4.

1Thedatasets

3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

(a) Simulation grid (point sets)

(c) Reference values

(b) Local varying mean

2.5

5.5

(d) Secondary data

(e) Hard data

Figure4.1TheElydataset

1TheEly1

pset samplesobjectprovides50welldata(samples),whichcan

be used as hard primary data to constrain the geostatistical estimations or

simulations.Thesedata,showninFig.4.1e,weresampledfromthereference
dataset(Fig.4.1c).
4.1.2The3Ddataset
The3DdatasetretainedinthisbookisextractedfromalayerofStanfordVI,a
syntheticdatasetrepresentingafluvialchannelreservoir(Castro, 2007).The
corresponding SGeMS project is located at DataSets/stanford6.prj. This
projectcontainsthreeSGeMSobjects:well,gridandcontainer.

1Thewellobjectcontainsthewelldataset.Thereisatotalof26wells(21vertical
wells,fourdeviatedwellsandonehorizontalwell).Thesixpropertiesassociated

withthesewellsarebulkdensity,abinaryfaciesindicator(sandchannelormud
floodplain), P-wave impedance, P-wave velocity, permeability and porosity.
Thesedatawillbeusedashardorsoftconditioningdatainthe

82

DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools

0.33
0.28
0.23
0.18
0.13
0.08
0.03

Figure4.2WelllocationsandtheporositydistributionalongtheStanfordVIwells

examplerunsofChapters7to9.Figure4.2showsthewelllocationsandthe
porositydistributionalongthewells.
1ThegridobjectisaCartesiangrid(itsrectangularboundaryisshownonFig.
4.2),with
gridsize:15020080,
originpointat(0,0,0),
unitcellsizeineachx/y/zdirection.
Thisreservoirgridholdsthefollowingtwovariables.
1. Probabilitydata.Thefaciesprobabilitydatawerecalibratedfromtheoriginal
seismicimpedancedatausingthewelldata(faciesandPwaveimpedance).
Twosandprobabilitycubes(propertiesP(sand|seis)andP(sand|seis) 2)
areprovided:thefirstdisplayssharpchannelboundaries(bestqualitydata,
seeFig. 4.3a);theseconddisplaysmorefuzzychannelboundaries(poor
qualitydata,seeFig.4.3b).Theseprobabilitydatawillbeusedassoftdata
toconstrainthefaciesmodeling.
2. Regioncode.Typicallyalargereservoirwouldbedividedintodifferent
regions with each individual region having its own characteristics, for
instance,differentchannelorientationsandchannelthickness.Theregions
associatedwiththeStanfordVIreservoirarerotationregions(property
angle)correspondingtodifferentchannelorientations(Fig. 4.4),andaffin
ity(scaling)regions(property affinity)correspondingtodifferentchannel
thicknesses (Fig. 4.5). Each rotation region is labeled with an indicator

number,andisassignedarotationanglevalue,seeTable 4.1.Theaffinity
indicatorsandtheattachedaffinityvaluesaregiveninTable4.2.Anaffinity
4.1Thedatasets

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

(a) Good quality data

(b) Poor quality data

Figure4.3TwoStanfordVIsandprobabilitycubes

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Figure4.4Angleindicatorcube

Figure4.5Affinityindicatorcube

valuemustbeassignedtoeachx/y/zdirection;thelargertheaffinityvalue,

thethickerthechannelinthatdirection.
1The container objectiscomposedofallthereservoirnodeslocatedinsidethe
channels,henceitisapointsetwith(x,y,z)coordinates.Theusercanperform
geostatisticsonthischannelcontainer,forexample,toestimatethewithinchannel
petrophysicalproperties.InFig. 4.6 thechannelcontainerisrepresentedbyall
nodeswithvalue1(gray),andthenonreservoirareaisinblack.
84

DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools

Table4.1RotationregionindicatorsforStanfordVI
Anglecategory

Anglevalue(degree)

