Vegetables and fruits contains Pesticide residues

1. Tomato
The tomato is the edible, often red fruit/berry of the nightshade Solanum lycopersicum,[1]
[2]

commonly known as a tomato plant. The species originated in the South

American Andes[2] and its use as a food originated in Mexico, and spread throughout the
world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Its many varieties are now widely
grown, sometimes in greenhouses in cooler climates.
The tomato is consumed in diverse ways, including raw, as an ingredient in many dishes,
sauces, salads, and drinks. While it is botanically a fruit, it is considered avegetable for
culinary purposes (as well as under U.S. customs regulations, see Nix v. Hedden), which has
caused some confusion. The fruit is rich in lycopene, which may have beneficial health
effects.
The tomato belongs to the nightshade family, Solanaceae.[1][3] The plants typically grow to 13
meters (310 ft) in height and have a weak stem that often sprawls over the ground and
vines over other plants. It is a perennial in its native habitat, although often grown outdoors in
temperate climates as an annual. An average common tomato weighs approximately 100
grams (4 oz).[4][5]

Botanical name : Solanum lycopersicum

Tomato plants can suffer from insect infestations, including flea beetles, tomato
hornworms and other leaf-chewing insects, aphids, whitefly and mites, as well as
fungal diseases, such as early blight and powdery mildew. When growing
tomatoes, you also have to battle common garden problems with weeds and
pesky slugs. Make your own inexpensive organic pesticides to manage and
control these tomato-growing challenges.

Chemical used
Endosulfan
Effects of Endosulfan
Endosulfan is one of the most toxic pesticides on the market today, responsible for many
fatal pesticide poisoning incidents around the world. [38] Endosulfan is also a xenoestrogena
synthetic substance that imitates or enhances the effect ofestrogensand it can act as
an endocrine disruptor, causing reproductive and developmental damage in both animals
and humans. Whether endosulfan can cause cancer is debated. With regard to consumers'
intake of endosulfan from residues on food, the Food and Agriculture Organization of United
Nations has concluded that long-term exposure from food is unlikely to present a public
health concern, but short-term exposure can exceed acute reference doses.[39]

Toxicity[edit]
Endosulfan is acutely neurotoxic to both insects and mammals, including humans. The US
EPA classifies it as Category I: "Highly Acutely Toxic" based on a LD50 value of 30 mg/kg for
female rats,[13] while the World Health Organization classifies it as Class II "Moderately
Hazardous" based on a rat LD50 of 80 mg/kg.[40] It is a GABA-gated chloride
channel antagonist, and a Ca2+, Mg2+ ATPase inhibitor. Both of these enzymes are involved in
the transfer of nerve impulses. Symptoms of acute poisoning include hyperactivity, tremors,
convulsions, lack of coordination, staggering, difficulty breathing, nausea and vomiting,
diarrhea, and in severe cases, unconsciousness.[17] Doses as low as 35 mg/kg have been
documented to cause death in humans, [41] and many cases of sublethal poisoning have
resulted in permanent brain damage.[17] Farm workers with chronic endosulfan exposure are
at risk of rashes and skin irritation. [13]
EPA's acute reference dose for dietary exposure to endosulfan is 0.015 mg/kg for adults and
0.0015 mg/kg for children. For chronic dietary expsoure, the EPA references doses are
0.006 mg/(kgday) and 0.0006 mg/(kgday) for adults and children, respectively.[13]

Insect and Mite Control

To manage problems with aphids and mites, try a pesticide made with rhubarb
leaves. Simply boil rhubarb leaves in water for 20 minutes, and when cool strain
into a spray bottle. A mild dishwashing soap can be added as well. For managing
leaf-chewing pests, mix up mashed chili peppers, chopped onion and a head of
minced garlic. Allow to steep in water for 24 hours before straining and spraying
tomato plants. To curb attacks from tomato hornworms and other leaf cutters,
make a mash of marigold leaves and flowers, and soak in water for 24 hours.
Strain the solids, and add another 1.5 quarts of water plus a pinch of liquid
castille soap before spraying. For problems with beetles, caterpillars, whitefly and
any soft-bodied insect pest, use a mix of water, cayenne peppers and chopped
horseradish root.

Fungal Prevention
Fungal diseases, like powdery mildew, can be prevented using a spray made of
baking soda or potassium bicarbonate, horticultural oil and water. If you don't
have horticultural oil, citrus oil or molasses makes a good substitute. In addition,
milk deters powdery mildew. Mix 1 part of milk to 9 parts of water in a spray
bottle for easy application. Cornmeal also can be used to manage fungal
infections. Mix 1 cup of cornmeal with 5 gallons of water, strain, and then spray
on tomato plants. For warding off early blight, mix 2 tablespoons each of cooking
oil, organic baby shampoo and baking soda with 1 gallon of water, and then
spray both sides of the leaves for best prevention.

Other Garden Pests

To rid tomato gardens of weeds, try some home remedies. For the first, mix 1
gallon of vinegar with orange oil, molasses and liquid soap. The second option is
to add 1 pound of salt to 1 gallon of boiling water. When using these weed killers,
make sure they do not come in contact with tomato plants. They cannot
discriminate between good plants and weeds. For managing troublesome slugs,
add beer to shallow dishes placed low to the ground around tomatoes. Overnight,
slugs will crawl in for a drink and drown.

Application Concerns
Always remember that any pesticide -- whether homemade and organic or a
commercial chemical product bought from the garden center -- can be dangerous
to humans and animals as well as to plants, if not used correctly. Rhubarb leaves,
for example, are extremely poisonous and fatal if ingested. Sprays made with hot
chili peppers can irritate skin and eyes and should not be inhaled. Oily sprays
should not be applied to tomato leaves when in direct sun, or the plants can
suffer sun damage. A good rule of thumb is to apply a pesticide to just a small
area of the plant first as a test.
Sponsored Links

2. Bhendi
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus Esculentus
Family : Malvaceae
Colour : Green to dark green
Common names : Okra, Ladies finger, Okoro, Gumbo, Bhindi (India)
Best Season : Throughout the year
Nutritional Value : 33 kcal, 7.6 g carbohydrate, 2.4 g protein, 70 mg calcium 31 mg vitamin C,

0.32 mg vitamin A, 0.17 mg vitamin B1, 0.21 mg vitamin B2, per 100 g serving.
RECIPES

Okra is a tall growing warm season annual with ornamental value, native to

Africa. They are known by different names and comes in a number of varieties
which vary in plant size, shape, pod type, colour and the number of spines. Dwarf
varieties without spines and with smooth green pods are best for home gardens.
This upright plant grows 3-6 feet or more in height, some African varieties up to
12 feet, with a base stem of 4 inches in diameter. The woody stems bear leaves
that are lobed and are generally hairy, some reaching up to 12 inches in length.
The flowers are large around 2inches in diameter, yellowish hibiscus like, with
red or purple centers which will last only for a day. Each blossom develops a
small green pod. The fruits are green to dark green, sometimes yellow to red;
long, conical and ridged. Okra contains moderate levels of vitamin A and vitamin
C.
Propagation and Planting :
Propagation is through seeds. Soak seeds overnight in warm water before sowing
to improve germination. Seeds can be sown 1 inch deep in pots or seed trays or
directly on the ground 12 to 18 inches apart or three to four seeds per foot, in
single rows. Seedlings are ready for transplanting when they reach a height of 1015cm. Rows should be kept 3 to 5 feet apart. Plants branch out only when they
reach a height of 30-40cm.
Okras grow well in warm weather. They should be planted in full sun. The soil for
growing okras should be fertile, well drained, high in organic matter with a pH
ranging from 6.0 to 6.5. Soil should be well prepared several weeks before
planting by adding well rotted manure, compost or any other organic matter and
a balanced fertilizer. Lime or dolomite can be added to get the required ph level
of the soil.
The soil should be kept moist by regular watering. Water the soil not the plant
directly. But the plant does not tolerate excessive moisture. Regular watering and

light fertilization occasionally gives better yield. Always water after fertilizing.
Okra will start yielding about 60 days after planting. Fruits should be picked
when they are 3-4 inches long and still tender. They become tough and stringy as
they mature. Seeds for the next season can be obtained by not picking some of the
pods till they reach the full size. Then dry the pods, shell the seeds and save the
seeds in an airtight container.
Problems and Care :
Keep the area around the okra plants weed free. Remove weeds and grass close to
the plant carefully by hand without damaging the roots. Plants are susceptible to
stem rot, so when you must water, soak the soil, not the plant. Yields will increase
if plants are watered deeply. To reduce the potential for fruit rot problems, be
sure that plants have good air circulation.
Some of the many insect pests which may attack okra are silver leaf whitefly,
heliothis, stink bugs, rough bollworm, looper caterpillars and green vegetable
bugs. Aphids and mites may also occur on okra crops. Aphids can be washed off
with a steady stream of water or sprayed with soap spray. Stink bugs are more
difficult to control. These can be hand picked and destroyed. Loopers can be
controlled with Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis).
If the pods/ fruits are not picked on time and allowed to mature on the plant,
flowering and further production will be reduced. Branch thinning or cutting off
branches may be necessary to control dense growth of the plant.
Chemical used and its Effects
The infested fruits and shoots should be removed regularly and buried deep in the soil.
Spraying with quinalphos 25 EC (2 ml/litre of water) or carbaryl (4 g/litre of water) effectively
controls the pest. Before spraying all the affected plant parts should be removed.

