PHY130

Chapter 4
Dynamics: Newtons Law of Motion
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
PhD (Medical Physics), University of Surrey, UK
M.Sc. (Radiation Health Physics), UTM
B.Sc. Hons. (Physics & Math), UTM
ahmadtaufek@ns.uitm.edu.my
ahmadtaufek.ns@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/DR.ATAR.UiTM
(HP) 012476764
(O) 064832154/2115
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ROOM-022 / level 4 (K.Pilah)

Chapter 4
4.0 Dynamics: Newtons Law of Motion
4.1 Definition of force
4.2 Types of forces
4.2.1 Gravitational force
4.2.2 Normal force
4.2.3 Frictional force
4.2.4 Tensional force
4.3 Newtons Law of Motion and its application
4.3.1 Newtons First Law
4.3.2 Newtons Second Law
4.3.3 Newtons Third Law
4.4 Static equilibrium under concurrent force

Chapter 4
4.1. Definition of Force

The concept of Force

A force is an action exerted upon a body in order to change its

state, either rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line.

A force can change the motion of a body, for example its

causing a body to start moving or stop a body is already
moving. Its also can squeeze, stretch or tear an object.

Force is a vector quantity, so its must be stated by the

magnitudes with the direction of the force action.

Unit of force ~ Newton (N) or kg ms-2.

Chapter 4
Force, Weight and Mass

Force = mass acceleration

Chapter 4
Weight and Mass
Mass, m
is defined as a measure of a bodys inertia.
is a scalar quantity.
The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
The value of mass is independent of location.
If the mass of a body increases then its inertia will increase.

mass inertia

Weight,
is defined as the force exerted on a body under gravitational field.
It is a vector quantity.
It is dependant on where it is measured, because the value of g varies at
different localities on the earths surface.
It always directed toward the centre of the earth or in the same direction of
acceleration due to gravity, g.

-2
The S.I. unit is kg m s or Newton (N). W mg

Chapter 4
4.2. Types of Force

Gravitational Force

is the force with which the gravity pulls

downward upon it

Chapter 4
4.2. Types of Force

Normal Force

is the perpendicular component of the

force exerted by the supporting surface on
the surface being supported

is defined as a reaction force that exerted

by the surface to an object interact with it
and the direction always perpendicular to
the surface.

Chapter 4
4.2. Types of Force

Frictional Force
is defined as a force that resists the
motion of one surface relative to another
with which it is in contact.
is independent of the area of contact
between the two surfaces..
is directly proportional to the reaction
force

Chapter 4
4.2. Types of Force

Tensional Force
is the force with which the strings pulls
upon the object to which it is attached.

Chapter 4
4.3 Newtons Law of Motion and its Application
Newtons first law of motion
states an object at rest will remain at rest, or continues to
move with uniform velocity in a straight line unless it is acted
upon by a external forces

Fnett

F 0

The first law gives the idea of inertia.

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Chapter 4
Newtons first law of motion
Inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to resist any
change in its state of rest or motion.
is a scalar quantity.

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Chapter 4
Newtons second law of motion
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the nett
force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Also states as

dp
F dt

F ma

the rate of change of linear momentum of a moving body is

proportional to the resultant force and is in the same direction as
the force acting on it

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Chapter 4
Newtons second law of motion
One Newton (1 N) is defined as the amount of net force that gives an
acceleration of one meter per second squared to a body with a mass of
one kilograms.
OR
1 N = 1 kg m s-2
Notes:

F is a nett force or effective force or resultant force.

The force which causes the motion of an object.

If the forces act on an object and the object moving at uniform
acceleration (not at rest or not in the equilibrium) hence

Fnett

F ma
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Chapter 4
Newtons third law of motion
states every action force has a reaction force that is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction.

For example :
When the student push on the wall it will push back with the
same force. (refer to figure)

FAB FBA

FAB is a force by the hand on the wall (action)

FBA is a force by the wall on the hand (reaction)

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Chapter 4
Newtons third law of motion
When a book is placed on the table.
Force by the table on the book (reaction)

Force by the book on the table (action)

If a car is accelerating forward, it is because its tyres are pushing backward on

the road and the road is pushing forward on the tyres.
A rocket moves forward as a result of the push exerted on it by the exhaust
gases which the rocket has pushed out.
In all cases when two bodies interact, the action and reaction forces act on different
bodies.

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Chapter 4
Newtons third law of motion

Every action must have

a reaction where the
action and reaction
force are acting on the
different direction with
a same magnitude.

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Chapter 4
Newtons third law of motion

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Chapter 4
Newtons third law of motion

Every action must have

a reaction where the
action and reaction
force are acting on the
different direction with
a same magnitude.

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Chapter 4
Force and Motion
An Equilibrium of Force
Consider two situation happened when the sum of all the
forces acting on an object is zero
v
F

fs
Constant
Velocity

FR
v=0

Static

FW

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Chapter 5
Application of Newtons Law of Motions
A. Reaction (normal) force,
is defined as a reaction force that exerted by the surface to an
object interact with it and the direction always perpendicular to
the surface.
Case 1: Horizontal surface
An object lies at rest on a flat horizontal surface as shown in figure.

Action: weight of an object is exerted on the

horizontal surface
Reaction: surface is exerted a force, N on the object
.

N mg 0

N mg
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Chapter 5
Application of Newtons Law of Motions
Case 2 : Inclined plane
An object lies at rest on a rough inclined plane as shown in figure.
Component of the weight :

Wx mg sin

Wy mg cos

Action: y-component of the objects weight is exerted

on the inclined surface.
Reaction: surface is exerted a force, N on the object.