1
2
634935

2177

21

35

49 63

Table4.2AffinityregionindicatorsforStanfordVI
Affinitycategory
Affinityvalue([x,y,z])

0
[2,2,2]

1
2
[1,1,1] [0.5,0.5,0.5]

Figure4.6StanfordVIchannelcontainer(graynodes)

Althoughthis3Ddatasetistakenfromareservoirmodel,itcouldrepresent
any3Dspatiallydistributedattributeandbeusedfortestingapplicationsinother
fields than reservoir modeling. For example, one can interpret each 2D
horizontal layer of the seismic data cube as coarse satellite measurements
definedoverthesameareabutrecordedatdifferenttimes.Theapplicationwould
thenbemodelinglandscapechangeinbothspaceandtime.
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools
SGeMSprovidessomeusefulexploratorydataanalysis(EDA)tools,suchashis
togram,quantilequantile(QQ)plot,probabilityprobability(PP)plot,scatter

plot,variogramandcrossvariogramcalculationandmodeling.Inthischapter,
thefirstfourelementarytoolsarepresented;the(cross)variogramcalculation
andmodelingtoolisdescribedinthenextchapter.
AlltheEDAtoolscanbeinvokedthroughtheDataAnalysismenufromthemain
SGeMS graphical interface. Once a specific tool is selected, the corresponding
SGeMSwindowispoppedup.TheEDAtoolwindowisindependentofthemain
SGeMSinterface,andtheusercanhavemultiplewindowsforeachEDAtool.
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools

4.2.1Commonparameters
TheinterfaceforallEDAtoolspresentedinthischapterhasthreepanels;see
alsoFigs4.7to4.9.

1. ParameterPanelTheuserselectsinthispanelthepropertiestobeanalyzed
and the display options. This panel has two pages: Data and Display
Options,thelatterbeingcommontoallEDAtools.
2. Visualization Panel This panel shows the graphic result of the selected
statistics.
3. StatisticsPanelThispaneldisplayssomerelevantsummarystatistics.
Inthelowerpartofthemaininterface,therearetwobuttons:SaveasImage
and Close. The Saveas Image button is used tosave a graphical result (for
example ahistogram)intoapicturedatafileineitherpng,bmporps
(Postscript)format.TheClosebuttonisusedtoclosethecurrentinterface.
Parametersdescription
TheparametersoftheDisplayOptionspagearedescribedbelow.

1XAxisControlsfortheXaxisforvariable1.Onlythepropertyvaluesbetween
MinandMaxaredisplayedintheplot;valueslessthanMinorgreaterthan
Maxstillcontributetothestatisticalsummaries.ThedefaultvaluesofMin
andMaxaretheminimumandmaximumoftheselectedProperty.TheXAxis
canbesettoalogarithmicscalebymarkingthecorrespondingcheck box.This
optionisvalidonlywhenallthepropertyvaluesarelargerthanzero.

2YAxisControlsfortheYaxisforvariable2.Thepreviousremarksapply.
Theusercanmodifytheparametersthrougheitherthekeyboardorthemouse.
Anymodificationthroughthemousewillinstantlyreflectonthevisualizationor
thesummarystatistics.
Warning:thechangethroughthekeyboardmustbeactivatedbypressingthe
Enterkey.

4.2.2Histogram
The histogram toolcreatesavisualoutputofthefrequencydistribution,anddis
plays some summary statistics, such as the mean and variance of the selected
variable.The histogram toolisactivatedbyclicking DataAnalysis Histogram.
Althoughtheprogramwillautomaticallyscalethehistogram,theusercansetthe
histogramlimitsintheParameterPanel.Themainhistograminterfaceisgivenin
Fig.4.7,andtheparametersoftheDatapagearelistedbelow.

