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ElectrifyingElectrologic!!!
HIfriends,thisblogisaboutoneofthegreatestinventionsofalltimestheElectricity!!!!
FRIDAY,2JANUARY2015
PROTECTIONOFALTERNATORCHAPTER4
INDRODUCTION
Alternator is the most important and costly equipment in power system. The cost is high
because the alternator unit is accompanied by prime mover, excitation system, voltage
regulator, cooling system etc. The protection system provided should be therefore
becomeselaborateandcomplex.
Assoonasthefaultdevelopsonalternator,itshouldbeimmediatelydisconnectedfromhe
othergeneratingplanttoavoidthefaultymachinefrombeingfedbyothersources.
ABNORMALITIESANDFAULTS
FollowingTableshowsabnormalconditions(Faults)andprotectionschemesemployedfor
thealternator.
SN
AbnormalCondition
Effect
Protection
Thermaloverloading:
Overheating of stator
Thermocouples
failure.
and
i)
Continuous
overloading
ii) Failure of cooling
External
resistance
system.
Stator
system
2
cooling
of
currentrelays.
fault
fed
by
generator
Unbalanced
loading
Negativephasesequenceprotection
stressesonwindingand
forlargemachines.
shaft,excessiveheating
Overload
for
generators.
prolonged
short
protection
for
small
circuit.
3
Statorfaults:
Winding
burnout,
i)Phasetophase
welding
of
ii)Phasetoearth
laminationsdown
core
Biased
differential
protection,
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turnfaultprotection.
iii)Interturn
4
Rotorearthfaults
second
causes
Rotorearthfaultprotection
fault
unbalanced
magneticforcescausing
damage
to
shaft,
bearings
5
Lossoffield:
Generator
induction
runs
generator
as
breaker.
deriving
excitation
increases
slightly.
6
Motoring
generator.
Reverse
of
typeofprimemoverand
power
protection
by
reversalofpower.
hebusduringmotoring.
Overvoltages
Insulationfailure
Overfluxing of generator
Heatingofcorerelay.
Connectedinvoltageregulatorcircuit
generator.
transformer.
9
Underfrequency
Failure of blades of
FrequencyRelays.
steamturbines.
Something about diagrams: The differential protection scheme is applied for 3phase
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alternator. For simplicity of understanding the star and delta connections are drawn in
somedifferentway.
DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION
This is the most common scheme used for alternator protection differential protection
schemeforastarconnectedalternator.
SixidenticalCTsareusedforthisscheme.ThesecondarysofCTareaconnectedinstar
through pilot wires. The relay operating coils (R1, R2, R3) are connected across neutral
pilotwireend.Therelaysareconnectedbetweenequipotentialpointsrespectivelinepilot
wires of CT secondary side. The relays used are electromagnetic type. Operation under
normalworkingconditions,thecurrententeringalteringthealternatorwindingisequalto
currentleavingthealternatorwinding.
ThereisinducedcurrentinsecondarysofCTthesecurrentsarealsosameinmagnitude.
Thesecurrentscirculateinpilotwiresbutnotthroughtherelaycoils.
When a fault develops, say earth fault or phase to phase fault, the current entering the
alternatorwindingisnotequaltocurrentleavingthealternatorwinding.SoCTsecondary
currents are no longer equal and difference current flows through operating coil. Thus,
relayisenergized,andtripsignaloperatestherespectiveCBtoisolatethefaultypart.
For star connected alternator the neutral is earthed through a resistance. The CTs are
connected in star. One more coil called restraining coil is added in the circuit as shown.
Therestrainingcoilisconnectedcentrallyinthepilotwires.Therespectiveoperatingcoils
areconnectedatcentreofrespectiverestrainingcoils.Undernormaloperatingconditions
thesecondarycurrentsofCTsareequal.Thus,thereisbalancedcirculatingcurrentinthe
pilotwiresandtherestrainingcoilandcurrentdoesnotflowintheoperatingcoil.
EARTHFAULTPROTECTIONOFALTERNATOR
Whenthefaultcurrentflowsthroughearthreturnpath,thefaultiscalledearthfault.The
earthfaultsarefrequent.Soearthfaultprotectionisimportant.
Residual earth fault relay: When earth fault does not take place, the sum of three
secondarycurrentsofCTiszero.i.e.IR+IY+IB=0.