N Wy 0

N mg cos
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Chapter 5
Application of Newtons Law of Motions
Case 3 : Motion of a lift
Consider a person standing inside a lift as shown in figures.
a. Lift moving upward at a uniform velocity
Since the lift moving at a uniform velocity, thus

F ma

ay 0

N mg 0
N mg
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Chapter 5
Application of Newtons Law of Motions
Case 3 : Motion of a lift
Consider a person standing inside a lift as shown in figures.
b. Lift moving upwards at a constant acceleration, a

By applying the Newton's 2nd law of motion, thus

may

N mg ma
N ma g
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Chapter 5
Application of Newtons Law of Motions
Case 3 : Motion of a lift
Consider a person standing inside a lift as shown in figures.
c. Lift moving downwards at a constant acceleration, a

By applying the Newton's 2nd law of motion, thus

may

mg N ma
N mg a
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Chapter 5
Application of Newtons Law of Motions

B. Frictional force, f
is defined as a force that resists the motion of one surface relative to another with
which it is in contact.
is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces..
is directly proportional to the reaction force.
OR

f N

f N

where

f : frictional force

: coefficien t of friction
N : reaction force

Coefficient of friction,
is defined as the ratio between frictional force to reaction force.
OR
is dimensionless and depends on the nature of the surfaces.

N
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Chapter 5

There are three types of frictional force :

Static, fs (frictional force act on the object before its move)
Kinetic, fk (frictional force act on the object when its move)
Rolling, fr (frictional force act on the object when its rolling)

f s s N
f k k N
f r r N

Can be ignored
where
thus

fr fk fs
r k s

Caution:
The direction of the frictional force exerted by a surface on an object
is always in the opposite direction of the motion.
The frictional and the reaction forces are always perpendicular.

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Chapter 5
Case 1 : Horizontal surface
Consider a box of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface
by a horizontal force, F as shown in figure.

x-component :

y-component :

Fnett ma
F f ma

0
N mg
y

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Chapter 5
Case 2 : Inclined plane
Consider a box of mass m is pulled along an inclined plane by a
force, F as shown in figures.
x-component
(parallel to the inclined plane) :

Fx ma
F Wx f ma
F ma mg sin f
y-component
(perpendicular to the inclined plane:

Fy ma
N Wy 0
N mg cos

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Chapter 4
4.4. Static Equilibrium Under Concurrent Force
Definition Concurrent forces:
Are forces whose lines of action all pass through a
common point.

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Chapter 4
4.4. Static Equilibrium Under Concurrent Force
What are the equilibrium conditions under the
action of concurrent forces?
The resultant of all forces acting on an object
must be zero. or
The sum of all x-components is zero.
The sum of all y-components is zero.
The sum of all z-components is zero.

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Chapter 4
4.4. Static Equilibrium Under Concurrent Force
When an object is in equilibrium
If it is at rest and remains at rest. or if it is in motion
with constant vector velocity

What are the types of equilibrium

Static-Equilibrium: The object it is at rest and remains
at rest.
Translational-Equilibrium: The object is in motion
with constant vector velocity

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Chapter 4
Problem Solving

There are five steps in applying the force equation to solve problems in
mechanics:
Identify the object whose motion is considered.
Determine the forces exerted on the object.
Draw a free body diagram for each object.
is defined as a diagram showing the chosen body by itself, with
vectors drawn to show the magnitude and directions of all the
forces applied to the body by the other bodies that interact
with it.
Choose a system of coordinates so that calculations may be simplified.
Apply the equation above,
Along x-axis:
Fx ma

Along y-axis:

may

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Chapter 4
Example 1:
Three wooden blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are being dragged
by a horizontal force, F in figure.

m1

T1

m2

T2

m3

Suppose that F = 1000 N, m1 = 3 kg, m2 = 15 kg and m3 = 30 kg. Determine

a)the acceleration of

blocks system.
b)the tension of the rope, T1 and T2.
Neglect the friction between the floor and the wooden blocks.
a 20.8 m s 2 T1 936 N

T2 624 N

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Chapter 4
Example 2:
Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 15 kg are connected by a light string
which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in figure. Calculate
a)the acceleration of

the object of mass 10 kg.

b)the tension in the each string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
m1

m2
a 1.96 m s 2 T1 T2 T 118 N

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Chapter 4
Example 3:
Two blocks, A of mass 10 kg and B of mass 30 kg, are side by side and in contact
with each another. They are pushed along a smooth floor under the action of a
constant force F of magnitude 200 N applied to A as shown in figure. Determine
a)the acceleration of

the blocks,
b)the force exerted by A on B.

F
a 5.0 m s 2

FAB FBA 150 N FAB 150 N

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Chapter 4
Example 4:
A box of mass 20 kg is on a rough horizontal plane. The box is pulled
by a force, F which is applied at an angle of 30 above horizontal as
shown in figure 3.28. If the coefficient of static friction between the box
and the plane is 0.3 and the box moves at a constant speed, calculate
a. the normal reaction force,
b. the applied force F,
c. the static friction force.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)

N 167 N

F 57.9 N f s 50.1 N

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Chapter 4
Example 5:
A block of mass 200 kg is pulled along an inclined plane of 30 by a
force, F = 2 kN as shown in figure. The coefficient of kinetic friction of
the plane is 0.4. Determine

a. the normal force,

b. the nett force,
c. the acceleration of the block,
d. the time taken for the block to travel 30 m from rest.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
2

N 1015 N Fnett 492 N a 2.46 m s t 4.94 s

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Thank You & All the Best

Peace cannot be
kept by force; it can
only be achieved by
understanding.
(Albert Einstein)

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