86

DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools

Figure4.7Histograminterface[1]:ParameterPanel;[2]:VisualizationPanel;
[3]:StatisticsPanel

Parametersdescription

1ObjectACartesiangridorapointsetcontainingthevariablesunderstudy.
2PropertyThevariabletostudy.
3Bins Thenumberofclasses.Theusercanchangethisnumberthroughthe

keyboard,orbyclickingthescrollbar.Anyvaluechangewillbeinstantly
reflectedonthehistogramdisplay.

4ClippingValues Statisticalcalculationsettings.AllvalueslessthanMin
andgreaterthanMaxareignored,andanychangeofMinandMaxwill
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools

affectthestatisticscalculation.ThedefaultvaluesofMinandMaxarethe
minimum and maximum of the selected Property.After modifying Min
and/orMax,theusercangobacktothedefaultsettingbyclickingReset.
1Plot type The user can choose to plot a frequency histogram (pdf), a
cumulativehistogram(cdf)orboth.
4.2.3QQplotandPPplot
TheQQplotcomparesequalpquantilevaluesoftwodistributions;thePPplot
compares the cumulative probability distributions of two variables for equal
thresholdvalues.Thetwovariablesneednotbeinthesameobjectorhavethe
same number of data. The QQ plot and PP plot are combined into one
program,whichcanbeinvokedfromDataAnalysisQQplot.ThisEDAtool
generatesbothagraphintheVisualizationPanel andsomesummarystatistics
(meanandvarianceforeachvariable)intheStatisticsPanel,seeFig.4.8.The
parametersintheDatapagearelistedbelow.
Parametersdescription

1AnalysisTypeAlgorithmselection.TheusercanchooseeitheraQQplotor
aPPplot.
2Variable1ThevariableselectionfortheXaxis.Theusermustchoosefirstan
object,thenthepropertyname.
3Clipping Values for Variable 1 All values strictly less than Min and
strictlygreaterthanMaxareignored;anychangeofMinandMaxwill
affectthestatisticscalculation.Theusercangobacktothedefaultsettingby
clickingReset.
4Variable2ThevariableselectionfortheYaxis.Theusermustchoosefirstan
Object,thenthePropertyname.NotethatVariable2andVariable1might
befromdifferentobjects.
5Clipping Values for Variable 2 Remarks similar to those for Clipping
ValuesforVariable1.
4.2.4Scatterplot
Thescatterplottool(executedbyclickingDataAnalysisScatterplot)isused
to compare two variables by displaying their bivariate scatter plot and some
statistics.Allavailabledatapairsareusedtocomputethesummarystatistics,

suchasthecorrelationcoefficient,themeanandvarianceofeachvariable(see
part[C]inFig.4.9).ToavoidacrowdedfigureintheVisualizationPanel,only
upto10000datapairsaredisplayedinthescatterplot.Theparametersinthe
Datapagearelistedbelow.

88

DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools

Figure4.8QQplotinterface[1]:ParameterPanel;[2]:VisualizationPanel;[3]:
StatisticsPanel

Parametersdescription

1Object ACartesiangridorapointsetcontainingthevariablesunderstudy.
ThisObjectmustcontainatleasttwoproperties.
2Variable1ThevariablepropertylistedintheObjectabove.Thisvariableis
associatedwiththeXaxis.
3ClippingValuesforVariable1 AllvaluesstrictlylessthanMinandstrictly
greaterthanMaxareignored,andanychangeofMinandMaxwillaffect

thestatisticscalculation.Theusercangobacktothedefaultsettingbyclicking
Reset.IfVariable1hasmorethan10000data,thentheResetbuttoncanbe
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools

Figure4.9Scatterplotinterface[1]:ParameterPanel;[2]:VisualizationPanel;
[3]:StatisticsPanel

usedtogenerateanewscatterplotwitharesampledsetofdatapairs
containingupto10000data.
1Variable2ThevariablepropertylistedintheupperObject.Thisvariableis
associatedwiththeYaxis.
2ClippingValuesforVariable2RemarkssimilartothoseforVariable1.

