subscribers in the LAC can be
calculated with current configurations and traffic model,.
5.1.3 Description of LAC Optimization Tool

There are 5 parameters need to input to LAC optimization tool, they are:
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Number of downlink short messages during busy hour in local LAC
Page 49 of 60
Paging channel load estimation tool

Input parameters
Output results
Number of busy hour

terminating attempts in
local LAC
80803.5
Number of downlink
short messages during
busy hour in local LAC
71265.6
Number of pagings per

subscriber
1.50
Number of equivalent
carriers n
Short message delivery

mode over the paging
channel
Over the paging

channel after the
location through paging
Average paging
channel load in
local LAC
39.17%
They are detailed as follows:
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Number of busy hour terminating attempts in local LAC: Obtain the

numbers of busy hour terminating attempts for every BTSs in the LAC
from the traffic statistics, add them together, and get the total number.
Number of downlink short messages during busy hour in local LAC:

Obtain the total number of short messages in BSC from the BSC traffic
statistics, and then calculate the number of short messages from local LAC
by the ratio of traffic volume in local LAC to the traffic volume in BSC.
Number of equivalent carriers: For the multi-carrier cells, assume that

the number of carriers is m, in which n carriers are configured with the
paging channels, and the idle terminals reside on the n paging channels
through Hash algorithm. The cell with m carriers can be equivalent to the
cell with heavier traffic of n carriers. (If the idle terminals reside on the
basic carrier, then n=1).
Short message delivery mode over the paging channel: It is selected

according to the MSC settings. Usually, over the paging channel after
location through paging mode is recommended. Note that you only need
to enter the short message delivery mode over the paging channel here. If
all the short messages are sent over the traffic channel, the over the
paging channel after the location through paging mode should be
selected.
Number of pagings per subscriber: Its typical value is 1.5. If you need to
find out a more accurate estimation value, use the following tool:
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Estimation tool for number of pagings per subscriber

Input parameters (obtained from MSC traffic
statistics)
Responses
upon First
Paging
Responses
upon
Second
Paging
Responses
upon Third
Paging
Paging No
Response
29948
2998
4879
4160
Output results
Number of
pagings
per
subscriber
(N)
1.50
All the input parameters are obtained from the MSC traffic statistics. According
to the traffic statistic data, we can estimate directly the number of pagings per
subscriber.
5.2 Parameters and Related Commands

In the MSC and BSC, there are many parameters related to the LAC. The
settings and relationship among those parameters must be carefully deployed
when the network is on-air. Refer to CDMA1X BSS Network Planning
Parameter Settings Guidelinefor detail.
5.2.1 Related Parameters in BSC

I.
LAC code
Location in the database: LACODE in the CELL table

One can use the command MOD CELL to modify the LAC of a cell, or the
LAC of the whole BSC. Note that when the location area has been modified, the
relevant data in the Location area Cell in the MSC must also be modified. For
example, to change the location area of the cell whose cell ID is 140 and PN is
100, use the following command:
MOD CELL: CN=140, PN=100, LAC="0x6";
Command location: BSC management -> Configuration management -> Cell
channel configuration -> Modify basic parameters of cell (MOD CELL).
II. REG_ZONE, TOTAL_ZONEs, and ZONE_TIMER
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Location in database: REG_ZONE, TOTAL_ZONEs, and ZONE_TIMER in

SPM table
On the Airbridge platform, one can use the command MOD SPM to modify the
registration zone (REG_ZONE) of a carrier. For example, to change the
REG_ZONE of a carrier whose cell ID, sector ID and carrier ID are 140, 0, and
11 respectively, use the following command:
MOD SPM: CN=140, SCTID=0, CRRID=11, REGZN=6, TOTALZN=1;;
When modifying the REG_ZONE, one should set the value of REG_ZONE be
the same as that of the LACODE in the same cell, and TOTAL_ZONEs should
be set to 1. (When TOTAL_ZONEs is 1, ZONE_TIMER does not take effect.)
Command location: BSC management -> Configuration management ->
System message configuration -> Modify system parameter message (MOD
SPM)
III. REG_PRD
Location in database: REG_PRD in SPM table
On the Airbridge platform, one can use the command MOD SYSPARAMSG
to modify the Reg_PRD length of a cell. Here the length is set to be 1/4 -1/3 of
subscribers deactivation time in the VLR.
Note that in a location area, the REG_PRD settings must be consistent.
Command location: BSC management -> Configuration management ->
System message configuration -> Modify system parameter message (MOD
SPM)
Command name: MOD SPM
IV. Paging parameters
Location in database: PAGE_CHAN in SPM table
In the current version, no corresponding parameter identifier exists in the
command line. After a carrier is added to the BSCs configuration, this carrier
will be automatically assigned a primary paging channel.
One can use the command ADD PCH to configure the number of paging
channels for this carrier. The number of paging channels cannot be 0.
In the paging channel rate (PRAT) in the synchronization channel message
(SCM) table, 0 stands for 9600bps and 1 stands for 4800bps.
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Command name: MOD SCHM

