B.Tech. Pt.

II
EXPERIMENT No. 1
OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS
AIM: Perform open circuit and short circuit test on a two winding transformer and hence
determine its equivalent circuit parameter. Calculate its % regulation at full load U.P.F., 0.8
lagging P.F., 0.8 leading P.F. and Z.P.F. lagging, Z.P.F. leading.
SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER: Name Plate rating of transformer under test.
Calculate the following quantities:
Full load current referred to primary (high Voltage) side = I High

KVA
1000
VHigh

Full load current referred to secondary (Low Voltage) side = I Low

Turn ratio = a

KVA
1000
VLow

VHigh

VLow
Record the resistances of Primary and Secondary windings using Digital Multimeter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Number
Range
Remarks
For Open Circuit Test-from Low Voltage side
Ammeters
1
1/2A
> 5-10% of I Low
Voltmeter
1
150- 300V
LPF Wattmeter
1
150 - 300V / 5A
> VLow
For Short Circuit Test-from High Voltage side
Ammeters
1
10A
> I High
Voltmeter
Wattmeter

1
1

30V
75V /10A

THEORY: A transformer can be easily analyzed using lumped parameter approach, in which the
transformer is represented by a black-box known as equivalent circuit. If the equivalent circuit
parameter is known then the input output relation can be easily established. A typical equivalent
circuit of transformer is shown in Figure. A transformer works on the basis of the mutual flux
coupling the two coils. In order to minimize the leakage flux the magnetic flux is allowed to flow
in the path provided by the ferromagnetic core. This core is subjected to alternating
magnetization in which the direction of flux alternates at the supply frequency and due to this
certain amount of power is wasted in Hysteresis and eddy current losses.

Using Text Book write:

The e.m.f equation of a two winding transformer.
Derive equivalent circuit of a two winding transformer.
Define core loss-Hysteresis & Eddy current losses.
Define referred value.
DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS:
At no load the current I o is assumed to flow in the parallel combination of Rc and X m or,
Io Ic Im
Vo

Rc

Where real component of current I o I c I o cos o

Vo

jX m

Similarly, imaginary component of I o I m I o sin o

Po Vo I o cos o I o2 rL Pc
Input power,
Where rL =resistance of low voltage winding and Pc = core loss
The input power Po is the wattmeter reading of LPF wattmeter when rated voltage (Low
voltage side) at rated frequency is applied on low voltage side of transformer, keeping high
voltage side open. The e.m.f EL or the voltage appearing across parallel branches of equivalent
circuit is, EL Vo I o (rL jxL )
Where xL =leakage reactance of low voltage side.
Pc I c EL
Thus,
If drop in winding is assumed to be zero, then
Core loss = Wattmeter reading or Pc Po
e.m.f. =Applied voltage or EL Vo
Thus using open circuit test, the two equivalent circuit parameters can be calculated as,
EL

Ic

Rc

c
Pc
EL P
2
2
2
I o cos o I c
I o cos
o

 EL

I m

Xm

EL

I o sin o

.
These values are referred to low voltage side. The rated copper loss Pcu is normally taken as
wattmeter reading Wsc during short circuit test at rated current I High , when a feeble voltage Vsc
is applied on high voltage side of transformer, keeping its low voltage side short circuited.
Transformers series equivalent circuit parameters referred to high voltage side are
W
Rexh sc
I sc
Vsc

I sc

Z exh
Thus,

X exh

2
exh

2
Rexh

These parameters are referred from high voltage side. The equivalent circuit parameters referred
to high voltage side are obtained by obtained referred values of Rc & X m from high voltage side.
2
2
I High
Rc/ I Low
Rc
Thus,

Similarly,

I2
V2
Rc/ 2Low Rc High
R a 2 Rc
V2
c
I
Low
High

2
2
I Low
VHigh

X 2 X m 2 X m a2 X m
V
I
Low
High
The parameters Rexh & X exh , which are referred to high voltage side remains unchanged. The
approximate equivalent circuit diagram is shown in Figure.
/
m

/
2
Here, transformer resistance referred to HV side, Rexh rH rL rH a rL
/
2
And transformer leakage reactance referred to HV side, X exh xH xL xH a xL

