C T Noguchi

Water

C T Noguchi

Water
(Hydrogen bond)
+

O
+

H
O

+ H

Hydrogen bond

C T Noguchi

H
O
H

H H

O H
H

O HH O
H
H
O
O H
H
H H

H O
H

H
H
H O H
O
H

H2O molecules to bulk

H

O H
H

H O
H

O H
H

O H
H

H O
H

O H

H O
H

H
H

O H

Hydrophobic
molecule

O H
H O
H
Hydrophobic interaction
H

H O
H

O H
O
H H
H

Hydrophobic
molecule

C T Noguchi

Organic Acids
A) Acetic acid (C2)
H O
H-C-C-OH
H
CH3-COOH

C) R-COOH
hydrophylic
HO
HO

Fatty
acid

(H2O)
CH3-COO- + H+

(weak acid)

Stearic
acid
(C 18)

H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H

O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

HO
HO

O
O

(H2O)

hydrophobic

+ H+

C T Noguchi

Micelle
hydrophylic
HO
HO

Fatty
acid
Stearic
acid
(C 18)

H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H

O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

HO
HO

O
O

Aqueous phase
+

+H

hydrophobic

C T Noguchi

Phospholipid

Phospholipid
Polar head group

Hydrocarbon chains

(hydrophobic)

Glycerol

H
H C
OH

H
C
OH

H
C H
OH

(hydrophilic)

hydrophylic

polar
group
P

HO
HO

Stearic
acid
(C 18)

H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H

O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

HO
HO

O
O

fatty
acid
hydrophobic

Phospholipid
Polar head
group
(hydrophilic)

Hydrocarbon
chains
(hydrophobic)

C T Noguchi

Lipid Bilayer
Plasma membrane
(lipid bilayer)

C T Noguchi

Plasma Membrane

C T Noguchi

Liposomes for Drug Delivery

DRUG

Protein

DNA

C T Noguchi

Proteins
HO

acid

amino

acid

a) Organic acid
R

b) Dipeptide

HO
H

O
C
C

R'

N H
H

Amino Acid
(NH2CHCOOH)
|
R

peptide bond

c) Polypeptide (Primary structure)

R1
H
H N C C
H O

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

R7

R8

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C
H O

H
N C C OH
H O

R15

H
N C C OH
H O

C T Noguchi

Amino Acids
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Cysteine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine

Ala
Arg
Asn
Asp
Cys
Glu
Gln
Gly
His
Ile

Essential amino acids

Hydrophobic amino acids

Leucine
Leu
Lysine
Lys
Methionine
Met
Phenylalanine Phe
Proline
Pro
Serine
Ser
Threonine
Thr
Tryptophan
Trp
Tyrosine
Tyr
Valine
Val

C T Noguchi

Phenylketourea (PKU)
(Lack of phenylalanine hydroase)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
COOH3N+ - C - H
H
C

C
H

Tyrosine (Tyr)

phenylalanine
hydrolase

COOH3N+ - C - H
H
C
C

C
C

O2

Essential amino acids

Hydrophobic amino acids

H2O

C
C
OH

C T Noguchi

Phenylketourea (PKU)
(Lack of phenylalanine hydroase)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
COO-

Amino
acid H3N+ - C - H
CH2

COO-

phenylalanine
hydrolase

O2
hydrophobic

Tyrosine (Tyr)
H3N+ - C - H
CH2

H2O
OH

hydrophilic
Essential amino acids
Hydrophobic amino acids

C T Noguchi

Protein Folding
(Secondary Structure)

alpha-helix
(-helix)

beta-pleated sheet
(-pleated sheet)

C T Noguchi
Friday, February 9, 2001 ; Page A03

MOVING TO KEEP THE BEEF OUT OF DISEASE'S SHADOW;

FDA, INDUSTRY WORK TO BOLSTER MAD COW SAFEGUARDS
Marc Kaufman, Washington Post Staff Writer
In Texas, more than 1,000 cattle being fattened for slaughter were immediately
quarantined after federal officials discovered the animals had been inadvertently fed the
kind of bone meal believed to have spread mad cow disease throughout Europe..

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Mad cow disease

Related to scrapie in sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.

Appearance of vacuoles, clear holes, in neurons

(spongiform).
BSE recognized in 1986 in UK. By 1993 1,000
cases per week.
Transmission by protein supplements from sheep
used to feed cattle now banned in UK (banned in
the US by FDA in 1997).

