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Abstract
Main goal of the study was present the results of some respirometric measurements of activated sludge biodegrading the substrate in
the wastewater originated in selected sections of the dairy processing line. The following dairy production euents were analyzed in the
research: the pumping station wastewater (combined wastewater from all the sections of the dairy factory), the apparatus room wastewater, the butter section wastewater, the milk reception point wastewater, the cheese section wastewater and the cottage cheese section
wastewater. Apart from that, sweet and sour whey, which are secondary products of hard cheese and cottage cheese production, respectively, was the subject of the research. The amount of organic matter being oxidized during a 5-day measurement session was calculated
on 1 g of the activated sludge biomass. The research was conducted at the temperature of 20 C and 35 C at the applied sludge loading
rate of A 0 = 0.2 g BOD g1 dry mass d1, which ensured complete biodegradation.
The results indicated a correlation between a technological process of dairy processing, an ultimate outcome of which was the wastewater analyzed, and dairy wastewater biodegradability. The results conrmed that all dairy processing euents can be treated together,
with the exception of whey, whose complex biodegradation demands may cause too much burden to any wastewater treatment technological system and thus should be managed within a separate installation.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Dairy wastewater; Activated sludge; Bioactivity; Biodegradability; Respirometric measurements
1. Introduction
Dairy wastewater diers widely both in quantity and
quality depending on a given dairy factory production
characteristics (Rico et al., 1991). Many products in dairy
factories are manufactured separately, thus pollutants content in the dairy wastewater at a given time changes
together with the application of another technological cycle
of the processing line. Such a correlation reduces the eciency of wastewater treatment plants in dairy factories.
The problem might be particularly discernible in smaller
0960-8524/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.077
4200
The organic compounds loading rate in dairy wastewater is determined by the amount of lactose, fats and pro}
teins (Ozturket
et al., 1993; Perle et al., 1995). The
relation between these substances can be extremely varied,
that aects their susceptibility to biological treatment.
Wastewater reaction and temperature are other factors that
determine biodegradation eciency (Ergurder et al., 2001).
Under aerobic conditions ammonia and other aminoacids are primary products of protein biodegradation.
Some milk proteins, for instance casein, are resistant to
biodegradation, therefore in order to be biodegraded they
require microorganisms that are appropriately adapted.
Orhon et al., (1992) investigated biological treatability of
dairy wastewater by active sludge in aerobic conditions.
They showed that wastewater with wheys protein are
much slowly biological treated then the glucose solution.
There was necessary 150 h time of adaptation for eective
way-wastewater biodegradation.
In comparison to proteins hydrocarbons are more susceptible to biodegradation as in their case biodegradation
occurs easier and faster. Lactose, that occurs in dairy
wastewater, is biodegraded to propionic acid, ethanol and
acetate. In aerobic condition lactose decomposition is not
trouble but necessary is presence of other compounds that
can be source of nitrogen and phosphorus. In this way,
dairy wastewater with high concentration of lactose compression to other organic compounds can be dicult to
decomposition (Sarkar et al., 2006).
Fats biodegradation may be rendered dicult as their
biodegradability rate is very low (Petruy and Lettinga,
1997). In dairy wastewater fats generate glycerol and
long-chain fatty acids. Glycerol does not cause inhibition
whereas long-chain fatty acids, both saturated (1214 carbon atoms) and unsaturated (18 carbon atoms) (Perle
et al., 1995) may produce harmful eects on various microorganisms, on metanogenous bacteria in particular. Such a
harmful eect is attributed to double bonds and cis isomers, which occur in natural fats.
The aim of the research presented in this work was to
determine the biodegradability rate of the dairy wastewater
originated in selected sections of the dairy processing line.
The research was done under aerobic conditions and the
biodegradability rate was estimated as a function of the
process temperature.
2. Methodology
2.1. The wastewater characteristics
The research on the biodegradability of some dairy
wastewater was based on respirometric methods. In the
experiment the researchers used activated sludge adapted
to dairy wastewater biodegradation under aerobic
conditions.