Thesumofthesecurrentsiscalledresidualcurrent.Whenearthfaultdevelops,thesumof
threecurrentsisnotzero,theresidualcurrentflowsthroughearthfaultrelay.
This protection is also called unrestricted earth fault protection. In another scheme, the
relayisconnectedinneutralofthetransformer.
The neutral acts as CT, primary. When fault occur, the fault current flows through this
earthconnectionandsecondarycurrentincreasescausingearthfaultrelayoperation.The
amountofneutralcurrentflowingdoesdependontypeofearthingsystemprovided.
Thisisalsocalledunrestrictedearthfaultprotection.
Earth Fault Protection with Core balance Current Transformer (CBCT)/zero
SequenceCT.
A core balance CT is used in this scheme. The core of CBCT has large crosssectional
areasothatitdoesnotsaturatewhenfaultcurrentproduceshighfluxdensityinit.
The core embraces the three conductors R, Y, B. Under normal conditions, the
componentsoffluxesproducedbythreecurrentsarebalancedandCTsecondarycurrent
isnegligibleandrelaydoesnotoperate.
WhenearthfaultdevelopsthebalanceisdisturbedandsufficientcurrentisinducedinCT
secondary,thusrelayisoperated.
RESTRICTEDEARTHFAULTPROTECTIONFORALTERNATOR
TheCTsareaconnectedinstarasshowninFig.Theremainingconnectionsareasper
percentage differential protection scheme. In addition, one restricted earth fault relay is
placedinthestarconnectionofCTsecondarysasshowninFig.
Whenearthfaultoccursonthewinding,theimbalancecurrentflowsthroughtheoperating
coilsandrestrictedearthfaultrelay.Thus,therestrictedearthfaultrelayoperatesandtrip
signalisproducedwhichoperatestheCB.
INTERTURNFAULTPROTECTIONORSTATOR
INTERTURNFAULTPROTECTION
The normal differential protection scheme can protect the alternator against phase in
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groundorphasetophasefaults.Itcannotprotectthealternatorfrominterturnfaults.This
is because current entering and leaving, the alternator winding remains the same. Even
though some turns of any phase are shorted. So CT secondary currents do not change
andoperatingcoildoesnotcarryanycurrent.
Theinterturnfaultslaterondevelopearthfault,sointerturnfaultmustbedetectedatan
earlystage.
Fig.showsarrangementforinterturnfaultprotectionscheme.Wehaveshownitforone
phaseonlyforsimplicityofunderstanding.Forthreephasesalternatorstherewillbesuch
threegroups.
Thisschemeisusedformultiturnalternator,thewindingofeachphaseisdividedintotwo
equal sections (S1 and S2) as shown in figure. Two identical CTs are connected in
respectivewindings.TheCTsecondarysareconnectedinphaseoppositionandarelayR
isconnectedinCTsecondaryloop.
Thefunctioningofthisschemeissimilartodifferentialprotectionprinciple.
Under normal operating conditions, the currents through S1 and S2 are same, so CT
secondariescarrysamecurrent.AndnocurrentflowsthroughrelayR.
IftheadjacentturnsofS1areshorted,currentssharedbyS1andS2differshencethereis
difference in CT secondary currents. The difference current flows through the loop and
relaynowcarriescurrentandproducestripsignalforCB.
OVERHEATINGPROTECTION
StatorOverheatingProtection: Overheating in stator may be caused by the failure of
thecoolingsystem,overloadingorcorefaultlikeshortedlaminations.
Modernalternators9above2MW)employtwomethodstodetectoverheating.
Inonemethod,theinletandoutlettemperaturesofcoolingmediumaremeasured.Cooling
medium may be gas (hydrogen) or liquid (water). The inlet and outlet temperatures of
cooling medium are compared and if drastic difference is there, it means over heating is
occurring.Thus,overheatingcanbedetected.
In second method, temperature sensors are embedded in stator slots. The temperature
sensorsmaybeaRTD(ResistanceTemperatureDetector),thermistor,thermocouple.