Four different concentrations of quinalphos and methyl parathion were tested on human
peripheral lymphocytes over different time periods, for the analysis of chromosomal aberrations
and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). 2. A significant increase in chromosomal aberrations
was observed when cells were treated with quinalphos for 48 and 72 h and a significant increase
in SCEs was observed at all the concentrations and over all the time periods. 3. Methyl-parathion
did not induce chromosomal aberrations but it did induce SCEs significantly over all time periods

3. Brinjal
Brinjal (Eggplant)
Family: Solanaceae
Botanical Name: Solanum melongina L

Egg plant or brinjal (Solanum melongina) is a hardy plant compared to other vegetables grown in Sri-Lanka.
Because of its hardiness, it can be successfully grown in very dry areas under rain-fed conditions or with

minimum irrigation facilities. It covers second large extent after curry banana. Egg plant can be kept for more
than one year in production by pruning at the end of the harvesting season. The fruit colour varies from pure
white

to

dark

purple

or

black

in

different

varieties.

This crop can be grown through out the year in all Agro-climatic regions except up country-wet zone. Grows
well up to an elevation of about 1300m in low country wet zone, Intermediate, up country intermediate and
dry zone. Eggplant is tolerant to drought. Well drain, light soils with a pH of 5.5-5.8 are more suitable for the
cultivation of brinjal.
Nursery

Management

As in other solanaeceous crop direct seeding is not practiced due to the small size of the seeds.
Twenty nursery beds of 3x 1 m are required to raised seedlings for 1 ha.. Soils should be worked to a fine
tilth. Prepare about 20-leveled raised beds to a height of 15-20cm. Incorporate well decomposed organic
matter

at

the

rate

of

kg/m2.

3-4

Sterile seedbeds by burning them using straw and paddy husk. Treat seeds with a recommended fungicide
such as Captan or Thiram at the rate of 2g/100g of seed. Seed should be planted in beds 10-15 cm apart at
the depth of 0.5 to 1 cm and cover with a thin layer of soil. Spread a layer of straw mulch over beds and
water daily. Remove the mulch when the germination is complete. Avoid exposure of seedlings to heavy
rains and to prolong sunlight. Harden seedlings by exposing them to sunlight and increasing irrigation
intervals for one week before planting. Seedlings are ready to transplant after 21 days.
Seed

Requirement: 250

g/ha

(1g

of

Time

contain

250-300

of

Maha-

and

April

(Avoid

December

to

planting
should

during

be

laid

seeds)
planting

November

YalaNursery

seeds

May
heavy

one

month

rains)
before

Land

planting
preparation

Avoid field cropped with Solanaceous crops in the previous season to minimize the incidence of Bacterial
wilt. Plough the field to a depth of 15-30cm and prepare Planting holes with the dimension of 30 x 30 x
30cm. Incorporate organic matter to the soil at the rate of 6-12t/ha. Level the area and establish drains
across

slopes

to

ensure

Planting

good

drainage.

and

Spacing

Optimum spacing is 90 x 60cm with one plant/hill. Healthy seedlings aged 25 to 30 days with four fully
expanded leaves are suitable for transplanting. Transplant in the evening to avoid mid day wilt but ensure
that
Seedling
Field

soil
must

moisture
be

shaded

is
with

plant

adequate
material

at
until

they

transplanting.
are

established
Establishment

Selected field should not have a history of a cultivation of a solanaeceous crop at least 2 seasons. After

primary and secondary land preparation level the land and make planting holes at a spacing of 90x60 cm.
Addition of organic matter (200-300g/hill) to planting holes facilitate quick establishment of the transplant.
Planting can be done in the afternoon to avoid desiccation of seedlings.
Fertilizer application (kg/ha)
UREA

TSP

MOP

Basal

75

325

85

Top Dressing-1(1MAP)

75

---

---

Top Dressing-2 (2MAP)

75

---

85

Top Dressing-3 (3MAP)

75

---

---

Major Disease and Insect Pests

Damping

off,

Bacterial

wilt

and

Foot

Rot

are

the

major

diseases

that

affect

this

crop.

Major pests that affect brinjal are Shoot and Fruit Borer (SFB), Mites, Thrips and Hoppers.
Damping Off
Causal Agents:
Fusarium spp
Pythium spp
Phytopthora spp
Rhizoctonia spp
Causal agent of this disease is fungus. Symptoms of this disease are rotting the base of the nursery plants
and then die off.
Seed treatments will effectively control this disease.
Eg: Captan
Thiram
Chlorothalonil
Bacterial wilt

Common disease which affect the production of brinjl is bacterial wilt. There is no chemical control for this
disease which said to be the number one diseases for all solanaeceous crops. Cultural practices such as
deep drains to facilitate drainage and the use of resistant varieties can be recommended to control the
incidence.
Foot rot

Causal agent of this disease is a fungus. Symptoms of this disease are similar to that of bacterial wilt. At the
collar region of the affected plant lesions are visible. By improving drainage this can be prevented. Redomil
as a soil application is very effective in controlling this disease.
Insect Pests
Shoot and fruit borer

Continuous cultivation of brinjal on a same field and non removal of plant parts of the previous brinjal
cultivation aggravate this damage. The symptoms first appear in immature shoots i.e. wilting. Soon after
observing wilted shoot remove and destroy them.
The damage after flowering and fruiting can be controlled by using recommended insecticides.
Mites and hoppers
Recently these insects seem to cause considerable damage to the crop. Sulphur can be used very
effectively to control mites while hoppers can be controlled by using recommended insecticides
Harvesting
Can begin harvesting about 75 days after transplanting. Ten to twelve picks at weekly intervals are possible.
After a 3 months harvesting period a ratoon crop can be raised if plants are pruned.
Yield
Yield can be varied with the variety and climatic condition.
Main crop - 20-25t/ha
Ratoon crop -7-10t/ha
Harvesting & Post-harvest Technology
Peak production months
The peak cucumber production months during the Maha season are January, February and 1st and 2nd
weeks of March and that during the Yala season are April, May, June, July and 1st and 2nd weeks of August
(DOA Vegetable Task Force Report).).

Chemical used and its effects:

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB), Leucinodes orbonalis is the most serious pest of brinjal, which causes
about 67% fruit damage in South East Asia including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand.
Farmers of Bangladesh usually spray insecticides every day or every alternate day to control this obnoxious
pest. The indiscriminate use of insecticides may result in loss of their effectiveness and human health
hazards (FAO 2003).

Effects to humans
Pesticide exposure can cause a range of neurological health effects such as memory
loss, loss of coordination, reduced speed of response to stimuli, reduced visual
ability, altered or uncontrollable mood and general behavior, and reduced motor
skills. These symptoms are often very subtle and may not be recognized by the
medical community as a clinical effect. Other possible health effects includeasthma,
allergies, and hypersensitivity, and pesticide exposure is also linked
with cancer, hormone disruption, and problems with reproduction and fetal
development.

4.