3OptionsThechoiceofvisualizingtheleastsquarelinefitinthescatterplot.
TheslopeandtheinterceptaregivenbelowcheckboxShowLeastSquare
Fit.Thisoptionisvalidonlywhenthetwovariablesaredisplayedwiththe
arithmeticalscale.

5
Variogramcomputationandmodeling

Computingexperimentalvariogramsandmodelingthemarekeystepsoftra
ditional geostatistical studies. Fitting an analytical model to an experimental
variogramachievestwopurposes.

1Itallowsonetocomputeavariogramvalue (h)foranygivenlagvectorh.
Indeed,geostatisticalestimationandsimulationalgorithmsrequireknowledge
ofthevariogramatarbitrarylags.
2Amodelisawaytofilteroutthenoisefromtheexperimentalvariogram.
Noiseintheexperimentalvariogramistypicallyaconsequenceofimperfect
measurementsoralackofdata.

Allfunctions g(h) arenotvalidvariogrammodels.Asufficientconditionis

thatgbeconditionallynegativedefinite(Goovaerts,1997,p.108):givenanyset
ofnlocationsu1, . . . ,un,andncoefficients1, . . . , nR,
n n

=1 =1

g(u u ) 0

undertheconditionn=1=0.

SGeMSsupportsfourbasicanalyticalvariogrammodels,andanypositivelin
earcombinationofthesevariograms.Thefouranalytical(semi)variogramsare
asfollows,intheirisotropicform.
Nuggeteffectmodel
(h)

0 ifh=0

(5.1)

= 1 otherwise.
ApurenuggeteffectmodelforavariableZ(u)expressesalackof(linear)
dependencebetweenvariablesZ(u)andZ(u+h).
90

Variogramcomputationandmodeling

91

Sphericalmodelwithrangea
(h)

3h

2a

= 1

Exponentialmodelwithpracticalrangea

(h) = 1 exp

Gaussianmodelwithpracticalrangea

(h)
1

ifha

a)

exp

(5.2)

otherwise.

3h

(5.3)

(5.4)

a
2

3h
2

=
a
Allthesemodelsare
monotonously increasing
andbounded by1:
0 (h)1,h.InthecaseoftheexponentialandGaussianmodels,theupper
bound(thesill)isreachedasymptotically,andthedistancehatwhich95%ofthe
sillisreachediscalledthepracticalrange.
Thecovariancecounterpartoftheabovefourmodelsisgivenby
C(h)=C(0) (h),
InSGeMSavariogrammodel: (h) =

withC(0)=1.

(0)

(h)

izedbythefollowingparameters: c0
+ l=1
(0)
1anuggeteffectc0 withnuggetconstantc00;

(l)

c (h)is
character
l

2thenumberLofnestedstructures.Eachstructurecl(l)(h)isthendefinedby:
avariancecontributioncl0,
thetypeofthevariogram:spherical,exponentialorGaussian,
ananisotropy,characterizedbyanellipsoidwiththreedirectionsandthe
rangesalongeachdirection,seeSection2.5.Notethateachnestedstructure
canhaveadifferentanisotropy.
(0)

(1)

(2)

ExampleConsiderthevariogrammodel (h)=0.3 (h)+0.4 (h)+0.3

(h),with:

1 (0)(h) apurenuggeteffectwithsill0.3;
2 (1)(h) ananisotropicsphericalvariogramwithmajorrange40,mediumrange
o
5,andangles=45 (azimuth),=0(dip),=0(rake);

3 (2)(h) anisotropicexponentialvariogramofrange200.

