Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2007
Vol.17
No.2
Abstract: The mechanism of stress generation and propagation by detonation loading in five separate independent advance of ore breaking patterns is discussed in the paper. An elastic numerical model was developed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D Nonlinear Dynamic Finite Element Software. In this package ANSYS is the preprocessor and
LS-DYNA is the postprocessor. Numerical models in the paper to actual were 1:10 and the element mesh was dissected
in scanning mode utilizing the symmetry characteristics of the numerical model. Five different advance rates were studied. Parameters, such as the time required to maximum stress, the action time of the available stress, the maximum velocity of the nodes, the stress penetration time, the magnitude of the stress peak and the time duration for high stress
were numerically simulated. The 2.2 m advance appeared optimum from an analysis of the simulation results. The results from numerical simulation have been validated by tests with physical models.
Key words: non-pillar sublevel caving method; independent advance of ore breaking; numerical simulation; model test
CLC Number: TD 8
Introduction
The ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D nonlinear dynamic finite element program has user-defined material modeling functions and so was adopted for the numerical
simulations[45]. The program of ANSYS/LS-DYNA
3D has hourglass viscous damping control null energy pattern and its element compute pattern is single
Numerical Simulation
296
Vol.17
No.2
Youngs
modulus
(GPa)
13.0
Material
Density
(g/cm3)
Marble
2.66
Diorite
2.63
75.72
0.22
11.7
Magnetite
4.0
75.67
0.26
12.6
Based upon these material properties and experience from actual production five computational models were constructed. They were:
1) a single row blasting model, free advance was
1.5 meter;
2) a double row, millisecond blasting model with
1.8 meter advance and a line of resistance of 0.9;
3) a double row millisecond blasting model, advance 2.2 meter, line of resistance of front row 1.0
meter, back row 1.2 meter;
4) a double row millisecond model, advance 2.5
meter, line of resistance of front row 1.2 meter, back
row 1.3 meter;
5) a double row millisecond model, advance 3.0
meter, 1.4 meter front row and 1.6 meter back row
line of resistance.
These five computational models have symmetry
about the YZ plane. To save computation time a 1/2
calculation module was adopted using the symmetry
command in ANSYS. The upper surface, the right
surface and the external surface of the 1/2 calculation
module were taken as no reflection boundaries. The
inner and under surfaces were considered to be free
surfaces while the left side was the plane of symmetry[6]. Considering that only medium depth bore
hole spacings (row parameters) were studied the
conic section of the medium depth bores was simplified as a cylindrical section to facilitate computation.
RV1
R2V E0
P = A 1
e + B 1
e +
V
1
RV
R2V
(1)
ZHOU Chuan-bo et al
Fig. 2
Table 2
(kg/m3)
D (m/s)
1310
5600
velocity [8].
Explosive parameters
A (GPa) B (GPa)
214.4
0.182
297
R1
R2
4.2
0.9
E0
0.15 4.192
298
(a) t=15.8 s
Fig.3
(b) t=29.7 s
No.2
(b) t=36.2 s
(a) t=14.8 s
Fig. 4
Vol.17
Position
Centre of
Centre of
front row
back row
connection connection
1090
1090
1.5
Free
face
section
300
Blast
hole
section
2280
1.8
368
2260
1010
906
2.2
523
2360
841
886
238
2.5
247
2330
1020
1060
323
3.0
237
2320
1040
919
321
Superface
section
245
231
ZHOU Chuan-bo et al
299
Relevant parameter
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.5
3.0
10.5
12.8
13.5
13.0
13.21
2.36
2.56
2.62
2.61
2.63
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.5
3.0
Maximum
Nodal velocity
14.8
17.5
19.4
6.216
6.516.4
6.315.8
9.7
9.6
9.8
9.9
9.5
8.9
6.9
9.8
9.9
9.51
6.3
6.9
7.5
7.3
7.3
1.5
1.8
2.2
1.2
1.7
51
33
27
38
47
26.4
49.7
50.2
37
28.4
In order to validate the numerical simulation results, four groups of physical model tests, based upon
similarity theory, were carried out. The physical
model to actual scale ratio was 1:20. The models
were constructed according to the proportions that
Clinker-Baring Sag Cement: Fluvial Sand: Gravel
were 1:2:2. The test models were not detonated until
the models were aged long enough to reach the design strength. Primacord served as the explosive in
the test. The model was detonated by 8# primer in an
axial direction. Indices of the model tests are listed in
Table 5.
Indices of model tests
Modes pace (m)
Characteristic
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.5
Specific consumption
of explosive (kg/m3)
1.57
1.59
1.55
1.67
51.02
48.32
45.7
46.1
16.5
6.416
Table 5
15.8
6.316
Conclusions
300
Vol.17
No.2
locity of the medium. Consequently, the 2.2 m independent advance of ore breaking is recommended for
real production.
6) Four physical model tests of the 1.5 m, 1.8 m,
2.2 m and 2.5 m independent advances were carried
out to validate the numerical simulation results.
Comparison of these results shows there is agreement
between the physical model tests and the results of
numerical simulation.
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