Whetstone'sbridgeprincipleisusedtodetectoverheating.P,QandSarethefixedvalue
resistances.TheRTDisconnectedinonearmasshown.ThisRTDiskeptinstatorslotof
alternator.Whentemperatureiswithinlimits,pointaandbarehesamepotentialandrelay
coil does not carry any current i.e. bridge is balanced. When overheating occurs, RTD
resistancechangescausingimbalanceandsomepotentialdifferenceiscreatedacrossa
andb.Therelaycoilisthusenergizedandrelayoperatesthealarmcircuit.
NegativeSequenceProtectionofAlternatorAgainstUnbalanceLoad
Whenstatorcurrentsareunbalanced,theyproducenegativesequencecomponent.This
component rotates at synchronous speed and in opposite direction to rotor. This cause
double frequency currents to be induced in the rotor. So, rotor iron losses increase and
heatingofrotoroccurs.Thedoublefrequencycurrentalsoproducesvibrationsandheating
ofstator.
Figureshowsaschemeforprotectionagainstunbalanceloads.
ThreeCTsareconnectedinstarandthesecondarysareconnectedtonegativesequence
filter,overcurrentrelayisconnectedtosequencefilter.
Thenegativesequencefiltersconsistsofnumberofinductorsandresistors.Thisnegative
sequencefilterdetectspresenceofnegativesequencecomponentduetounbalanceand
operates.
REVERSEPOWERPROTECTION
The turbine drives the alternator. Alternator is connected to supply system through
transformers, bus bars etc. And at a time many alternators are connected to the supply
system.Butwheninputtoanyoneturbineisstopped,thealternatorcontinuestorotateas
a motor i.e. it takes electrical power from supply and supplies mechanical input to the
turbinesoitdrivestheturbine.
Sopreviouslythepowerflowwasfromturbinealternatorsupplysystemandnoitis
from supply system motor (alternator acting as a motor) turbine i.e. power flow
reverses.Whenelectricalpowerflowsinreversedirection,itstillmaintainsthebalancein
threephases.Soreversepowerflowcanbedetectedbyusingasinglerelayinanyone
phases.
Directional relay can be used to detect reverse flow. Figure shows induction type
directionalrelaytodetectreversepowerflow.
The shunt magnet coil and series magnetic coil are excited from any one alternator
winding. When power flow direction is correct the disc rotates in normal direction. But
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whenpowerflowreverses,thediscrotationisinoppositedirectionandoppositerotation
causestripcircuitcontactstoclose.Thus,tripsignalisproduced.
SOLVEDEXAMPLE
A20MVA11kV,3phasestarconnectedalternatorisprotectedbyMertzPriceprotection
scheme.Thestarpointisearthedthrougharesistanceof5.IfCTshavearatioof1000/5
andtherelayissettooperatewhenthereisanoutofbalancecurrentof1.5Amp.
Calculate:
i)Thepercentageofeachphaseofthestatorwindingwhichisunprotected.
ii)Theminimumvalueofearthingresistancetoprotect90%ofthewinding.
Solution:i)LetX%ofthewindingisunprotected,Earthingresistancere=5
11x103
Vph=Voltageperphase==6350.85volts
3
Theminimumfaultcurrenttooperatetherelay=1000/5x1.5=300Amp.
e.m.f.inducedisX%ofstatorwinding,=Vphx(X/100)=63.508xVolt.
Earthfault,currentthatwillflowbecauseofvoltageinducedinX%winding
=63508X63.508
==12.7Xamps.
re5
Thiscurrentshouldbeequaltominimumfaultcurrentrequiredtooperatetherelay.
12.7X=300soX=23.62%
ii)Letre=minimumearthingresistancerequiredtoprotect90%ofthestatorwinding.The
10%windingwillbeunprotected.
63.508x10
i.e.X=10%300=63.508X/re300==12.7XAmp,re=2.12.
re
EXERCISE
1.Statetheabnormalitiesandfaultsinalternatorwithnecessaryprotection.
2.Drawadiagramofdifferentialprotectionschemeforastarconnectedalternatorand
explainitsworking.
3.Drawadiagramofpercentagedifferentialprotectionschemefordeltaconnected
alternatorandexplainitsworking.
4.ExplainearthfaultprotectionofalternatorusingCBCT.
5.WithaneatsketchexplainoverheatingprotectionusingWheatstonebridge.
6.Drawaprotectionschemefordoublefrequencycurrentusingnegativesequence
filters.
***************************************************
PostedbySureshApreat08:17
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