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Introduction to VFDs
Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are energy efficient devices which are extensively
used for process productivity improvement and energy saving applications.
The process of speed variation requires the use of an input rectifier for AC-DC
conversion and an output inverter for converting DC to variable frequency AC.
This output is applied to a standard Squirrel Cage (SQC) motor for variable speed
operation.
The input rectifier normally consists of a diode or diode/thyristor bridge and the
output stage of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) bridge circuit .
The generation of variable speed requires the standard motor to operate at variable
frequency whilst maintaining the flux in the machine constant.
Hence the motor voltage varies linearly with the frequency in order to maintain the
V/F ratio constant.
The voltage applied to the motor stator is a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal
which has a high frequency carrier modulated by the motor frequency signal.
Input 3
Phase, 50Hz
supply
(415V
normally)
type)
DC Link
capacitor
based)
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Sinusoidal PWM
Benefits of PWM
Switching
Since the output voltage waveform
consists of the high frequency carrier, the
motor inductance can easily filter this
signal.
The motor current waveform therefore
closely resembles a sine wave.
Carrier frequency12KHz.
LOAD TYPES
Drive motor loads are generally classified
as constant torque (CT) and variable
torque (VT) type.
The CT load offers the same resistance
torque at the motor shaft at all speeds.
The VT load offers variable resistance
torque at the motor shaft at all speeds.
CT Load profile- Torque vs speed
Dotted line represents power
variation with speed.
Typical Example of
Centrifugal Pump
The graph shown alongside represents
the variation of pump head m with flow
rate (m3/hr).
The variation in speed from 1480RPM to
1180RPM produces significant variation in
the power consumption (from 150KW to
60KW approximately).
Practically, the efficiency remains
constant over the speed range.
The affinity laws as described in the
previous slide give an idea of the pump
performance at various speeds.
Actual performance needs to take into
account the system curve where it
becomes necessary to take into account
friction losses in the pipe.
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Harmonics
The simplest definition of harmonics
would be-they are unwanted signals in
the power system.
Ideal current plot (minimum distortion)
Voltage Harmonics
Malfunctioning of sensitive electronic
equipment.
Premature ageing of such equipment.
Increased EMI generation in the power
system.
Increase in core losses in motors which
are directly operated from the utility
supply having a high percentage voltage
distortion.
Increased torque ripple in drive motors
directly operated from the utility supply
having a high percentage voltage
distortion.
Current Harmonics
Increase in resistive and hysteresis losses
and attendant temperature rise in the
winding and core of the supply
transformer, is the first symptom of
excess current harmonics.
Nuisance tripping of electronic protection
relays and circuit breakers.
Failure of power factor correction
capacitors (PFCC) due to series or parallel
resonance in the supply system.
Increased temperature rise in connecting
power cables.
Failure of the neutral current carrying
conductor in the supply transformer due to
unbalanced single phase non-linear loads.
Measuring
point PCC1
INTERMEDIATE
HT BUS
Measuring
point PCC2
LT BUS
NOTE
Blue arrows represent
the flow of harmonic
currents in the supply
Measuring
network.
point PCC3
It defines the limits for VTHD based on the type of installation. These are
classified as general industrial , dedicated & critical systems, with the
limits being different in each case.
The Total Demand Distortion (TDD) refers to the current harmonics in a
supply network having a mix of harmonic (non-linear) & non-harmonic
(linear) loads.
The TDD figure will be < the ITHD figure measured at the device (VFD, for
example) terminals if linear loads are also connected to the supply
transformer.
The standard also defines the limits for the harmonic current magnitudes
along with the TDD figure.
TDD will vary as a function of Isc/Il where Isc is the Tx SC current and Il
the connected load demand.
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Dedicated
General system
application
VTHD
system
3%
5%
10 %
Isc/IL
h < 11 %
11h<17
17h<23
23 h<35
35 h
TDD
<20
1.5
0.6
0.3
20<50
3.5
2.5
1.0
0.5
50<100
10
4.5
1.5
0.7
12
100<1000
12
5.5
15
>1000
15
2.5
1.4
20
Limits for TDD as a function of Isc/Il ratio at the measurement point PCC2
DC Reactor
Typical values of ITHD range from 10%40%, depending upon the type of
mitigation device selected.
12 Pulse Drive
18 Pulse Drive
Filtered Line
Current
Input
Rectifier
Generated
harmonic
current profile
(LHD)
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190A Standalone
Drive (LHD)
Active Filter
THANK YOU
Literature References
Variable Speed Driven Pumps-Best Practice Guide- Brought out by British
Pump Manufacturers (BPMA) association & Gambica.
IEEE-519 1992 Standard-IEEE Recommended Practices and requirements
for harmonic control in electrical power systems.