Similarly equivalent circuit of transformer referred to low voltage side are

r
RexL rL rH/ rL H2
a

 xH
2
a

X exL xL xH/ xL

POWER EFFICIENCY: It is assumed that KVA rating of transformer is S ; Rated Copper loss
or the wattmeter reading under short circuit test is PCU ; Rated Core Loss or wattmeter reading
under Open Circuit test is PI Po . The power efficiency of a two winding transformer operating
at k th fraction of load and at a power factor cos is,
% Power Efficiency,
Output
Input Losses

100
100

Input
Input

kS cos
100
2
kS
cos

k
P
I
CU

PI k PCU
1
100
2
kS cos PI k PCU

Calculate % efficiency at different fraction of load and at two different power factors.
OBERVATIONS:
Resistance of High voltage winding, rH =
Resistance of low voltage windings, rL =
Open Circuit Test (High voltage side Open)
Voltage
Current
Wattage

Vo
Io
Wo

Short Circuit Test ( Low Voltage side

Shorted)
Rated LV, 110V
Voltage
VSC 5-10% of rated voltage
A Current
ISC
Rated High Voltage
side current, 6.8A
W Wattage
WSC
W

PHASOR DIAGRAMS: Draw to the scale phasor diagrams at ZPF Lag /Lead, UPF and 0.8 P.F.
Lag/Lead.

Use approximate equivalent circuit for V= VHigh; I = IHigh; REX1=Rexh & XEX1=Xexh. Choose a
suitable scale. Measure the length of phasor E in terms of Volt.
% REGULATION Further, calculate the no load voltage E for different power factors.
For a lagging power factor angle, E can be written as,
2
2
E V IREX 1 cos IX EX 1 cos IREX 1 sin

Thus calculate the % regulation (UP) & (DOWN) using the expressions given below:
E V
% Re gulation(UP )
100
V
E V
% Re gulation( DOWN )
100
E
How will you calculate the above for leading power factor? Compare different quantities in
Tabular form..
P.F.
No Load Voltage E
% Regulation
% Power
Efficiency
Calculated
Measured
UP
DOWN
ZPF Lag.
0.8 Lag.

UPF
0.8 Lead
ZPF Lead
TABLE: POWER EFF. At 0.8 P.F. LAGGING & 0.8 P.F. LEADING
S.No. Fraction Input Constant
Variable
Total
%
loss
Loss
Loss
Efficiency
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
1
0
2
0.1
3
0.2
16
1.5
PROCEDURE:
Note the name plate rating of transformer, decide the range of instruments.
Connect circuit diagram as shown in Figure for Open circuit Test keeping high voltage
side kept Open (why?). Apply rated voltage corresponding to low voltage winding. Note
Vo , I o & Wo

Connect circuit diagram as shown in Figure for Short circuit Test keeping low voltage
side short circuited (why?). Apply rated current of high voltage winding. Note
Vsc , I sc & Wsc . Note that very small voltage is required during short circuit test.
Measure the winding resistances rH & rL of high voltage and low voltage windings
respectively using a Digital Multi meter.

PLOT:

% Efficiency versus fraction of load for two different power factors

% regulation versus load current at unity power factors

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Choose correct rating instruments required for different tests.
2. During short circuit test, apply reduced voltage such that only rated current flows.
Excessive voltage may cause melting of insulation of shorted wire and subsequent fire.

B.Tech. EE Pt. II
EXPERIMENT No. 2
LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM: Perform load test on transformer and plot % regulation, % efficiency versus load current.
SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER: Name Plate rating of transformer under test.
COMPUTER PROGRAM: Obtain the equivalent circuit parameters referred to low voltage
side from the earlier experiment. Write a computer program for finding % regulation (UP &
DOWN) and % efficiency at any power factor and any load current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Ammeters
Voltmeter
Wattmeter