The wastewater selected for the experiment displayed
diverse values for physical and chemical properties (Table
1). It was collected from the following sections of the dairy
processing line:
The apparatus room The wastewater originated from
washing the equipment such as centrifuges, devices
and installations used for milk thermal processing,
homogenisation, condensation and out-gassing (de-aeration). The wastewater varied in content depending on
the detergents used for washing.
The butter section The wastewater originated from
washing the rooms, devices and installations used in butter production. Its characteristic feature was high fats
content.
The milk reception point The wastewater originated
from washing the cisterns, pipes, oors and drives. Its
texture resembled highly-diluted milk.
The cheese and cottage cheese section The wastewater
originated from washing the devices and installations for
hard cheese and cottage cheese production, respectively.
It was marked by high rates of organic pollutants.
Apart from these the following liquids were analyzed in
the research:
Hard cheese whey a secondary product of hard cheese
production (sweet whey).
Cottage cheese whey a secondary product of white cottage cheese production (sour whey).
Mixed wastewater all the wastewater combined in one
stream (the wastewater pumping station).
Value of the waste indicate presented in Table 1 are similarly to introduced in literature (Kasapgil et al., 1994;
Table 1
Physical and chemical characteristics of the dairy sewage being analysed
The sewage origin
Reaction (pH)
Apparatus room
Butter section
Milk reception point
Cheese section
Cottage cheese section
Hard cheese whey
Cottage cheese whey
Pumping station
3470.0
2423.3
797.6
3456.7
2599.0
29480.0
26766.0
1748.0
14639.5
8925.9
2542.9
11753.0
17645.4
73445.0
58549.6
4441.5
0.27
0.27
0.31
0.29
0.15
0.4
0.46
0.39
3821.2
5066.5
653.6
939.5
3375.3
7152.2
8314.0
1071.8
3105.2
2882.4
1056.8
330.5
950.3
994.4
491.5
573
10.37
12.08
7.18
7.90
7.83
5.80
5.35
8.35
20 C
0.9
35 C
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Pumping station
Cheese section
Butter section
0.0
Apparatus room
The dairy wastewater biodegradability rate under aerobic conditions was measured by means of respirometric
Oxi-Top apparatus by WTW company. The measurement
equipment consisted of a reaction tank and a measure
recorder. Used method was based on application method
by WTW Company Oxi Top system (Sumuth and Doser,
1999).
Inside the reaction tank was placed an appropriate
amount of the wastewater analyzed and a standardised
for all measurements portion of activated sludge. The reaction tank was rmly attached to the measure recorder that
traced and registered the changes of partial pressure inside
the reaction tank. As a result of cellular respiration the
microorganisms in the activated sludge used organic compounds from the wastewater analyzed. The measurement
was taken under aerobic conditions. The microorganisms
used the oxygen from the reaction tank as the electrons
acceptor and in turn released carbon dioxide being an ultimate product of carbon compounds changes under aerobic
conditions. In the reaction tank carbon dioxide was bound
by the absorbent sodium alkali NaOH, which led to the
change in the partial pressure inside the reaction tank.
The pressure was automatically measured and registered
by the measure recorder that simultaneously calculated
the values of the registered partial pressure on the amount
of oxygen used by the microorganisms.
Consistently, the same amount of the activated sludge
biomass was placed inside a single reaction tank. It was
10 ml active sludge with concentration about 4000 mg
TSS l1 250 mg TSS l1. Volatile suspend soils was about
85% of the Total Suspend Soils. Before all measurements
concentration of TSS was controlled. Following that an
appropriate amount of the dairy wastewater was supplied,
prior to that the organic compounds content (BOD) in
the wastewater had been dened (Fig. 1). The experiment
was carried out on the activated sludge at the applied pollutant loading BOD of A 0 = 0.2 g BOD g1 dry mass d1; the
tests were taken at the temperature of 20 C and 35 C. The
measurement session lasted 5 days, that means that at a
time 1.0 g of organic matter (BOD) from the treated wastewater on 1.0 g of the activated sludge dry mass was supplied
to the reaction tank. The volume in the liquid faze was even
out by demonized water addition to 100 ml. Oxygen concentration in the distillated water was 7.8 mg l1.