20andminorrange

92

Variogramcomputationandmodeling

SGeMSwouldsavethatmodelasthefollowingXMLfile:
<Variogram nugget="0.3" structures_count="2" >
<structure_1 contribution="0.4" type="Spherical" >

<ranges max="40" medium="20"

min="5" /> <angles x="45" y="0"
z="0" />
</structure_1>
<structure_2 contribution="0.3" type="Exponential"
> <ranges max="200" medium="200" min="200" />
<angles x="0" y="0" z="0" />
</structure_2>
</Variogram>

5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS
Although the text only refers to variograms, SGeMS can also compute
covariances, correlograms and crossvariograms (see Goovaerts (1997) for
definitionsofthesecorrelationmeasures).
TobringuptheSGeMSvariogrammodule,selecttheVariogramentryfrom
theDataAnalysismenu.Variogramcomputationisdoneinthreesteps.

1. Selecttheheadandtailvariableswhose(cross)variogramwillbecomputed
(Fig.5.1).Thecomputedvariogramwillmeasurethevariabilitybetweenthe
twovariablesZhead(u+h)andZtail(u).Tocomputetheautovariogramofa
variableZ,selectthesamevariableforboththeheadandthetail.
2. Inputthenecessaryparameters,suchasthedirectionsinwhichthevariogram
shouldbecomputedandthenumberoflagstouse(Fig. 5.2aandFig. 5.2b).
Theparametersrequiredwilldiffer,dependingonwhethertheheadandtail
variables are defined on a set of points (i.e. with no predefined spatial
structure)oronaCartesiangrid.
3. Displaytheresults(Fig. 5.3).Atthatpoint,itisalsopossibletomodelthe
computedexperimentalvariograms(seeSection5.2).
Aftercompletingeachstep,clicktheNextbuttontogotothenextstep.
5.1.1Selectingtheheadandtailproperties
Figure 5.1 shows the interface to select the head and tail variables whose
(cross)variogram (Zhead(u+h),Ztail(u))willbecomputed.
Bothheadandtailvariablesmustbelongtothesameobject(i.e.tothesame
set of points or the same Cartesian grid). Use menu item Objects Copy

Propertytotransferapropertybetweentwoobjects.

5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS

Figure5.1Interfacetoselecttheheadandtailvariablesforthevariogramcomputation

Descriptionoftheinterface

1. Select Task Choose whether to compute a new variogram, or load an

existingexperimentalvariogramfromafile.
2. ChoosegridandpropertiesSelecttheobjectthatcontainstheheadandtail
propertiesandchoosetheheadandtailproperties.Selectthesameproperty
forbothheadandtailtocomputeaunivariatevariogram,ortwodifferent
propertiestocomputetheircrossvariogram.

5.1.2Computationparameters
Thissteppromptsforthenumberoflagsatwhichtocomputetheexperimental
variogram,andthedirectionsalongwhichtocomputethatvariogram.Itisalso
possibletoconsideratypeofcorrelationmeasuredifferentfromthevariogram,
forexampleacovarianceorcorrelogram.Thelagsanddirectionsalongwhichto
computethevariogramareinputdifferently,dependingonthetypeoftheobject

(setofpointsorCartesiangrid)thatholdstheheadandtailproperties.
Parameters canbesavedandloadedusingthe LoadParameters and Save
buttonsvisibleatthetopofFig. 5.2b.

94

Variogramcomputationandmodeling

3
4
5

10

11

12

aParametersforpointset

14
15

16

17

18

bParametersforCartesiangrid

Figure5.2Parametersforthevariogramcomputation

Parametersfordatadefinedonasetofpoints

13

GivenanumberLoflags,alagseparationaandasetofKunitvectorsv1, . . . ,
vK,SGeMSwillcomputethefollowingexperimentalvariogramvalues.
5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS

19
20
21
22
23
24

Figure5.3Variogramplotsdisplayandmodelinginterface

(av1) . . . (a Lv1)
.