C T Noguchi

March 22, 2001

Five Britons' Mad Cow Deaths Traced to

Butchering Methods
By WARREN HOGE
ONDON, March 21 An investigation into five deaths from
the human form of mad cow disease in one English village
concluded that the cause was a traditional local butchery
method of slaughter that permitted brain matter from diseased
animals to contaminate meat. The five people died between
August 1998 and October 2000 in Queniborough in
Leicestershire the largest cluster of victims from the same
locality in an epidemic that has claimed 90 lives in Britain.

C T Noguchi

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakobe disease (vCJD)

Prior to 1996
85-90% were sporadic (1/1,000,000)
5-10% familial
<5% accidental transmission (human-derived pituitary
growth hormones; contaminated surgical equipment).
1996
10 cases of varient CJD in UK with average age 27 vs
63 for sporadic CJD.
As of end September 2000
At least 84 people in UK, 1 in Ireland and 3 in France
have contracted vCJD.

C T Noguchi

Prion Structure
(http://mad-cow.org)

C T Noguchi

Prions
< Normal
Infectious >

encounters

Invasive form induces normal prions

to refold into abnormal shapes.

Prion diseases:

fatal neurodegenerative disorders.

scrapie (livestock)
mad cow disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Gerstmann-StrausslerScheinker disease
Fatal familial insomnia
Kuru in Papua New Guinea

influences

to refold.

attaches to another

Eventually all

refold

C T Noguchi

Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties through

Recombinant DNA Technology
2000

Rice-Glufosinate tolerant

1999

Canola-Bromoxynil tolerant

-Phutaseed

Cantaloupe-Modified ripening
1998

Canola -Male sterile

-Fertility restorer

Cotton- Bromoxynil tolerant

-insect protected
Flax-Sulfonylurea tolerant

Potato-Virus protected

Soybean-Glufosinate tolerant
Sugar beet-Glyphosate tolerant
Tomato-Insect protected
- Virus protected

1997

Papaya-Virus resistant

Radicchio rosso-Male sterile

Soybean-High oleic acid

Squash-Virus resistant

1996
Corn- Glyphosate tolerant

-Male sterile
Cotton- Sufonylurea tolerant
Oilseed rape- Male sterile

-Fertility restorer

Potato- Insect protected

Tomato-Modified ripening

1995
Canola- Glufosinate tolerant
-Glyphosate tolerant
Corn- Glufosinate tolerant
-Insect protected
Cotton- Glyphosate tolerant
-Insect protected
1994
Cotton - Bromoxynil tolerant
Potato-Insect protected
Soybean-Glyphosate tolerant
Squash - Virus resistant
Tomato Improved ripening
-Delayed softening

1998-EPA permitted use of corn resistant to corn borer

(cry9C gene from Bacillus thuringienis) in animal feed.

C T Noguchi

OCTOBER 2, 2000 VOL. 156 NO. 14 BIOENGINEERING

Tempest in a Taco Shell

BY JEFFREY KLUGER

Killer tacos they ain't. But so hot are the politics of

genetically modified food that the folks at Kraft Foods
last week took the extraordinary step of pulling tons of
innocent-looking Taco Bell taco shells off the shelves.
Reason? Someone may have been fooling with their
genes. It was the first recall of what the industry calls
GM food--and others call Frankenfood...

C T Noguchi

Monday, March 19, 2001

Page A1

Biotech Corn Is Test Case For Industry

Engineered Foods Future Hinges on Allergy Study
By Marc Kaufman

-Allergic reactions are viewed as the primary threat to human

health posed by genetically engineered food.
-StarLink corn is genetically modified to express Cry9C, a
protein that provides protection against the European corn
borer.
-After months of development, FDA officials believe they have
a test for potential allergic reaction to StarLink corn.
-FDA will test blood of individuals for antibodies to Cry9C.

C T Noguchi

Associated Press

Saturday, March 31, 2001

Genetically altered crops taking further root, USDA says.

By Philip Brasher

Soybean
63% in 2001 (48 million acres); 54% in 2000.
Immune to Roundup (Monsanto) weed killer.
Corn
24% in 2001; 25% in 2000.
StarLink has been withdrawn from market.
StarLink plants die when treated with herbicide.
Cotton
64% in 2001 (~10 million acres); 61% in 2000.
Immune to insect pests and/or herbicides.