Chillies

Chillies
The native home of chilli is considered to be Mexico with secondary origin of
Gautemala. It is also called as hot pepper, cayenne pepper, sweet pepper etc. Chilli
belongs to the genus Capsicum under Solanaceae family. Five species of Capsicum
are under cultivation, through number of wild species have been identified recently.
In India, only two species viz. Capsicum annum and Capsicum frutescens are known
and most of the cultivated varieties belong to the species Capsicum annum. Chilli
was introduced in India by the Portugese in Goa in the middle of 17th century and
since then it had rapidly spread throguhout the country.
Chilli besides imparting pungency and red colour to the dishes, is a rich source of
vitamin A, C and E and assits digestion. Recently Russian scientists have identified
Vitamin P in green chillies which is considered to be important as it protects from
secondary irradiation injury. The pungency in chillies is due to an alkaloid capsaicin
which has high medicinal value. It also prevents the heart diseases by dilating blood
vessels. Chilli is an important ingredient in day to day curries, pickles and chatnies.

Oleoresins, sauce and essence are prepared from chillies.

Climate and soil
Chilli requires a warm and humid climate for its best growth and dry weather during
the maturation of fruits. Chilli crop comes up well in tropical and sub-tropical regions,
but it has -a wide range of adaptability and can withstand heat and moderate cold to
some extent. The crop can be grown over a wide range of altitudes from sea level
upto nearly 2 100 meters. It is generally a cold weather crop, but can be grown
throughout the year under irrigation. Black soils which retain mositure for long
periods are suitable for rainfed crop whereas well drained chalka soils, deltaic soils
and sandy loams are good under irrigated condition.
Maintenance of buffer zone
In order to cultivate chillies organically, a buffer zone of 25 to 50 feet is to be left all
around from the conventional farm, depending upon the location of the farm. The
produce from this buffer zone belt shall not be treated as organic. Chilli can be
cultivated organically as an inter or mixed crop provided all the other crops are
grown following organic methods. It is desirable to include a leguminous crop in
rotation with chilli.
Sources of planting material
For raising nurseries, seeds of high yielding varieties with tolerance to pests and
diseases may be used. They should be carefully selected from certified organic farms
or from own seed plot which is raised organically. To start with , chemically untreated
seeds from local high yielding varieties could also be used, in the absence of
organically produced seeds. Seeds should not be treated with any chemical
fungicides or pesticides. However, it is always beneficial to adopt indigenous practices
for seed treatment, wherever possible. The seeds may be treated with Trichoderma
@ 10 9/kg of seed to prevent incidence of seedling rot in the nursery.
Cultural practices
Normally chilli is grown under rain-fed condition. However, under irrigated condition,
care should be taken to avoid using water contaminated with fertilizers, pesticides
and fungicides. Irrigation should be done judiciously. Stagnation of water should not
be allowed in nursery beds and fields in order to avoid fungal infection. Weeds which
attract pests should be allowed to grow in the field to act as trap and removed before
flowering.
Manuring
Organic manures such as farmyard manure is applied @ 4 to 5 t./ha. However, it is
always advisable to use compost/farmyard manure from own farm rather than from
outside the farm. It is desirable to give sheep manure @ 3-5 quintals and neern cake
@ 3-4 quitals per hectare at the time of land preparation. Restricted use of permitted
mineral fertilizers under organic system can be done depending on requirement, on
the basis of soil analysis. Application of soil amendments such as tank silt, basic slag
and gypsum is also allowed in a limited manner. Use of bio-fertilizers can also be
resorted to the combination with organic inputs.
Plant protection
Pests
To avoid infestation of root grub, only well rotten farmyard manure should be applied
in the field. Application of neern cake @ 250 kg/ha. is also advisable for control of
root grubs. Change in the agronimic practices to distrub the life cycle of the grub is

also found useful. Application of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE 3%) can be done
for control of thrips, aphids and mites. Release of larvae of Chrysoperla cornea, a
biocontrol agent, once in 15 days is also helpful in controlling thrips and mites. Fruit
(pod) borers are the major pests which cause considerable damage to the crop. They
can be managed to a certain extent by adoption of biocontrol measures. Restricted
instalation of pheromone traps in the field @ 5 nos. per acre helps to monitor the
adult moths. Ten days after spotting the moths in the traps, spraying with Nuclear
Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) @ 500 LE (larval equivalent)/ha 4-5 rounds is beneficial to
control the early larval stage of the pod borers. The egg mosses of Spocloptera borer
can be mechanically collected and destroyed. Trichogramma an egg parasite, may be
released two days after appearance of moths. Spraying of neem products like neem
oil, neem seed kernel extract and restricted use of Bacillus thuringenisis @ I kg/ha
are beneficial. All the shed fruits and inflorescence parts should be collected and
destroyed at regular intervals.
Diseases
Rot and Die back caused by Colletotrichurn capsici and bacterial wilt are the two
major diseases of chillies. Careful seed selection and adoption of phytosanitary
measures will check the diseases of chillies. Early removal of affected plants will
control the spread of the diseases. Seed treatment with Trichoderma takes care of
seedling rot in nursery. Varieties tolerant to diseases should be used wherever the
disease is severe. Rouging and clestrutction of affected plants help in checking the
mosaic virus.
Harvesting and post harvest operations
Harvesting should be done at the right stage of maturity. Ripe fruits are to be
harvested at frequent intervals. Retaining fruits for a long period on the plants
causes wrinkles and colour fading. Soon after the harvest, the produce is to heaped
or kept in clean gunnies for one day for uniform colour development for the pods.
Sun-drying is the common practice in India. The preparation of drying floor differs
from tract to tract. Levelled and compacted floor is to be made for drying. Fruits are
spread on drying yards in layers of 81 Ocm. From the fifth day onwards, the produce
is inverted on alternate days so that the pods in the lower layers are brought up to
ensure quick and uniform drying. To avoid microbial activity and aflatoxin production,
moisture in the dried pods should be brought down to 10%.
Since the produce is exposed to sun for 10-15 days on the open yards, it is likely to
get contaminated with foreign matter. This also results in poor colour for the product
due to bleaching effect of the sun rays. The produce can be dried within a period of
18 hours using air blown drier keeping temperature at 44-460C. This method not
only saves time, avoids the drying operations for 10-15 days but also imparts deep
red colour and glossy texture to the fruits. Solar drier and tray drier can be used.
While drying, the produce can be covered with polythene sheets during night time to
avoid dew deposition and resultant colour fading.
Grading is to be done to remove defective and discoloured pods. Packing is done in
gunny bags, or jute boras. Chillies should be properly stored to avoid infestation of
pests. It is preferable to store dried chilli in refrigerated condition (cold storage) to
retain colour.
Pesticide on Aphids:
Systemic insecticides are also available for aphid management, primarily for woody

ornamentals. These materials, including imidacloprid, are very effective and are especially
useful for serious infestations of aphids such as the woolly hackberry aphid, which is often not
effectively controlled by biological control or less toxic insecticides. Imidacloprid can have
negative impacts on predators, parasitoids, and pollinators, so its use should be avoided where
soaps and oils will provide adequate control. To protect pollinators, don't apply imidacloprid or
other systemic insecticides to plants in bloom or prior to bloom.

Impact on Humans:

Imidacloprid and its nitrosoimine metabolite (WAK 3839) have been well studied in rats, mice
and dogs. In mammals, the primary effects following acute high-dose oral exposure to
imidacloprid are mortality, transient cholinergic effects (dizziness, apathy, locomotor effects,
labored breathing) and transient growth retardation. Exposure to high doses may be
associated with degenerative changes in the testes, thymus, bone marrow and pancreas.
Cardiovascular and hematological effects have also been observed at higher doses. The
primary effects of longer term, lower-dose exposure to imidacloprid are on the liver, thyroid,
and body weight (reduction). Low- to mid-dose oral exposures have been associated with
reproductive toxicity, developmental retardation and neurobehavioral deficits in rats and
rabbits. Imidacloprid is neither carcinogenic in laboratory animals nor mutagenic in standard
laboratory assays.[43]
No studies have been published involving human subjects chronically exposed to
imidacloprid. Effects of imidacloprid on human health and the environment depend on how
much imidacloprid is present and the length and frequency of exposure. Effects also depend
on the health of a person and/or certain environmental factors.[44]
A study conducted in tissue culture of neurons harvested from newborn rats showed that
Imidacloprid and acetamiprid, another neonicotinoid, excited the neurons in a way similar
to nicotine, so the effects of neonicotinoids on developing mammalian brains might be similar
to the adverse effects of nicotine. [45]

5. Cabbage

Introduction
Cabbage is one of the most popular winter vegetables grown in India. It is cultivated
in 0.245 M ha with the total production of 5.617 M mt and average productivity of