Number
2
2
1

Range
15A & 10A
150- 300V
150 - 300V / 15A

THEORY: The load test on a two winding can be performed from either side. When a
transformer is subjected to electrical loading the voltage on the input side takes place. For a
220V/11V, it is convenient to perform load test from LV side, because the input voltage can be
kept constant during the experiment.
V1 I1r1 jI1 x1 E1
For the primary winding, we have,
/
/
/ /
/ /
And for secondary winding referred to primary side, E2 V2 I 2 r2 jI 2 x2
When an a.c. voltage of magnitude V1 is applied across the primary winding, it results in an
induced e.m.f. equal E1 4.44 f max N1 .According to Lenzs law, this e.m.f. opposes the applied
voltage and results in a flow of current,
V E1
I1 1

r1 jx1
Here it must be clearly understood that the quantity x1 is the leakage reactance of primary
winding. It should not be confused with the quantity L1 , where L1 being the self
inductance of primary winding.
% REGULATION Further, calculate the no load voltage E for different power factors.
For a lagging power factor angle, E can be written as,
2
2
E V IREX 1 cos IX EX 1 cos IREX 1 sin

Thus calculate the % regulation (UP) & (DOWN) using the expressions given below:

 E V
100
V
E V
% Re gulation( DOWN )
100
E
% Re gulation(UP )

How will you calculate the above for leading power factor?
POWER EFFICIENCY: It is assumed that KVA rating of transformer is S ; Rated Copper loss
or the wattmeter reading under short circuit test is PCU ; Rated Core Loss or wattmeter reading
under Open Circuit test is PI Po . The power efficiency of a two winding transformer operating
at k th fraction of load and at a power factor cos is,
% Power Efficiency,
Output
Input Losses

100
100

Input
Input

kS cos
100
2
kS cos PI k PCU

PI k 2 PCU
1
100
kS cos PI k 2 PCU

The power efficiency can also be calculated using experimental observation.

W
% Efficiency O 100
WI

PROCEDURE:
Note the name plate rating of transformer, decide the range of instruments.
Connect circuit diagram as shown in Figure for load test. Choose a resistive load.
Initially do not switch ON any load. Keep the voltage on LV side equal to its rated value.
Slowly change the load switches.

Do you observe any change in input voltage? If yes correct the input voltage using auto
transformer.
Record different voltages, currents ant wattmeter.
Repeat the experiment for capacitive and inductive loads.

OBERVATIONS: Using developed computer program, calculate no load voltage , % regulations

and % efficiency For different input currents and power factor.
S.N
o.

Low
Voltage
side
V I W
I

HV side
V
o

1
2
3

E.M.
F
EI

P.F.
L
V

H
V

% Efficiency
Experime
nt

Calculati
on

% Regulation
Experime
nt

Calculati
on

10
PLOT: For different types of loads, viz resistive, inductive and capacitive.
% Efficiency versus load currents
% regulation versus load current
RESULT & DISCUSSIONS:
Discuss the graphs for different types of loads. Why % regulation is negative for capacitive loads
PRECAUTIONS:
3. Choose correct rating instruments required for different tests.
4. Do not apply high voltage on LV windings.

EXPERIMENT No. 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC GENERATORS
AIM:(a) Experimental determination of magnetizing characteristics (Open Circuit
Characteristics or OCC) of Self-excited DC generators
(b) Perform load tests on DC Generators & draw the Load Characteristics of

Self-excited DC Generators. (Only for Electrical Students)

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MACHINE: Name Plate rating of machine under test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
D.C. Ammeters
D.C. Voltmeter
Tachometer

Number
2
1
1

Range
1/2A & 30-0-30A
300V

THEORY: Write essential conditions of self excitation of dc generator. Define residual

magnetism, critical field resistance and critical speed etc. from your text book
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Self-excited DC Generator:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect as shown in the Fig 1 for self-excited dc generator.
2) Run the generator at the rated speed using starter of dc motor.
3) Maintain its speed constant throughout the experiment using motor field resistance.
4) Initially keep the load switch OFF. Whether the generator develops voltage? If No,
why? If Yes, go to Step No.8
5) Switch OFF the prime mover.
6) Interchange either connections of armature circuit or connections of field circuit of
generator.

7) Repeat Step-2. Whether the generator develops voltage? If Yes why?