(avk ) . . . (a Lvk )

Inapointsetobject,datadonotnecessarilyfollowaregularspatialpattern.
Becauseof that lack of structure, it is unlikelytofindenoughpairs of data
separatedbythesamevectorh.Hencetheneedforatoleranceonthenormofh
anditsdirectiontocomputeavariogramonapointsetobject.
Thetoleranceonhischaracterizedbythreeparameters:

1alagtolerance,
2anangle0tol<90,
3abandwidthw,
suchthattwopointsA,Bcontributetothecomputationof (h)if:

ABh
and,calling=(h,AB)theanglebetweenhandAB,

96

Variogramcomputationandmodeling

w
A

Figure5.4
Variogram
tolerance.IfBis
inthegrayzone,
thepair(A,B)
willcontributeto
thecomputation
of (h)

t
o
l

a
n
d

5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS

Ifcomputinganindicatorautovariogram,i.e.ifthe
headandtailvariablesarethesame,theheadandtail
indicatorcutoffsmustbethesame.
Note Categorical indicator variogram should be
calculateddirectlyfrominputindicatordata.
Parametersfordatadefinedona
Cartesiangrid
GivenanumberLoflags,alagseparationaandasetof
Kvectorsv1, . . . ,vK,(thesevectorscanhaveanorm
different from 1) SGeMS will compute the following
experimentalvariogramvalues.
(a
(av1) . . .
Lv1)
.

.
.

(a
.
.
Lvk )
(avk ) . . .
h the same number
Contrarytothepoint
15. N hi
oflags.Eachvector
c
setcase,thereisnoneed u
h
vkisspecifiedbyits
tospecifyadistanceand m
integer coordinates
to
direction tolerance: be
in the grid
c
since all data locations r
coordinate system,
o
followaregularpattern, of
seeitems16,17and
m
18,andFig.5.5.
multiple pairs are di p
16.
x TheXcoordinate
guaranteed to be re ut
available,unlessalotof cti e
of vector vk . It is
on
dataaremissing.
th expressedinnumber
s
e of grid cells. So if
Th
Inter ex thegridcellsare10
pe m long in the X
e
face
ri direction, x = 3
nu
descr
m means 30 m in the
m
iptio
en Xdirection.
nbe
ta
l17. y TheYcoordinate
Theparametersrequired r
va of vector vk . It is
tocomputeavariogram K
ri expressedinnumber
on a Cartesian grid are of
o of grid cells, see
dir
entered through the
gr item16.
ec
interfaceshownonFig.
a18. z The Z coordinate
tio
m
5.2b.
ns
s, of vector vk . It is
ea expressedinnumber
14. Number of lags al
on
ch of grid cells, see
Thenumberoflags
w item16.
g
L.
it
w
.

F
ig
u

r .5Avectoringrid coordinatesofv
e cellcoordinates.Thearex=1,y=3
5

98

Variogramcomputationandmodeling

5.1.3Displayingthecomputedvariograms
OncetheparametersareenteredandNextisclicked,SGeMScomputesanddis
playsthevariograms(seeFig. 5.3).Thereisoneplotperrequesteddirection,
plusanadditionalplotshowingalldirectionstogether(upperleftplotonFig.
5.3).Arightclickonaplotwilltogglethedisplayofthenumberofpairsusedto
computeeachvariogramvalue.Clickingonthesquareiconatthetopofaplot
willmaximizetheplot,i.e.theplotwilloccupythemaximumspace,hiding
the other plots. In maximized mode, use the Ctrl + Tab key combination to
togglebetweentheplots.Ifaplotisclosedbyclickingonitscrossicon,itcan
notbereopenedwithoutrecomputingthevariograms.
Abovetheplots,threemenusprovidemeanstorearrangetheplots,modify
theirscale,andsavethemasimagesorastext.
FileSaveExperimentalVariogramsSavethecomputedexperimentalvari
ogramvaluestoafile.Thatfilecanbeloadedlaterfromthefirstscreenof
thevariogramtool(seeitem1,p.93).
FileExportPlotsAsImagesSavetheplotstoimagefiles.Itispossibleto
selectwhichplotswillbesaved.
EditPlotSettingsModifytheaxisscaleofallorsomeplots.
WindowTileArrangetheplotssothattheyoccupyalltheavailable
space.WindowCascadeDisplaytheplotsincascade.
5.2VariogrammodelinginSGeMS
SGeMSprovidesaninterfacetointeractivelyfitavariogrammodeloftheform
N
(h) = c00(h) +cnn(h)
n =1

tothecomputedexperimentalvariograms.InEq.( 5.5)0isapurenuggeteffect,n (n > 0)is

eitheraspherical,exponentialorGaussianvariogrammodel, and c0, . . . , cN arethevariance
contributionsofeachofthenestedstructures
0, . . . , N .