22.9 mt/ha. The major cabbage producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar,
Assam, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Among these states West Bengal
contributes 1.929 M mt of cabbage from 65,000 ha area with an average
productivity of 29.6 mt/ha. Cabbage is used as salad, boiled vegetable and
dehydrated vegetable as well as in cooked curries and pickles. Cabbage is rich in
minerals and vitamins A, B1, B2 and C.
Crop varieties
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) belongs to the family Cruciferae.
Advance technology in cabbage production utilizes hybrid verities like Green
express, Green Boy and other verities are Pusa Mukta, Pride of India, Pusa Drum
Head, Hari Ram Gole etc.
Conventional practices
Generally farmers grow locally available varieties and adopt check basin or furrow
method of irrigation. Standard practices of nutrient and plant protection measures
are rarely adopted.
Suitable agro climatic conditions
The cabbage plants thrive in a well relatively cool moist climate. In the plains it is
grown mainly as a winter crop, whereas in the hills it is grown as a spring and early
summer crop.
Suitable soils
Sandy loam soil is generally considered most suitable for an early maturing crop,
but where higher yield is the main criterion, clay loam or silt loam soil is more
suitable. It does not grow well in highly acidic soils. The optimum pH range for
cabbage is between 5.5 and 6.5.
Preparation of land
The field should be deep (20-25 cm) ploughed with soil turning ploughs. Thereafter,
two to three cross harrowing is done to make soil friable and loose. One or two
plankings are also needed to make the surface smooth and level.
Soil sterilization
The sterilization of the soil can be achieved by both physical and chemical means.
Physical control measures include treatments with steam and solar energy.
Chemical control methods include treatments with herbicides and fumigants. Soil
sterilization can also be achieved by using transparent plastic mulch film, which is
termed as soil solarization. During soil solarization, the incoming solar radiation
penetrates the transparent plastic film and is absorbed in the soil. The absorbed
radiation converts into heat energy, which raises the soil temperature and kills
many soil-borne organisms including plant pathogens and pests.
Planting
The seeds are sown in raised nursery beds. They are sown in August-September for
the early crop and in September-October for the late crop. The seed rate is 500
g/ha for the early crop and 375 g/ha for the late crop. Poly house may be used for
providing favourable climate for the germination of seeds and seedlings raising.
Four to six weeks old seedlings are used for transplantation. Generally, a spacing of
45 cm x 45 cm is kept for the early varieties and 60 cm x 45 cm for the late
varieties.
Drip system requirement
Area : 1 ha, Planting geometry: 60cm x 45cm.
Variable items : 75 mm ? PVC/HDPE pipe-54 m, 75 mm ? PVC/HDPE pipe-102
m, 12mm ? LLDPE Lateral-8400 m, Online dripper (2 l/h)-7437 Nos., Control
valve-2 Nos., Flush valve-2 Nos. and Tees/bends-1 No., Accessories.

Fixed items : Screen filter (15m3/ h)-1 No., Bypass assembly-1 No., Fertilizer
applicator-1 No., Accessories.
Irrigation scheduling
Cabbage requires continuous availability of moisture in soil. Heavy irrigation should
however be avoided when heads have formed. Irrigation after long dry spells causes
bursting of heads. Drip irrigation is the most suitable method of irrigation, which
provides uniform supply of water. The estimated daily irrigation water requirement
of cabbage crop is 4.66 l/4plants during early stage and 6.62 l/4plants during peak
growth stage. Daily irrigation or on alternate days with On-line type of drippers is
preferred.
Advantages of drip irrigation
Saves water
Enhances plant growth and yield
Saves energy and labour
Most suited for soils having low water holding capacity on undulating terrain
Reduces weed growth
Improves fertilizer application efficiency
Improves quality of produce
Reduces salt concentration in the root zone
Application of fertilizers
Cabbage is a shallow rooted crop with high nutrients requirement. For the best
results 20-25 t/ha of FYM is incorporated in the soil about three week before
transplanting. N, P and K fertilizers are applied respectively @ 100 kg N, 125 kg P
and 150 kg K per hectare before transplanting. Three to four split doses of liquid
nitrogen (100 kg N/ha) should be applied through drip irrigation after 5-6 weeks of
transplanting.
Weed control
Shallow hoeing should be done for weed control. Black plastic mulch is also effective
in restricting weed population.
Plant protection
The control measures for insects, pests and diseases depend upon type and
intensity of problem. The control measures for the main pests and diseases are
stated below.
Cabbage Maggot: It attacks on the young rootlets and on the main root, causing
wilting of plants. Application of Calomelis suspension has been prescribed as a
control measure.
Damping off: It is common disease in the nursery-beds of the early cabbage. It is
controlled by soil solarization using transparent plastic film or by drenching the
nursery beds with fungicide 3-4 weeks prior to sowing of seeds.
Downy Mildew: It is characterized by the appearance of purplish-brown spots on the
underside of the leaves. The causal organism is an obligate parasite present in soil.
Sanitation and crop rotation help reduce the infection of Downy Mildew.
Harvesting, yield and quality control
Cabbage is harvested when the head is of suitable size, firm but tender. The
average yield of cabbage varies from 100 to 115 t/ha under drip irrigation with
plastic mulch. In attaining quality of cabbage grading should be done according to
the size and quality as per the standards laid down by the Indian Standards
Institution.
Post harvest handling and storage
The best storage temperature is 00 C at 90 to 95 per cent relative humidity.

Cost economics
Area : 1 ha, Planting geometry 60 cm x 45 cm
Fixed cost of drip system : Rs. 89,986
Rate of interest : 10.5%
Life of drip system : 7.5 years
Annual cost of drip System : Rs. 12,939
Expected yield : 112 t/ha
Cost of cultivation : Rs. 11,500
Expected Benefit Cost ratio : 6.0

Cabbage Looper
Watch for cabbage loopers particularly
on the undersides of leaves along leaf
margins, but they can be found
anywhere on the plant.
The larvae are light green in color with a
pale white stripe along each side and
two thin white stripes down the back.
The body tapers toward the head.
There are three pairs of slender legs near the head and two pair of clubshaped prolegs toward the other end. When mature, the larvae reach 11/2 inches in length. The ridged, white, round eggs are usually laid
singly on the underside of the outer leaves. The pupae are brown, about
3/4 inch long and wrapped in a delicate cocoon of white tangled
threads. The adult moth is a mottled, grayish-brown moth with a 1-1/2
inch wing span and a small silvery spot resembling a sock in the middle
of each front wing.
Chemicals used
INDOXACARB
Effects

Indoxacarb insecticide is formulated as 30% active water-soluble granule. The oral

LD50[1] is 1800 mg/kg and dermal LD50[1] is >5000 mg/kg. It affects insects by either
direct exposure of spray droplets or through ingestion of treated foliage and fruit. Once
absorbed, it kills the organism by blocking the flow of sodium ions.[1,4] This results in
impaired nerve function, cessation of feeding, paralysis and death in insects.
Methemoglobin[7] (MetHb) is generated by the oxidation of haem iron moieties to the
ferric state causing characteristic bluish brown colour resembling cyanosis. MetHb has

such a high affinity to O2 that virtually no O2 is delivered to tissues and the

O2 dissociation curve is shifted towards left. Methemoglobinaemia[5] should be
suspected in patients with hypoxic symptoms who appear cyanotic, though PaO2 levels on
ABG analysis are sufficiently high to fully saturate the haemoglobin. The characteristic
chocolate brown appearance of freshly drawn blood can be a critical clue.[3] The
SpO2 value around 85% is because of the typical light absorbance spectra[8] of MetHb.
Normally MetHb levels[3,57] are less than 1%. The cyanosis[3,57] usually manifests
at a level of 15% and treatment is warranted[3,57] at levels above 30% while levels
>60% are considered to be lethal.[3,57]
Methemoglobinaemia is treated with methylene blue, 12 mg/kg, administered slowly. If
cyanosis persists, the dose may be repeated at an hourly interval to a maximum[5] of 7
mg/kg/day. The maintenance dose[5] of methylene blue is 1 mg/kg twice or three times a
day. Other supportive measures include the administration of vitamin C and correction of
the metabolic abnormalities.
In our patient, methemoglobinaemia had occurred following the ingestion of indoxacarb
insecticide which was identified and treated on the basis of clinical suspicion and ABG
analysis. Further literature research revealed a similar case report[9] published in year
2008 in IJCCM.
Therefore, it can be substantiated that indoxacarb, an oxidiazine insecticide, also
manifests its toxicity in humans in the form of methemoglobinaemia. As in our patient, it
could be successfully managed with intravenous methylene blue and other supportive and
symptomatic treatment. As indoxacarb is a commonly used insecticide, the clinicians
working in ICUs should be able to recognise and manage it.

