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10
Proposal
Writing and
Ethics in
Research
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
X INTRODUCTION
Before embarking on a research project, students must have an overall research
plan that indicates the research problem to be studied, research objectives,
significance of the research, strategies to obtain answers to the research problems
and the research project implementation schedule. This overall research plan is
called a research proposal. It is very important that students write a good
research proposal because without a good research proposal the student may not
get a research supervisor or even an approval to carry out the research. The
student must also know about ethics in research because that governs the
researchers behaviour in terms of what should do and should not be done in the
research project.
TOPIC 10
10.1
W 163
This topic will address guidelines for writing a research proposal for your
research work. All students are required to write a research proposal before
venturing into research work.
A research proposal is a document written to state your proposed research
direction and the study you intend to do. A research proposal serves to advise
your academic supervisor or potential provider of research contract on your
conceptualisation of the total research process that you propose to undertake and
examine its suitability.
A research proposal is an overall plan, scheme, structure and strategy to
obtain answers for your research problems which constitutes your research
project. A research proposal can be rejected if your supervisor or graduate
commitee finds it is poorly devised.
Therefore, you need to have a well-planned research proposal prior to
undertaking any research task. If the proposal is well-designed, it would be
much easier for you to outline the entire research processes as well as help you to
prepare a thesis or dissertation in a sequential manner.
10.2
164 X
(a)
TOPIC 10
Introduction
(i)
In this section, you should provide an overview of the issues that you
intend to study. The content of introduction should be brief, precise
and straight to the point. After giving an overview on the scope of the
research, you will need to narrow it down to the specific area of your
concern.
(ii)
(iii) Define the problem statement in your proposal. This will give a clear
perception to the reader on the issue you are going to solve. However,
the problem statement you write in the proposal may only be
tentative at the point of proposal preparation because the research has
not been carried out yet.
(iv) Use simple sentences and make sure you narrow down the research
issue to focus on a very specific field.
(b)
Research Objectives
(i)
List out your research objectives and it should indicate the central
theme of your research that you intend to study.
(ii)
(c)
Research Questions
Research questions are questions formulated to address the research
objectives and to break the research objectives into smaller parts. Research
questions will influence research methodology and the type of analysis to
be performed.
(d)
(ii)
TOPIC 10
(ii)
W 165
You can also provide justification if the methodology you are going to
use has some degree of novelty and your research would contribute
to new knowledge.
(iii) Some other criteria you can mention are the variables that you are
going to use and the expected outcomes of your research and its
influence on the model or design.
(e)
Literature Review
(i)
(ii)
Try to read a thesis in similar area that you are investigating to get the
feel of it.
(f)
Methodology
(i)
(ii)
You may explain some reasons why you are using certain theory
or models, whether your research approach will be qualitative or
quantitative, or a combination of both.
166 X
(g)
TOPIC 10
Project Schedule
Provide a Gantt Chart or timetable specifying how long it will take to
complete your research work. Also indicate how long you will take for data
collection, analysis and writing up the final report or document. Some
research proposals require indication of milestone dates to give clear
picture on the expected accomplishment.
TOPIC 10
(h)
W 167
References
(i)
(ii)
SELF-CHECK 10.1
1.
2.
10.3
There are several steps and guidelines to be followed during research proposal
preparation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
While writing the first proposal, present your ideas by narrowing it down
sequentially and focus more on presenting the information in an interesting
manner. You must remember that your proposal should be expressed
clearly and states the overview of your research intention.
168 X
TOPIC 10
(d)
Write and explain about your research problem at the beginning of the
proposal content (i.e. Introduction section). This is important as to give
readers attention since the entire research process is driven by the research
problem.
(e)
Write about the methodology you are going to implement briefly and
precisely. It is a good practice to outline methods and source of data in the
proposal stage itself. This will put your proposal in a better position in
order to determine its worth and potential contribution.
SELF-CHECK 10.2
Identify the guidelines involved in constructing a research proposal.
10.4
As a learner, you must ensure that your research proposal meets the requirement
and guidelines specified by your institution or university. This is partially
important to help you plan your research process and ease you towards the
preparation of the dissertation or thesis. There are some common weaknesses
encountered by researchers during research proposal preparation (Allen, 1960).
Proposals submitted by researchers and students for academic projects tend to
have weaknesses as described in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1: Weaknesses in Research Proposal
No.
Weaknesses
Explanation
(a)
Research Problem
Justification
TOPIC 10
(b)
Research
Methodology
W 169
(c)
Proposal Author
SELF-CHECK 10.3
1.
weaknesses
encountered
2.
during
170 X
10.5
TOPIC 10
RESEARCH ETHICS
10.6
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Effects on participants of the way the researcher uses, analyses and reports
the data; and
(g)
Privacy is accepted as the key to ethical issues that the researcher has to confront
in carrying out any research project. Almost all aspects of ethics, for example,
consent, confidentiality, participant reactions, and the effects of the way the
researcher uses, analyses and reports research findings have the capacity to
affect, or are related to, the privacy of participants.
TOPIC 10
10.7
W 171
During the early stages of the research process, the researcher may have to seek
access to agencies, organisations or even individuals. Ethical problems may arise
when participants are not clear of the objectives of the research. Ethical issues
may be related to a researcher attempting to apply pressure to grant access.
Issues relating to privacy may arise when a researcher tries to get access by
telephone calls at inappropriate times or approach the participants during odd
hours. Access to secondary data may also have ethical consequences, for
example, when the researcher obtains personal data of individuals who have not
consented to be involved in the project.
Consent to participate in the research project may not be a straight forward
matter because when someone agrees to participate, it does not necessarily imply
consent.
The nature of consent can be differentiated as shown in Figure 10.3.
172 X
TOPIC 10
ACTIVITY 10.1
In your opinion, why do ethical issues become a major concern in the
research process? Explain how to handle this issue.
SELF-CHECK 10.4
Tick True or False for each statement below:
No.
Question
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Tr u e
False
TOPIC 10
W 173
The process of formulating and clarifying the research topic is the most
crucial part of the research process.
Writing a research proposal helps the researcher in organising ideas and can
also be thought as a contract between the researcher and the client.
The content of the research proposal should tell the reader what the
researcher wants to do, why he wants to do it, what he wants to achieve and
how he wants to achieve it.
Research ethics should be recognised and considered from the outset of the
research project and be used as one of the criteria in judging the proposal.
Ethical concerns are likely to occur at all stages of the research project, when
seeking access to data, during data collection, while analysing data and in
reporting the results.
Ethics
Project Schedule
Proposal
Significance of Study