8) Vary field current of generator in steps and record the developed voltages as in Table 1.
9) Record developed voltage of generator, when generator field is open, i.e., Ifg=0.0
10) Plot Open circuit voltage versus field current.
11) Adjust the open circuit voltage at 200V at 1000 RPM. Increase resistive load in steps.
(Whether the speed falls? If Yes why?)
12) Maintain the speed at constant value through out the experiment. Note the load current
and terminal voltage for different loads as in Table 2.
13) Now switch OFF prime mover and put a short circuit across the self excited dc generator.
Run prime mover at required speed and record current (V L=0.0). Plot the load
characteristics of self excited shunt generator. Repeat 1-8 at two different speeds.
.
PLOT GRAPHS:
(a) Magnetizing characteristics of dc Generators:
Field current (on X- axis) Versus Open Circuit Voltage (on Y- axis)
(b) Load Characteristics:
Load current (on X- axis) Vs Terminal Voltage (on Y- axis) for
NOTE: Obtain internal characteristics of the DC Generator by adding resistance drop to the
external characteristics.
RESULTS: Comment on graphs and torque of motor
DISCUSSIONS: Effect of speed, armature reaction, field resistance, residual magnetism, type of
load, type of generators and commutation etc.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) While obtaining load characteristics of separately excited dc generator, the armature terminal
should never be shorted. Since field is already connected to dc supply, it will cause excessive
armature current to flow thereby blowing of supply fuses and damaging armature windings,
brushes and commutator.
OBSERVATIONS: -

Speed = Constant

Magnetizing Characteristics of dc generators

Self excited DC Generator
Increasing field current
Decreasing field current
S.No.
Open Circuit
Field Current
S.No.
Open Circuit
Field Current
Voltage (V)
(A)
Voltage (V)
(A)
1.
0
1.
2.
2.

15.

15

Load Characteristics of Self excited dc Generators: Speed = Constant Ifg = Constant

S.No.
Terminal
Load Current
Output Power
Speed
Motor Torque
Voltage
Po=V.A
N
60*Po/ (2 N)
(Volt)
(Amp)
(Watt)
(RPM)
(N-m)
1.
0
2.
15
16

Determination of Armature resistance: Draw your own circuit diagram or use digital multi
meter.

B.Tech. EE Pt. II
EXPERIMENT 4
SPEED CONTROL OF d.c. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM: - Study different methods of speed control of a dc shunt motor.
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MACHINE: Name Plate rating of machine under test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
D.C. Ammeters
D.C. Voltmeter
Tachometer
Digital Multimeter

Number
2
1
1
1

Range
5-0-5A & 1/2A
300V

THEORY: The speed of a dc shunt motor mainly depends on field flux or field current and the
voltage appearing across armature of dc motor. This can be understood from the basic equations
of dc motor. The back e.m.f. appearing across the armature can be given as
E b = 2p Z N / 60 (2a)
=KN

and also from circuit point of view,

Eb= V- Ia Ra
Where
2a = total number of parallel path
2p = total number of poles
= Flux per pole
Z = Number of conductors

N = speed of operation
Ia = armature current
V = applied voltage
Ra = armature resistance

Combining above equations, we get

Speed

N= Eb / K = (V- Ia Ra) / K

Since the flux is directly proportional to field current If , under low saturation of the magnetic
circuit,
N Eb
&
N 1 / If
It is also clear that the speed of a dc motor depends on design parameters, which can done only at
design level.
There are basically two experimental methods of speed control of a dc motor.
(a)
(b)

Armature Voltage Control

Field Flux Control

Note: The resistance Ra shall be rated to carry a current at least 20% of rated motor current
continuously. Its resistance is to be such that Ia.Ra is at least 50% of applied voltage. (why?)

PROCEDURE:
1) Keep maximum armature resistance and minimum field resistance.
2) Field flux control: In the circuit shown the motor is now started with the help of
a starter. Slowly decrease the armature resistance Ra to minimum possible value.

3) Adjust the field current If such that the speed N is 20-30% below the rated speed
of the motor.
4) Vary the field current in small steps and note the corresponding speed until the
speed is increased to 15-20% above the rated value.
5) Plot speed N versus field current If (Ra is not changed)
6) For a new value of Ra held constant. Repeat steps 1 to 5.
7) Armature Control: Adjust field current If such that the speed N is nearly rated
speed.
8) Increase the resistance Ra in steps and note the corresponding voltage across the
armature Eb and the speed. The speed should go down to 50% rated value.
9) Repeat steps 7-8 for a new value of If held constant.
10) Plot speed N versus Armature voltage Eb (If =constant)
RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:

Discuss the shape of characteristics.

What have you learned from this experiment?
What do you conclude from this experiment?