6. Cauliflower

Introduction
Cauliflower is one of the most important winter vegetables of India. India produces
4.694 M mt of Cauliflower per year from 0.256 M ha area with an average
productivity of about 18.3 mt/ha. In West Bengal, the area under cauliflower is
57,000 ha with total production of 1.670 M mt and average productivity of 29.3
mt/ha. The major cauliflower producing states are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West
Bengal, Assam, Haryana and Maharashtra. Advance technology for cauliflowers
cultivation is use of Hybrid seeds and drip irrigation. In the plains, it is available
from September to May. It is consumed as a vegetable in curries, soups and pickles.
Crop varieties

The cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var.

botrytis) plant belongs to the family Cruciferae.
Its varieties are very responsive to temperature
and photoperiod. It is therefore, very important
to sow the appropriate variety at right time. Early
varieties if sown late produce button head and
late varieties if sown early will go on giving leafy
growth and will produce curds very late. Pusa
Katki and Pusa Deepali are early varieties
whereas Pusa Subhra, Pant Subhra are cultivated
as mid-season varieties. The late varieties are
Dania, Pusa Snow-ball and Indam 19.
Conventional practices
The conventional method of cultivation is
practised with locally available varieties and
surface flood method of irrigation without proper
fertilizers and plant protection measures.
Suitable agro climatic conditions
Cauliflower produces the best curds in a cool and
slightly moist climate. The optimum monthly
average temperature is in the range of 15 to 200
C, with the average maximum and minimum
temperature of 250 C and 80 C respectively. The
early varieties require higher temperatures and
longer day lengths.
Suitable soils
When other conditions are favourable, cauliflower
can be grown on any good soil, but a fairly deep
loamy soil is most desirable. It is sensitive to
high acidity. The optimum soil pH for maximum
production is 5.5-.6.
Preparation of land
The field should be once ploughed deep (20-25
cm) with soil turning plough. Thereafter, 2 to 3
cross-harrowing or 4 to 5 times ploughing with
the deshi plough should be done. One or two
plankings are also needed to make the surface
smooth and level.
Soil sterilization
The sterilization of the soil can be achieved by
both physical and chemical means. Physical
control measures include treatments with steam
and solar energy. Chemical control methods
include treatments with herbicides and
fumigants. Soil sterilization can also be achieved
by using transparent plastic mulch film, which is
termed as soil solarization. During soil
solarization, the incoming solar radiation
penetrates the transparent plastic film and is
absorbed in the soil. The absorbed radiation
converts into heat energy, which raises the soil
temperature and kills many soil-borne organisms
including plant pathogens and pests.
Planting

The seeds of Cauliflower are sown in raised

nursery-beds of sterilized soil. For early season
crop the seeds should be treated with some
mercurial fungicide to save the young seedlings
from damping off. The sowing of seeds is done in
May-June for early season, July-August for
midseason and September-October for late
season varieties. The seed rate is 600 to 750
g/ha for early varieties and 375 to 400 g/ha for
late varieties. Polyhouse may be utilized to
provide favourable climate for germination of
seeds and protection of seedlings from adverse
weather condition. Four to six weeks old
seedlings are transplanted in the field. A row to
row and plant to plant spacing of 45 cm is kept
for the early varieties. However, for the late
varieties, the row to row spacing is increased to
60 cm
Drip system requirement
Area : 1 ha, Planting geometry: 60cm x
45cm
Variable items : 75 mm F PVC/HDPE pipe-54 m,
75 mm F PVC/HDPE pipe-102 m, 12 mm F LLDPE
Lateral-8400 m, Online drippers (2 l/h)- 7437
Nos., Control valve-2 Nos., Flush valve-2 Nos.,
Tees/bends -1 No., Accessories.
Fixed items : Screen filter (15m3/ h)-1 No.,
Bypass assembly-1 No., Fertilizer applicator-1
No., Accessories.
Irrigation scheduling
Cauliflower is a shallow-rooted crop. Its roots are
confined to 45 to 60 cm soil depth. Drip irrigation
is the most suitable irrigation method for uniform
head size and high quality produce. The
estimated daily irrigation water requirement is
2.96 l/d/4plants at early stage and 5.41
l/d/4plants at the development stage.
Advantages of drip irrigation
Saves water by 35 to 40 %
Enhances plant growth, and increases yield by 45
to 50 %
Efficient and economic use of fertilizers results
better quality of heads of cauliflower
Increases water use efficiency
Reduces weed growth
Reduces salt concentration in the root zone
Application of fertilizers
25 tonnes of FYM along with N, P, K fertilizers @
60 kg N, 80 kg P2O5, and 40 kg K2O per hectare
should be applied before transplanting of
cauliflower seedlings. Fertigation of nitrogen
through drip in 4 to 5 split doses produces better
yield.
Weed control
Frequent shallow hoeing is generally practised for

the control of weeds. Black plastic mulch is

another effective method to control weeds,
because it prevents light and restricts favorable
conditions for the growth and germination of
weeds.
Plant protection
The control measures for insects, pests and
diseases depend upon type and intensity of the
problems. The control measures for the main
pests and diseases are described below.
Cabbage Maggot : It attacks on the young
rootlets and main root and causes wilting of
plants. Application of suspension of Calomelis has
been recommended as a control measure.
Damping off : It is a common disease in the
nursery-beds of the early cauliflower. It is
controlled by soil solarization using transparent
plastic film or drenching the nursery beds with
fungicide 3 to 4 weeks before sowing of seeds.
Downy Mildew : It is characterized by the
appearance of purplish-brown spots on the lower
side of the leaves. The causal organism is an
obligate parasite, which is present in the soil.
Sanitation and crop rotation help in reducing the
infection of Downy mildew.
Harvesting, yield and quality control
Cauliflower is harvested when its curds attain a
proper size and before they begin to discolour.
The yield of cauliflower varies from 20 to 40 t/ha
in early season to about 50 t/ha during mid
season. The yield can be further enhanced using
precision method of irrigation, nutrient
application and plant protection.
Post harvest handling and storage
Cauliflower with leaves attached can be stored
for 30 days at 00 C temperature and 85 to 90 per
cent relative humidity.
Cost economics
Area: 1 ha, Planting geometry: 60 cm x 45
cm
Fixed cost of drip system: Rs. 89,986
Rate of interest: 10.5%
Life of system: 7.5 years
Annual cost of drip system: Rs. 12,939
Cost of cultivation: Rs. 11,500
Expected yield: 25 t/ha
xpected Benefit-Cost ratio: 2.5

Chemical : Spinosad
Effects on Humans:

Some medical conditions may interact with spinosad suspension. Tell your doctor
or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following
apply to you:

if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal
preparation, or dietary supplement

if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

if you have any skin conditions

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with spinosad suspension. Because little, if

any, of spinosad suspension is absorbed into the blood, the risk of it interacting
with another medicine is low.
Ask your health care provider if spinosad suspension may interact with other
medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start,
stop, or change the dose of any medicine

7. snake Guard

Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina. L)

Cucurbitaceae
Soil
Sandy loam soils rich in organic matter with good drainage and the pH ranging from 6-5-7.5
Season
July and January are highly suitable for cultivation.

Seed treatment
Treat seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g/kg or Carbendazim 2 g/kg of seeds befo
Seed rate
1.5 kg of seeds/ha is required.

Preparation of field
Plough the field to fine tilth and dig pits of size 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm at 2.5 x 2 m spacing
and form basins.
Sowing
Sow the seeds (5 seeds / pit) and thin the seedlings to two/pit after 15 days of sowing.
Irrigation
Irrigate the basin before dibbling the seeds and thereafter once a week.
Application of fertilizers
Apply 10 kg of FYM, 100 g of NPK 6:12:12 mixture as basal dose per pit and N @ 10 g pit 30
days after sowing. Apply Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg/ha and Pseudomonas 2.5
kg/ha along with FYM 50 kg and neem cake @ 100 kg before last ploughing.
After cultivation
Hoeing and weeding can be done thrice or as and when necessary. Provide stakes and train the
plants to reach the pandal height (2 m). Pandal is not essential for Co 2 variety. Spray Ethrel
100 ppm (1 ml in 10 lit of water) four times from 10 to 15 days after sowing at weekly intervals.