V.
Extened boundary paging
Extened boundary paging modes have 4 types, includeing no extented

boundary paging (NOEXTPAGE), Base on real LAC (REALPAGE), Base
on idle neighborhood (NBRPAGE), and Base on MSC (INTERBSC).
Command name: MOD EBPGPARA
VI. MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX
It indicates the maximum timeslot cycle index in the paging channel timeslot
mode. The timeslot cycle =1.28 * 2^ i. The MS side has
SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX, which is the prefered slot cycle index for MS. The
actual slot cycle index (i) is the smaller one of the two.
Value Range: 0-7, Adjustable range: 0-2, and Recommended setting: 1
Illustration: The slot cycle index should agree with the interval at which MSC
delivers the paging messages. If the MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX is 2, the
slot cycle is 5.12s. In this case, if the interval at which the MSC delivers the
paging messages is 5s, some paging messages will not be received by MS,
resulting in a lower BSC paging success rate. It is popular that set the
MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX to be 2. For example, MOTOROLA also set
this value to be 2. In this case, the interval should be modified larger than 1.28 *
2^ i, such as 7s.
If MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX is set to be 1, the interval at which the MSC
delivers the paging messages is 5s.
Command name: MOD SPM
VII. CCM 43 timer (CCM_T_WT_PG_RSP )
The default value in database is 6000ms.
The timer serial number is 43.
According to the interval of MSC paging resending timer, usually,
CCM_T_WT_PG_RSP is set to be (MSC resending paging duration + 1)
seconds. For example, if the interval between two MSC paging messages is five
seconds, the BSC sets the length of the timer to be six seconds.
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5.2.2 Related Parameters in the MSC

I.
Subscriber deactivation time in VLR configuration table
Note that this parameter should be larger than the REG_PRD in BSC. Currently,
this parameter is three to four times as large as REG_PRD. Therefore, when the
MS cannot be registered in time due to the radio operating environments, the
MS is still not deactivated.
II. Paging resending times
In the MSC software parameter table, the 4th to the 6th digits of MAP parameter
2 indicate the paging resending times. Currently, the paging resending times is
set to be 2.
III. Paging resending time interval
Usually, the paging resending time interval is 5s, which is related to slot cycle
index. When the slot cycle index is 0 or 1, the paging resending time interval
can be set to be 5s. When the slot cycle index is 2, the paging resending interval
can be set to be 7s. On the Airbridge platform, enter the following commands:
MOD TIMER: PID=56, TSEQ=0, TIMER=7, VAL=10, NOTES="xxxxx";
The red digit indicates the timer value, here is10s, which is set according to
actual conditions.
The blue charecter is the descriptive contents, which can be entered as you
wish.
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CDMA20001X Location Area Planning

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Revised based on review comments.

Revised based on review comments.

Revised based on review comments.

Added the information of Short Message.

Changed the descriptions, added the flowchart of

Reviewed and modified the whole document.

Added the description of adding the subscriber

3 LAC Planning ............................................................................................................... 21

3.5 CIPS Planning .............................................................................................................................. 27

4 LAC Optimization ....................................................................................................... 34

CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline

For internal use only

Location Area Code

Signal Processing Unit

Release date Query location or

Analysis of LAC Split

For internal use only

For internal use only

For internal use only

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CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline

For internal use only

CDMA EVDO BSS

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CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline

For internal use only

Huawei confidential, no spreading without permission

CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline

For internal use only

Huawei confidential, no spreading without permission

CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline

For internal use only

2.1 Multi-Carrier Networking Strategies

Terminals reside on different carriers through HASH algorithm.

Terminals reside on basic carrier.

2.2 Short Message Delivery Modes

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CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline

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mechanism. In addition, this technology is immature currently, so this strategy

Directly over the paging channel

Over the paging channel after location through paging

Over the traffic channel after location through paging

The following section shows the comparisons of paging channel occupation

2.2.2 Comparisons of Paging Channel Occupation Among

Directly over the paging channel

PCH occupation Osms1=DK/9600

Over the paging channel after location through paging

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Assume that a short message can be located after N times of paging.

Over the traffic channel after location through paging

The typical short message length is D=590bit (statistically average value),

2.2.3 Comparisons of SPU Loads Impact on Three Short

SPU load increase per short message (%)

Over the paging

Over the traffic

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CDMA2000 1X Location Area Planning Guideline