Calculation of required value of wastewater was presented on the apparatus room example.
1.0
g BODg-1-d.m.
4201
Dp V g
104
RT
4202
3. Results
For every group of the dairy wastewater being examined
in the experiment the biodegradability rate was determined
as the ratio of the number of organic compounds being oxidized throughout the process to 1 g of the activated sludge
dry mass. The number of oxidized organic compounds was
dened depending on the origin of the substrate (dairy
wastewater) and the process temperature.
At the temperature of 20 C and at the applied pollutant
load of 0.2 g BOD g1 d.m. d1 the wastewater from the
cheese section turned out to be the most susceptible to biodegradation (Fig. 1). The average number of organic compounds being oxidized after a 5-day measurement session
achieved 0.32 g BOD g1 d.m. whereas in the case of the
wastewater from the milk reception point and the butter
section the average value did not exceed 0.23 g
BOD g1 d.m. The wastewater from the apparatus room
and the pumping station displayed a similar eciency rate,
that was conrmed by the results of the Tukeys test indicating that at the assumed signicance level of 0.05 there
were no statistically signicant dierences between the
wastewater biodegradability rates (Table 2).
The wastewater in the whey appeared to be the least biodegradable, especially the cheese whey that proved to be
the most resistant to biodegradation as compared to the
Table 2
Statistic value test RIR Tukeya a = 0.05
Apparatus
room
20 C
Apparatus room
Butter section
Milk reception
point
Cheese section
Hard cheese
whey
Cottage cheese
whey
Cottage cheese
section
Mixed sewage
35 C
Apparatus room
Butter section
Milk reception
point
Cheese section
Hard cheese
whey
Cottage cheese
whey
Cottage cheese
section
Mixed sewage
Butter
section
Milk reception
point
Cheese
section
Hard cheese
whey
Cottage cheese
whey
Cottage cheese
section
Mixed
sewage
0.981308
0.711782
0.993446
0.957585
0.534535
0.188014
0.000175
0.000177
0.000189
0.000175
0.000179
0.000195
0.000189
0.000276
0.000617
0.021917
0.117270
0.380274
0.000175
0.000175
1.000000
0.000176
0.711782
0.002921
0.001560
0.793409
0.002052
0.981308
0.711782
0.993446
0.957585
0.000175
0.534535
0.000177
0.188014
0.000189
0.000175
0.000175
0.000179
0.000195
0.000175
1.000000
0.000189
0.000276
0.000617
0.000176
0.711782
0.793409
0.021917
0.117270
0.380274
0.002921
0.001560
0.002052
0.035911
0.117042
0.001128
0.265014
0.000200
0.010575
0.640060
0.005079
0.000186
0.000175
0.020032
0.000226
0.000175
0.363420
0.001643
0.000184
0.995925
0.351616
0.003940
0.000175
0.000175
0.995329
0.000175
0.311670
0.000293
0.001415
0.704399
0.005236
0.117042
0.001128
0.265014
0.000200
0.005079
0.010575
0.000186
0.640060
0.000175
0.000175
0.020032
0.000226
0.000175
0.000175
0.995329
0.363420
0.001643
0.000184
0.000175
0.311670
0.704399
0.995925
0.351616
0.003940
0.000293
0.001415
0.005236
0.035911
0.122074
0.122074
Statistic value less then a = 0.05 (in italic) showed statistical dierences between types of wastewater in biodegradability. When statistic value is higher then
a = 0.05 there was not dierences in biodegradability.
4203
4204
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the nancial assistance
of State Committee for Scientic Research in 20032005
as a research project 4TO 9D 03225. This publication
was supported by the Foundation for the Polish Science.
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