Snake gourd grown in pandal system

Quality seedling production
Nursery raising
Sow the snake gourd seeds in protrays containing well decomposed cocopeat medium. Sow only
one seed per cell. Keep the trays under shadenet house. Water regularly with the help of rose
can. Transplant about 12 days old seedlings to main field.
Planting
Spread the lateral tubes on the raised beds of 120cm wide at 150cm spacing. Irrigate the beds by
operating the drip system continuously for 8-12 hrs. Plant the seedlings in the holes made at
60cm spacing.
Fertigation
Apply a dose of 75:100:100 kg NPK/ha throughout the cropping period through split application.
Apply 75% of the phosphorus as superphosphate as basal dose.
Plant protection
Pests
Leaf beetles and leaf caterpillars
Spray Dichlorvos 76% EC 6.5 ml/10 lit or Trichlorofon 50% EC 1.0 ml/l.
Fruit fly
1. Collect the damaged fruits and destroy.
2. The fly population is low in hot day conditions and it is peak in rainy season. 3. Hence, the
sowing time may be adjusted accordingly.
4. Expose the pupae by ploughing.
5. Use 20 x 15 cm poly bags fish meal traps with 5 g of fish meal + 1 ml of Dichlorvos in cotton @
50 traps/ha. Fish meal and cotton are to be removed once in 20 and 7 days respectively.
6.Neem oil @ 3.0 % need based as foliar spray
7. For management of Aphid vector, spray Imidachloprid @ 0.5 ml/lit along with sufficient quantity
of stickers like Teepol, Triton X100, APSA etc., for better adhesion and coverage.

Do not use DDT, copper and sulphur dust. These are phytotoxic.
Diseases
Powdery mildew
Powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying Dinocap 1 ml/lit or Carbendazim 0.5 g/lit.

Downy mildew
Downy mildew can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil 2 g/lit twice at 10 days
interval.
Yield
18 t/ha in 135 145 days.
Market information

Chemical used : Triton

Side Effects on Humans

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

sible side effects of pesticides:

Cancer: For decades, there has been a great deal of concern and debate surrounding pesticides
and their carcinogenicity. There is a large body of evidence that claim pesticides cause cancer in multiple
organ systems, but other factors like age, family history of cancer, diet and lifestyle should also be
considered. In an effort to monitor the health effects and better understand the dangers of pesticides, the
Environmental Protection Agency reviews pesticides for potential carcinogenicity based on its potency and
the potential for human exposure.
Endocrine Complications: Another potential side effect of pesticides are endocrine complications,
specifically blocked male hormones that may affect human reproduction. Agriculture pesticides have been
linked to blocking testosterone and other androgens, which are essential for healthy male reproductive
systems. Most of these endocrine disruptors are fungicides that are applied to fruit and vegetable crops and
can remain on foods.
Infertility and Sterility: Pesticides have been linked to male and female infertility and sterility.
Exposure to pesticides and solvents may be the cause of low sperm levels and increased levels of infertility
in men working on farms and those who are exposed to pesticides on a regular basis. Sperm counts have
been declining worldwide and may be the result of eating foods laced with pesticide residue and the
increased use of household pesticide sprays.
Brain Damage: Pesticides have also been linked to brain damage in those who use these
chemicals on a regular basis. Gardeners and farmers are the most at risk for developing long-term brain
damage and suffering from brain problems such as mild cognitive dysfunction (MCD), which affects your
ability to speak smoothly and identify words, colors or numbers. Pesticides may also be to blame for brain
damage and developmental problems in children.
Birth Defects: Birth defects from pesticide exposure is another growing concern for expecting
mothers, adults and children. The link between pesticides and birth defects has been tied to use of
household sprays that kill garden insects, ants, mosquitoes and fleas. These potent chemicals are used to
attack the nervous system of insects and kill them, but may pose an even greater risk to your unborn babys
health and increase the risk for oral clefts, neural tube defects, heart defects and limb defects. Exposure to
pesticides and insecticides should be avoided at all costs during pregnancy.
Respiratory Disorders: Another concerning side effect of exposure to or ingestion of pesticides
are respiratory disorders, including wheezing, chronic bronchitis, asthma and farmers lung. Regular
exposure to pesticides increases your risk for developing respiratory problems, but can be lessened with
proper respiratory protection and daily preventative measures.
Organ Failure: Pesticides may be to blame for an increase in organ failures around the world. For
example, there have been an alarming number of deaths related to either chronic kidney disease or
intestinal nephritis in India over the last seven years. Most of the victims worked in agriculture and were
constantly exposed to high levels of pesticides and ate foods with pesticide residue. Its not certain whether
kidney disease is worsened by eating foods laced with pesticide residue or caused by exposure to

8.

pesticides, but the kidney has to excrete these toxins from the body and could be just one of many organs
on the verge of failure.
Skin Irritation: Skin irritation is another possible side effect of pesticides because the skin is the
most likely to come into contact with these harmful chemicals. Since pesticides can be absorbed through the
skin and into the bloodstream, it can easily cause cutaneous toxicity, rashes and skin infections such as
ringworm and athletes foot. If enough pesticide is absorbed through the skin, it could cause severe toxic
reactions and internal health problems.

8. POTATO

Potato is a cool season crop. Its wider adaptability makes it possible to grow this crop in
almost all the states of the country but by adopting suitable production technology. The
plateau area and southern hills, which represent a sizeable area under potato cultivation
differ from other parts of the country with respect to climatic and soil conditions, in which
major potato growing area lies. Hence, for exploiting the potential benefits, the farmers of this
region need to adopt suitable technology for cultivating potato, which are discussed in detail
in this paper.
In India major potato area is concentrated in Northern plains (80 85%). The hilly areas of
northern India accounts for 6-7 per cent and plateau areas of the country represents about 8
to 9 per cent area. The remaining area is present in problematic areas like Nilgiri and Palani
hills of Tamil Nadu and Sikkim and North Bengal hills. In these different parts of the
subcontinent potato is grown under different climatic and soil conditions which define the
technology to produce good harvests of potatoes. Hence, adoption of appropriate technology
suitable for the conditions makes it possible to realize the fullest benefits from the crop.
Plateau Region: The plateau region in our country covers the areas of central and peninsular
India and it is situated between 600 and 1000m altitude. The states of Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chotanagpur, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa comprise the
plateau region. Here potato is grown under different situation as compared to that of other
major potato growing areas of the country. In this area two crops of potato are grown viz.,
kharif and rabi. High minimum temperature and erratic rainfall are the major problems in
kharif season. Conversely rabi crop is grown during winter i..e, from November to February
under irrigated conditions. Short growing season, high temperatures after January and
potato tuber moth are the important problems in this season. The soils of this zone are red
sandy or fine textured black. The average temperatures are higher than those in the North
Indian plains.
Southern hills: The Nilgiri and Palani hills of Tamil Nadu contribute to potato cultivation under
Southern hills and the crop is grown in an area of about 3000 ha in these hills. The climatic
condition of these hills is such that three crops of potato can be taken up easily per year by

growing summer (60-65% area) and autumn (25 30% area) season crops under rainfed
conditions and spring crop (5-10% area) under irrigated conditions. Crop growth conditions
differ from season to season which will have direct correlation with the technology to be
adopted during different seasons. During summer season the crop is grown under longday
conditions which prolong the length of growing period and accordingly the schedule of
various cultural practices are to be planned. Ill distribution of rainfall, late blight and potato
cyst nematodes are the major problems of this region.

