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Outline
Sound characteristics
Noise sources
Rotor design considerations
Design tools
Page 2
Sound characteristics
Which sound characteristics need to be considered for
low-noise wind turbine design?
Noise regulations usually based on sound imission
Different regulations for different countries
Noise limits may depend on wind speed, background noise,
Imission at neighbour depends on site details, meteo conditions,
Outline
Sound characteristics
Noise sources
Rotor design considerations
Design tools
Page 4
trailing edge
rotor hub
leading edge
blade tip
SPL
Page 6
U2>U1
U1
f
NASA-RP-1218 (1989)
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved
Observations
Turbine noise dominated by blades
Noise radiated from outer part of blade
Noise mainly produced during downstroke
Page 7
Outline
Sound characteristics
Noise sources
Rotor design considerations
Rotor size and tip speed
Blade shape
Blade add-ons
Control strategies
Design tools
Page 8
Turbine size
The most dramatic historical design trend is SIZE
Page 9
Page 10
115
115
110
110
SPL (dB(A))
SPL (dB(A))
105
100
105
100
95
95
90
90
40,0
Page 11
50
100
Rotor diameter (m)
150
60,0
80,0
Tip speed (m/s)
100,0
30000
16000
25000
14000
Annual energy
production (MWh)
20000
15000
10000
5000
12000
10000
20%
8000
1dB(A)
6000
4000
2000
0
0
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
Result of
1 dB(A)
innovation
200,0
90
95
100
105
110
SPL (dB(A))
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved
Blade shape
Development of blade shape scaled to same size
Solidity changed from ~10% to much less than 5%
Airfoils changed from 1930s aircraft types to modern custom-made types
Blade add-ons yield noise reduction of several dBs
Blade tip shape designs eliminate tip noise
Airfoils
Tip shape
Trailing edge
thickness
Page 13
Planform
and
solidity
Trailing edge
add-ons
Add-ons in
general
Tip shape
Current design practice developed early 1990s
No excess noise with right planform and inflow
Airfoils
Optimized wind turbine airfoils (loads, power, noise)
Page 14
Blade add-ons
Add-ons used to improve blade performance
Increase power output
Reduce noise
Lay-out may depend on site conditions
Vortex generators
Delay separation: no excess stall noise
May generate self-noise if placed wrongly
Page 15
Low-noise controls
Smart controls reduce noise at minimum energy loss
Stall regulation now replaced by pitch regulation and variable speed
Control settings can be tailored to specific site conditions
Cyclic pitch can alleviate azimuthal variations in inflow angle, which can
reduce noise by preventing partial separation
1 dB noise reduction costs 2-4% annual energy production
Annual energy production vs.
Noise curtailment
Annual energy
production (MWh)
9000
8800
8600
8400
8200
8000
7800
7600
0
Outline
Sound characteristics
Noise sources
Rotor design considerations
Design tools
Advanced experiments
Noise prediction tools
Page 17
Page 18
AIAA-2004-3042
Baseline rotor
72
70
Baseline
Add-on 1
Add-on 2
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
300
350
Azimuth Angle []
Upwind pos.,
Power > 1100 kW
Different add-ons
70
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
50
100
200
150
250
Azimuth Angle []
Page 19
Page 20
blade2
blade3
blade1
blade2
blade3
2 kHz, 1 oclock
Page 21
U,
p
Wind Turbine Noise (MultiScience, 2011)
Conclusion
Wind turbines have many potential noise sources
Mechanical noise, tip noise, inflow noise, airfoil self-noise
Page 23