NoticethatwhileSGeMScancomputeothercorrelationmeasuresthanvari
ogramssuchascovariancesandcorrelograms,itcanonlymodelvariograms.
ThevariogrammodelinginterfaceisshowninFig. 5.3 andisaccessedafter
eithercomputinganexperimentalvariogramorloadinganexistingexperimental
variogram(Section5.1).Therighthandsidepanelallowstoenteravariogram
modelofformEq.(5.5)whichwillbeoverlaidontheexperimentalvariogram
plots.Theparametersofthemodelcanthenbeinteractivelymodifiedtofitthe
experimentalvariogram.

5.2VariogrammodelinginSGeMS

Inputofavariogrammodel
TheinterfaceusedtoinputavariogrammodelisshownonFig.5.3,righthand
sidepanel.
Descriptionoftheinterface
19. NuggetEffectThecontribution to the sill of the nuggeteffect, c0
inEq.(5.5).
20. Nbofstructures ThenumberNofnestedstructures.
21. SillContribution Contribution to the sill of the nthstructure, cn
inEq.(5.5).
22. TypeThetypeofvariogramforthatstructure.Thethreepossibletypesare:
spherical,exponentialandGaussian.
23. Ranges Therangesofthevariogram.Rangescaneitherbechangedman
ually by entering the value, or by dragging the corresponding slider. A
sliderallowstocontinuouslychangetherangevalue,between0andafixed
maximum.Ifthedesiredrangeisgreaterthanthepresetmaximumofthe
slider,itmustbeinputinthetextfield.Themaximumofthesliderwillbe
increasedaccordingly.Usethe Reset buttontoresetthemaximumofthe
slidertoitsdefault.
24. Angles Theanglesdefiningthevariogrammodelanisotropyellipsoid.The
firstangleistheazimuth,thesecondthedip,andthethirdtherake,seeSec
tion 2.5.Allanglesmustbeenteredindegrees.For2Dmodeling,thedip
andrakeshouldbesetas0.
Savingthemodel
Onceamodelhasbeenfittotheexperimentalvariogram,itcanbesavedtoafile
usingtheFileSaveVariogramModelmenuitem.Thatfilecanthenbeused
tospecifyavariogrammodeltogeostatisticalalgorithms.
Modelingacoregionalization
Modelingthecoregionalizationoftworandomfunctions Z1(u) and Z2(u) callsforthe
computation and joint modelingof four experimental variograms 1,1, 1,2, 2,1,
2,2.Thefourexperimentalvariogramscannotbemodeledindependentlyfromone
anothersincethevariogrammatrix

1,1

=
mustbeconditionallynegativedefinite(i,jmodelsi,j).

2,1

1,2

2,2

100

Variogramcomputationandmodeling

SGeMSdoesnotprovidespecifictoolstomodelacoregionalization.Each
experimental(cross)variogramwouldhavetobecomputedandmodeledwithin
itsownvariogrammodelingwindow.Itisthentheresponsibilityoftheuserto
ensurethatthefinalmodelisapermissiblemodel;seeGoovaerts(1997,p.117)
onhowtofitalinearmodelofcoregionalization.
NotethatmanySGeMSalgorithmssupportmodelsofcoregionalizations,such
astheMarkovModels1and2,thatalleviatetheneedtojointlymodelallfour
variograms1,1, 1,2, 2,1, 2,2(seeSection3.6.4formodeldetails).