Cultural practices for potato in plateau region and

Southern hills:
Plateau region covers about 8-9 percent of potato area and 6-7 percent of potato production
in the country. Karnataka occupies maximum area with lowest productivity in this zone and
the highest potato productivity is observed in Gujarat state.
Triennial averages (2002-03 to 2004-05) for potato area, production and productivity in
plateau region

State

Area

Production

Productivity

(000ha)

(000t)

(t/ha)

Andhra Pradesh

3.0(0.23)

23.3(0.10)

7.77

Gujarat

35.3(2.7)

869.13.72)

24.62

Karnataka

41.5(3.17)

264.2(1.13)

6.37

Madhya Pradesh

41.1(3.14)

601.7(2.58)

14.64

Maharashtra

16.7(1.28)

74.9(0.32)

4.49

7.4(0.57)

75.0(0.32)

10.14

142.0(10.86)

1884.9(8.07)

13.27

Orissa
Total

(*The values in parentheses represent the percentage to All India values)

The Southern hills which consists of Nilgiri and Palani hills account for a meager area of
3000 ha but with an average yield of 16.6 t/ha.
Land preparation:

Potato grows well in slightly acidic soils with friable structure. The land is to be prepared well
with 2-3 ploughings and then harrowing. Farm Yard Manure has to be applied @ 15 to 20
tonnes per hectare depending upon the fertility status and it has to be thoroughly mixed up
with the soil.
Selection of seed material:
Seed tubers are to be procured from a reliable source which are well sprouted and are about
40 to 60 g in size. The seeds can be treated with mancozeb (0.3%) or boric acid (3%) to
avoid tuber borne and soil borne diseases.
Planting time:
Potato is grown as winter crop in central plains of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Here
the optimum time of planting is Ocotber/November. In Deccan plateau, i.e., Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, two crops of potato can be grown, i.e., Kharif crop can be
planted from mid June to middle of July and the Rabi crop can be planted during
October/November. In Southern hills it can be grown through out the year under three
different seasons viz., summer (April/May), autumn (August/September) and spring
(January).
Varieties:
The suitable varieties for different regions are given below.

State/area

Suitable varieties

Central plains Kufri Badshah, K.Pushkar, K.Chandramukhi,

K.Lauvkar, K.Bahar, K.Pukhraj, K.Jawahar
K.Sindhuri, K.Jyoti, K.Surya and K.Chipsona-I
Deccan plateau K.Jyoti, K.Chandramukhi, K.Pukhraj, K.Jawahar
and K.Surya
Southern hills Kufri Jyoti, K.Swarna, K.Giriraj, K.Girdhari
Spacing:
Spacing differs from season to season. During kharif season 60 x 20 cm under rainfed
condition and during rabi 45 x 20 cm under irrigated conditions is found to be optimum. In
Southern hills, summer crop can be planted at a spacing of 60 x 20 cm and autumn and
spring can be planted at a spacing of 50 x 20 cm.
Manures and fertilizers:
Potato crop giving 40 tonnes of tubers per hectare removes 175 kg N, 80 kg P 2O5 and 310 kg
of K2O. The recommended doses of fertilizers are given in the following table.

State

FYM
(t/ha)

N
(kg/ha)

P O (kg/ha
)
2

Karnataka

KO
(kg/ha)
2

Source of
fertilizers:

Among the sources

of
nitrogenous
Kharif
25
75
75
100
fertilizers,
combination
of
Rabi
25
125
100
125
ammonical
and
nitrate forms like
Maharashtra
25
100
70
50
Calcium
Ammonium Nitrate
Madhya Pradesh 25
120-150 60-80
80-100
(CAN)
is
more
suitable and it is
Orissa
100
62
100
followed
by
ammonical forms.
Gujarat
Urea
is
less
efficient
when
compared
with
North
25
275
138
275
other
forms.
Similarly
Middle
25
200
100
200
phosphorus in the
form
of
Single
Southern hills
20
90
135
90
super
phosphate
alone
or
in
combination with rock phosphate in 1:1 ratio suits well for potato. With respect to potassium,
sulphate form is more suitable than chloride form as it has great influence on quality of potato
tubers.
Method and time of application of fertilizers:
In plateau area, entire dose of phosphorus and potassium along with 50% of recommended
nitrogen can be applied as basal dose and the remaining nitrogen can be applied at the time
of earthing up. The fertilizers are to be mixed as per the recommendation and the mixture is
to be applied in the furrows just below the seed tubers either manually or mechanically with
the help of tractor mounted fertilizer drill. In southern hills entire dose of fertilizers can be
applied in furrows at the time of planting as basal application.
Interculture:
Interculture is done for destroying the weeds and to keep the soil loose and to cover the
tubers well with soil in potato fields.
Hoeing:

A light hoeing is to be done 10 to 15 days after germination to make the soil loose by
breaking the crust and to kill the weeds.
Weed control:
For controlling the weeds in potato field, preplanting application of Fluchloralin @ 0.7 to 1.0
kg/ha is very effective. Depending upon the intensity of weed growth a pre-emergence
application of alachlor @ 1.0 to 1.5 kg/ha also is recommended. For post emergence control
of weeds paraquat @ 2.0 to 2.5 l/ha at 3-5 % emergence of potato crop can completely keep
the potato weeds under control.
Earthing Up:
The potato haulms are to be earthed up to cover the growing stolons and developing tubers.
Generally one earthing up is enough when the crop is 15 20 cm tall and just starts stolon
formation. Depending upon the variety and duration of the crop, a second earthing up can
also be done for properly covering the tubers. Earthing up is done with the help of spade or
ridge plough and this operation should be completed timely as it will have direct bearing on
the final tuber yield. In southern hills earthing up is to be done at 45 days after germination
using Kothu, a fork like tool.
Irrigation:
Kharif crop grown in Deccan plateau area does not require any irrigation as it is grown during
Southwest monsoon season. Rabi and winter crops are to be irrigated as the rainfall received
is not enough during this season. On an average potato crop requires 70 cm irrigation water.
Stolon formation and elongation are the critical stages (20-40 days) in potato. First irrigation
should be light and given 4-7 days after planting. The subsequent irrigation should be given
at an interval of 5-7 days in September-October, at 7-10 days interval in November, 10-15
days interval in December and at 5-7 days interval in January to March and onwards.
Irrigation is to be given in furrows which may be filled to about three fourth of depth. In
southern hills, summer and autumn crops do not require any irrigation. Spring crop is to be
irrigated at an interval of 6-7 days.
Drinage:
The potato field should have a provision for good surface drainage of water as the crop is
very sensitive to untimely rains and excess water.
Plant protection:
Plateau region: Early blight, late blight, brown rot or bacterial wilt, common scab, black
scurf, viruses, aphids and tuber moth are the major plant protection problems in plateau
region.
For the control of white grubs, jassids, leaf hopper and other sucking pests, phorate 10G can
be applied @ 10 kg/ha at the time of planting and the same should be repeated at the time of
earthing up to control the aphids.

For the control of cutworms and Spodoptera litura, spray chloropyriphos @ 0.25% by
covering all the plant parts fully with the spray solution.
For the control of early and late blight, spraying contact fungicide like mancozeb @ 2kg per
800 litres of water per hectare at 40 days and repeating it at an interval of 10-15 days is
effective. In case of persistence of the disease, spraying of systemic fungicide containing
either metalaxyl (Ridomil @ 2.0 kg/ha) or cyamoxinil (Curzate @ 1.5 kg/ha) alternating with
mancozeb is resorted to.
Bacterial wilt which is a major problem especially in Hassan, Bangalore and Kolar areas of
Karnataka can be kept under control by following :

Crop rotation with non solanaceous crops like fingermillet, maize etc.
Fallow ploughing
Applying bleaching powder @ 6-8 kg/ha
Use of disease free seeds

Black scurf can be controlled by soil treatment with PCNB (Penta Chloro Nitrobenzene) dust
@ 50 kg/ha. Treating the seed tubers with 3% boric acid solution for 30 minutes is beneficial
to control most of the soil and tuber borne diseases.
Southern hills: Here, cyst nematodes and late blight are the major plant protection
problems.
To keep the nematode population under control, a basal dose of Furadan 3G @ 65 kg/ha is
to be applied in the furrows. Crop rotation with non-solanaceous crops like cabbage, radish
and carrot has to be followed.
For the control of late blight, spraying systemic fungicide containing either metalaxyl (Ridomil
@ 2.0 kg/ha) or cyamoxinil (Curzate @ 1.5 kg /ha) compound is to be adopted when the
weather condition (high RH and less sunshine hours) becomes favourable for the disease
development. This has to be followed by spraying of contact fungicide like mancozeb @ 2kg
per 800 litres of water per hectare is to be adopted at an interval of 7-8 days. After that
depending upon the weather condition, spraying of contact fungicide is to be continued at an
interval of 7-10 days and if disease symptoms are observed, an intermittent application of
systemic fungicide after every two sprays of contact fungicide is recommended.
Crop rotation:
Potato crop should not be grown continuously in the same field. Rotating it with nonsolanaceous crops is recommended. In plateau region, crops like pearl millet, jowar, pulses,
onion, sunflower, sugarcane, vegetables like French beans, cluster beans can be grown in
rotation with potato either in kharif or rabi season depending upon the season in which potato
is grown. In southern hills potato can be rotated with cole crops like cabbage, carrot, radish
and French beans.
Harvesting:

In plateau region, potatoes are harvested either at their full maturity or little earlier depending
upon the market price, manually using Khurpi, a hand hoe or using potato digger i.e., animal
drawn or tractor mounted. Then the tubers are to be kept in heaps for 10-15 days for curing
and after that they can be graded and sent to the market. In southern hills potatoes can be
harvested at their full maturity with the help of kothu, and they can be graded and sent to the
market.
Storage:
In plateau region, under indigenous methods, potatoes can be stored either in room storage
or pit or heap method of storage. The seed as well as table potatoes can also be stored in
cold stores at controlled temperatures. In southern hills farmers usually do not store their
produce as they tend to sell entire quantity of potatoes because of prevailing market rates at
the time of harvest. However, they can be stored in wooden racks under diffused light
conditions.

