Electrons

P n
n
P P
n

Neutrons

Protons

Substances
made up of two
or more
different
elements

Previous slide was a single atom

Lets look at a compound:

Cl

Na

Notice that the nuclei are far apart

In other words, its the electrons that are
important in bond formation

Include water, acids,

bases and salts

raw materials from

which living things
build the substances
they need

Compounds that
contain any element
in the periodic table
except from Carbon
bonded with
hydrogen and oxygen

Water (H2O)

Makes up
60-70% of
the body
mass

Universal
solvent

Medium
Transport
for food,
wastes etc.

has high
heat
capacity

Serves for
cushioning

Has high
chemical
reactivity

Oxygen
Respiratory
gas

Found in
tissue fluids
(blood,
lymph)

Carbon dioxide
Respiratory
gas
Source of carbon found in
substances made by living
organisms

Minerals
Cu, Fe, P,
Mg,
Mn, Zn, K,
Ca, Na,
etc.

supply other
elements needed
for life

salts
A product of
neutralization
reaction

Important
source of
ions

present in skeletons
Calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) and
calcium phosphate
(Ca3(PO4)2)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Organic
Compounds
containing Carbon
bonded with
hydrogen and
Oxygen

Include
carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and
nucleic acid

enormous molecules essential

for life made up of thousands
of atoms assembled by linking
together hundreds of smaller
molecules into long chains.

Carbohydrates
Serve as an
immediate
source of energy
form
structural
component of
cell

Composed of
carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen in
1:2:1 ratio
simplest and most
abundant, being the
primary products of
photosynthesis.

Classes of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
/ simple sugar

Polysaccharides

Disaccharide/
double sugar

Monosaccharides
Building blocks
of carbohydrates
Most common
forms are:
Glucose, Fructose,
Galactose

Glucose

Blood sugar

Fructose

Fruit sugar

Galactose

Part of
lactose

Disaccharide/
Double Sugar

monosaccharide
monosaccharide

glucose

glucose

maltose

Fructose

glucose

Sucrose

Galactose

glucose

lactose

polysaccharide
Long chains of
monosaccharide

Includes
starch,
glycogen,
chitin, cellulose

Lipids
Source of
stored form
of energy

Component of
the cell
membrane

Serve as raw
materials for
hormone
Composed of
fatty acid
and glycerol

Serve as
insulator

Lipids

glycerol

Fatty acid

Classes of Lipids
Simple
Lipids

Fats

waxes

Complex
Lipids
Phospholipids
Steroids

Steroids
Bile
Salts

Sex
Hormone

Cholesterol

Proteins
Composed of
C, H, O, N, S

Act as
enzymes
Serve for
transport

Repair of
worn out cells
Act as
hormone
Serve for
movement

Source of
energy

Proteins
Enzymes
Hemoglobin
Antibody
Hormones
Collagen
Keratin
Elastin
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Antibiotics

Biochemical Functions
Catalytic
O2 Transport
Defense
Regulatory
Structural
Structural
Structural
Blood Coagulation
Transport
Germicidal, Antitumor

Building Blocks of Proteins

Amino Acid

20 Alpha AMINO ACIDS

1. Phe phenylalanine
2. Leu leucine
3. Ile isoleucine
4. Met methionine
5. Val valine
6. Ser serine
7. Pro proline
8. Thr threonine
9. Ala Alanine
10. Tyr tyrosine

11. His histidine

12. Gln glutamine
13. Asn asparagine
14. Lys lysine
15. Asp aspartic acid
16. Glu Glutamic acid
17. Cys cysteine
18. Trp tryptophan
19. Arg arginine
20. Gly glycine

Nucleic Acid

Composed of C, H, O, N, P
Keep the messages
or the genetic
code of the cell

Building blocks of
nucleic acid

Nucleotides
Pentose
ring

Nitrogen
base

ribose

Purine

Deoxyribose

Pyrimidine

Phosphate
Group

Purine Bases
Adenine

Guanine

Pyrimidine Bases
Uracil

Cytosine

Thymine

Complementary Bases

A=T
G=C

Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic
Acid (RNA)

Double stranded

Single stranded

Has deoxyribose

Has ribose ring

Has A, T, G, C

Has A, U, G, C

Stores the genetic

information
of the cell

Molecular

Can replicate
itself

Slave of DNA

DNA molecule