University of Magallanes

Pedagogy in English
Integrated English IV
Bastian Dillems

TASK
Review on Phonetics and Phonology

1. What are the three perspectives from

which phonetics can be studied?
1) Articulatory: How speech sounds

are

tract, which are used to described and

classify sounds.
2) Acoustic: How speech sounds are transmitted
from producer to perceiver
3) Auditory: How speech sounds are perceived
by the human being.
2. What is the difference between segmental
sounds,

It

refers

to

how

speech

sounds function are affected at the sentence

and discourse level. Aspects: intonation,

produced. It also refers to the human vocal

and supragmental features?

Segmental: Are individual

Supragmental:

added stress, time-stress, tone, linking and

connecting, thought groups, volume, speed,
reduction, assimilation, deletion, weak forms
of

function

contractions,

words,
and

standard

conversational
contractions

which are also used in writing.

3. What does the vocal tract encompass?

also

known as phonemes, meaning consonants

and vowels. Syllables and one-syllable words
are considered as segmental aspects of
accent and pronunciation, as well.
4. What
distinction
voicing?

behind

is
voicelessness

the
and

Voiced sounds occur when the vocal cords

vibrate when the sound is produced. There is

no vocal cord vibration when producing
voiceless sounds.
5. What is devoicing?
Its the process by which speech sounds that
are normally voiced are made voiceless
immediately after a voiceless obstruent: for

the vocal tract. They are typically voiced.

Consonants: Are made with a narrow or
complete obstruction in the vocal tract. Can

be voiced or voiceless.
Glides:
Have
characteristics

of

both,

consonants and vowels. They are voiced.

7. What are the three parameters of
consonant description?
Glottal state: Voiceless or voiced.
Place of Articulation: Where occurs the
obstruction in the vocal tract.

How the airflow is

modify at the place of articulation.

8. Give an example of a minimal pair?
Minimal pair: Two phonetic forms that differ
by one segment. Safe and Save. Pit and Fit.
Bat and Bath
9. Give an example of a pair of homophones?
Same pronunciation. Different spelling and

example, the /r/ in cream /krim/ and the /w/

in twin /twn/.
6. What are the three sound classes?
Vowels: Are made with a little obstruction in

Manner of Articulation:

10.

meaning.
Be-bee/ Bean-Been/ Meet-Meat /Scene-Seen
What are the alveolar consonants?
Produced through the front part of the

11.

tongue placed in the alveolar ridge.

/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/ /r/
What do both RP and GA stand for?
Received Pronunciation, the traditional name

for the standard British English accent.

General American, described as the accent

12.

spoken by the majority of Americans

What is it to be rhotic and non rhotic?
They are accents in which rhotic pronounced
the /r/ and non-rhotic does not pronounced

unless it goes before or between vowels.

Rhotic: USA, Canada, Scotland.
Non-rhotic: England.

13.

What are the affricates?

They started as plosives but ended as
fricatives /t/ /d/

14.

15.

What are the fricatives?

They allow a small stream of air to pass
through, creating friction. /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ //
// // // /h/
What is aspiration?
Its a characteristics that voiceless plosives
have. It is represented as /h/. It occurs when

there is a small puff or air at the beginning.

16. What is a glide?
Its a sound that is phonetically similar to
a vowel sound
but
functions
as
the syllable boundary
rather
than
as
the nucleus of a syllable. /w/ /j/
17. Give an example of stress-timed and
syllabled-time language
Syllable-timed languages have syllables of
equal length throughout each breath-group.
Stress-timed languages have breath-groups
of equal length.
18. What is it the process of syllabication?

19. Give three examples of strong and

weak forms?
A - And But- For -The
20. What is IPA?
International Phonetic Alphabet
21. What is prosody?

consonants. In English, there are eight fortis-

Its
the rhythm, stress,
and intonation of speech.
22. When does vowel reduction occur?
When the vowels are moved to a more

lenis pairs:

central position, when theyre unstressed

syllables. When they are stressed, they are
pronounced as a full vowel. On the other

26. Give an example of an allophone

An allophone is a phonetic variant

hand, when they are unstressed they are

pronounced as a schwa.
23. What is a cluster?
A
consonant
cluster is
a
group
of consonants which have no intervening
vowel. E.G: pl, th, fr, etc.
24. What is the difference between vowel
quantity and quality?
Quality: it is determined by physical
characteristics (like the size and shape of
the mouth pronouncing it and the
resonance of the sound). (monophthongs,
diphthongs, triphthongs)
Quantity: it is determined by the duration of
the vowel sound
25. What is the difference between lenis
and fortis?
The fortis-lenis distinction is usually thought
of as the voiced/voiceless distinction in

of

a phoneme in a particular language. PillLip /l/

27. What
is
the
difference
between
phonetics and phonology?
Phonetics deals with the production of
speech sounds by humans, often without
prior

knowledge

spoken.
Phonology is

of

the

language

about patterns of

being

sounds,

especially different patterns of sounds in

different languages, or within each language,
different patterns of sounds in different
positions in words, etc.
28. When does the secondary stress take
place?
When a word has more than 3 syllables.
29. What is a flap?

A speech sound which is produced by striking

the tongue quickly and lightly against the
part of the mouth behind the upper teeth.

The /t/ in later in GA and the /r/ in very in RP.

30. What is sentence prominence?
Prominence is the sum of different factors
such as loudness, length, pitch and quality.
31. What
are
the
two
meaning
of
accentuation?
1) To stress or emphasize; intensify
2) To pronounce with a stress or accent.

32. What does blending mean?

In blending, at least two free morphemes are
melted together whereby typically the front
of one and the end of the other remain to
create a new lexeme.
Electrocute: electronic + execute
33. What is a dark l and coloured r?
L is a dark L if it comes after the vowel or
diphthong in a syllable, like in the word real.
Coloured r: rhotic