Chemicals and effects

Methemoglobin[7] (MetHb) is generated by the oxidation of haem iron moieties to the

ferric state causing characteristic bluish brown colour resembling cyanosis. MetHb has
such a high affinity to O2 that virtually no O2 is delivered to tissues and the
O2 dissociation curve is shifted towards left. Methemoglobinaemia[5] should be
suspected in patients with hypoxic symptoms who appear cyanotic, though PaO2 levels on
ABG analysis are sufficiently high to fully saturate the haemoglobin. The characteristic
chocolate brown appearance of freshly drawn blood can be a critical clue.[3] The
SpO2 value around 85% is because of the typical light absorbance spectra[8] of MetHb.
Normally MetHb levels[3,57] are less than 1%. The cyanosis[3,57] usually manifests
at a level of 15% and treatment is warranted[3,57] at levels above 30% while levels
>60% are considered to be lethal.[3,57]
Methemoglobinaemia is treated with methylene blue, 12 mg/kg, administered slowly. If
cyanosis persists, the dose may be repeated at an hourly interval to a maximum[5] of 7
mg/kg/day. The maintenance dose[5] of methylene blue is 1 mg/kg twice or three times a
day. Other supportive measures include the administration of vitamin C and correction of
the metabolic abnormalities.
In our patient, methemoglobinaemia had occurred following the ingestion of indoxacarb
insecticide which was identified and treated on the basis of clinical suspicion and ABG
analysis. Further literature research revealed a similar case report[9] published in year
2008 in IJCCM.

9. Carrot

Botanical name: Daucus carota

Plant type: Vegetable
USDA Hardiness Zones: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Sun exposure: Full Sun
Soil type: Sandy
Soil pH: Neutral
Carrots are a popular root vegetable that are easy to grow in sandy soil. They are resistant
to most pests and diseases, and are a good late season crop that can tolerate frost. Not all
carrots are orange; varieties vary in color from purple to white.

Planting

Plan to plant seeds outdoors 3 to 5 weeks before the last spring frost date.
Make sure your soil is free of stones; carrots need deeply tilled soil that they can

push through.
Have you ever seen a carrot that has grown legs or forked? Fresh manure, or even

recently applied rotted manure, can cause carrots to fork and send out little side roots.
Dont use it before you plant your seeds.
Plant seeds 3-4 inches apart in rows. Rows should be at least a foot apart.

Care

Gently mulch to retain moisture, speed germination and block the sun from the

roots.
Soil should be well drained and loose to prevent forking and stunting of the root

growth.
Once plants are an inch tall, thin so they stand 3 inches apart. Snip them with

scissors instead of pulling them out to prevent damage to the roots of remaining plants.
Water at least one inch per week.
Weed diligently.
Fertilize 5-6 weeks after sowing.
Carrots taste much better after a couple of frosts. Following the first hard frost in the
fall, cover carrot rows with an 18-inch layer of shredded leaves to preserve them for
harvesting later.

Pests

Wireworms
Flea Beetles
Aster Yellow Disease will cause shortened and discolored carrot tops and hairy roots.
This disease is spread by pests as they feed from plant to plant. Keep weeds down and

invest in a control plan for pests such as leafhoppers. This disease has the ability to
overwinter.

Harvest/Storage

Carrots are mature at around 2 months and inch in diameter. You may harvest
whenever desired maturity is reached.
You may leave mature carrots in the soil for storage if the ground will not freeze.
To store freshly harvested carrots, twist off the tops, scrub off the dirt under cold
running water, let dry and seal in airtight plastic bags, and refrigerate. If you simply put
fresh carrots in the refrigerator, they'll go limp in a few hours.
Carrots can be stored in tubs of moist sand for winter use.

Recommended Varieties

Bolero: resists most leaf pests.

Nantesa Superior: sweet flavor, adapts to any soil.
Thumberline: round carrot, good for clumpy or clay soil.

Side effects to Humans

Pesticides can cause many types of cancer in humans. Some of the most prevalent forms
include leukemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, brain, bone, breast, ovarian, prostate,
testicular and liver cancers. In February 2009, the Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry published a study that found that children who live in homes where their
parents use pesticides are twice as likely to develop brain cancer versus those that live in
residences in which no pesticides are used.

10.

PEAS

Cultivation of Pea (Pisum sativum)

Botanical Name:
Pisum sativum L.

Family:
Leguminaceae
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green
pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup,

canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split

grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.

Climate:
Pea is a cool season crop and performs best at 10 0C to 18 0 C. The flower and
young pods are badly affected by frost. The germination of seeds takes place at 3.3
0 c soil temperature. Boswell (1920) reported that as the temperature increases
during the growing season the yield decline sharply. The optimum mean monthly
temperature for pea is 12.8 0 C to 18 0 C.

Sowing of Time:
a) Sowing Time:
The tea is generally sown in India in Rabi season from the beginning of October to
mid of November in the plains and from middle of March to end of May in the hills.
Sowing of seed during the first week of November is proper time to get higher yield.
b) Seed Rate:
The optimum seed rate is 25 to 30 kg/ha.
C) Method of Sowing:
The pea is generally sown by broad casting. But it may also be sown by dibbling or
behind the plough. The seeds are soaked in water overnight before sowing for better
germination. Seeds treated with Rhizium culture culture give higher yield. Pal Sodkar
et al. (1974) reported with soaking of seeds in G. A 10 ppm for 12 hour gave the
highest germination and yield.

Layout and Spacing:

Flat bed layout is used. Spacing is 45 X 20 cm.

Manuring:
30 to 50 cartload should be applied at the time of soil preparation. 25 kg N, 50 kg P
and 50 kg k/ha should be applied dose or full dose P and K should be applied at
the sowing. Remaining half nitrogen applied one month after sowing.

Intercultural Operation:
a) Trailing and Staking:
This is an important operation to be done when vines were about two month old and
are at spreading stage. Generally the plants should be supported on bamboo sticks.
Delay in this operation will reduce the yield considerably.

b) Weed Control:
it is very difficult to control the weeds of pea filed by mechanical methods as the
crops are sown in rows in closed spacing. Uses of herbicides have been proved very
such effective. Atrazine, propazine and simazine at 0.54 kg per acre gave good broad
leaf weed control and late control of wild oats damage the peas. Prometryne @ 400
gm per acre was most effective in improving vegetative growth and yield of pods.

Irrigation:
Water requirement of pulse crops are higher than cereals. The water requirement of
pea depends largely on Agronomic condition of the locality. The crop may be irrigated
at both 10 days interval. Where rainfall is low, peas irrigation is very necessary at
flowering and grain development stage.

Harvesting:
Peas are harvested for table use when the pods are will fill and the young tender
peas changing in colour from dark to light green. Peas may be picked in 45 to 60
days, 75 days and 100 days according to early. Mid season and late. Airtimes
respectively, 3 to 4 pickling are done within the interval of 2 to 10 days. Fresh
unshielded peas may be kept two at 0 C and 90- 95 percent relative humidity.

Yield:
The yield of per hectare varies according to the variety:

Early Variety:
25 to 40 Quintals.

Mid Season and Late:

50 to 60 Quintals.

Varieties:
Varieties according to their period of maturity.

Early Variety:
Early Bejar, Arket.

Mid season Variety:

Bonevilla, Jawahar.

Effects of Pesticides to humans

Pesticides can cause many types of cancer in humans. Some of the most prevalent forms
include leukemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, brain, bone, breast, ovarian, prostate,
testicular and liver cancers. In February 2009, the Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry published a study that found that children who live in homes where their
parents use pesticides are twice as likely to develop brain cancer versus those that live in
residences in which no pesticides are used.