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Multiplexing
q Spread spectrum
q Modulation
q Cellular systems
q
MC SS05
2.1
coax cable
1 Mm
300 Hz
10 km
30 kHz
VLF
LF
optical transmission
100 m
3 MHz
MF
HF
1m
300 MHz
VHF
UHF
10 mm
30 GHz
SHF
100 m
3 THz
EHF
infrared
1 m
300 THz
visible light UV
= c/f
wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/
MC SS05
2.2
MC SS05
2.3
Cordless
Phones
Wireless
LANs
Others
Europe
USA
Japan
AMPS, TDMA, C D M A
824-849,
869-894
TDMA, C D M A, GSM
1850-1910,
1930-1990
PDC
810 -826,
940 -956,
1429-1465,
1477-1513
PHS
1895-1918
JCT
254 -380
902-928
IEEE 802.11
2400-2483
5150-5350, 5725 -5825
IEEE 802.11
2471-2497
5150-5250
R F-Control
315, 915
R F-Control
426, 868
MC SS05
2.4
Signals I
q
q
q
q
MC SS05
2.5
1
g (t ) = c + an sin( 2nft ) + bn cos( 2nft )
2
n =1
n =1
0
t
real composition
(based on harmonics)
MC SS05
2.6
MC SS05
2.7
Signals II
q
A [V]
A [V]
t[s]
I= M cos
q
q
f [Hz]
MC SS05
2.8
z
y
MC SS05
ideal
isotropic
radiator
2.9
Real antennas are not isotropic radiators but, e.g., dipoles with lengths
/4 on car roofs or /2 as Hertzian dipole
shape of antenna proportional to wavelength
/4
/2
y
x
z
z
simple
dipole
x
top view (xz-plane)
MC SS05
2.10
directed
antenna
sectorized
antenna
MC SS05
2.11
Antennas: diversity
q
Antenna diversity
q
diversity combining
l
/4
/2
/4
/2
/2
/2
ground plane
MC SS05
2.12
communication possible
low error rate
Detection range
q
q
Interference range
q
q
sender
transmission
distance
detection
interference
MC SS05
2.13
Signal propagation
Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)
Receiving power proportional to 1/d in vacuum much more in real environments
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
Receiving power additionally influenced by
q fading (frequency dependent)
q shadowing
q reflection at large obstacles
q refraction depending on the density of a medium
q scattering at small obstacles
q diffraction at edges
shadowing
reflection
refraction
scattering
MC SS05
diffraction
2.14
MC SS05
2.15
Multipath propagation
Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to
reflection, scattering, diffraction
multipath
LOS pulses pulses
signal at sender
signal at receiver
MC SS05
2.16
Effects of mobility
Channel characteristics change over time and location
q
q
q
Additional changes in
q
q
distance to sender
obstacles further away
long term
fading
power
MC SS05
2.17
Multiplexing
Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
q
q
q
q
channels ki
space (si)
time (t)
frequency (f)
code (c)
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
t
c
t
s1
f
s2
s3
MC SS05
2.18
Frequency multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time
Advantages:
q no dynamic coordination
necessary
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
q works also for analog signals
k6
Disadvantages:
q waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
q inflexible
q guard spaces
t
MC SS05
2.19
Time multiplex
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time
Advantages:
q only one carrier in the
medium at any time
q throughput high even
for many users
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
Disadvantages:
q precise
synchronization
necessary
MC SS05
2.20
k1
k2
k3
k4
k6
c
f
k5
MC SS05
2.21
Code multiplex
Each channel has a unique code
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
bandwidth efficient
no coordination and synchronization
necessary
good protection against interference and
tapping
Disadvantages:
q
q
k6
MC SS05
2.22
Modulation
Digital modulation
q
q
q
Analog modulation
q
Motivation
q
q
q
Basic schemes
q
q
q
MC SS05
2.23
digital
data
101101001
digital
modulation
analog
baseband
signal
analog
modulation
radio transmitter
radio
carrier
analog
demodulation
analog
baseband
signal
synchronization
decision
digital
data
101101001
radio receiver
radio
carrier
MC SS05
2.24
Digital modulation
Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying
1
q Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
q
q
q
very simple
low bandwidth requirements
very susceptible to interference
more complex
robust against interference
t
MC SS05
2.25
MC SS05
2.26
Example of MSK
1
0
bit
data
even
0101
even bits
odd
0011
odd bits
signal
value
hnnh
- - ++
low
frequency
h: high frequency
n: low frequency
+: original signal
-: inverted signal
high
frequency
MSK
signal
t
No phase shifts!
MC SS05
2.27
10
11
00
01
t
11
10
MC SS05
00
2.28
01
0001
0000
f
a
I
1000
MC SS05
2.29
Hierarchical Modulation
DVB-T modulates two separate data streams onto a single DVB-T stream
q High Priority (HP) embedded within a Low Priority (LP) stream
q Multi carrier system, about 2000 or 8000 carriers
q QPSK, 16 QAM, 64QAM
q Example: 64QAM
q
q
q
q
10
I
00
000010
MC SS05
010101
2.30
interference
spread
signal
signal
power
spread
interference
detection at
receiver
Side effects:
q
q
MC SS05
2.31
dP/df
dP/df
i)
user signal
broadband interference
narrowband interference
ii)
f
sender
dP/df
dP/df
dP/df
iii)
iv)
f
receiver
v)
f
MC SS05
2.32
narrowband channels
4
frequency
narrow band
signal
guard space
channel
quality
spread
spectrum
frequency
MC SS05
2.33
many chips per bit (e.g., 128) result in higher bandwidth of the signal
Advantages
q
q
tb
user data
0
XOR
tc
chipping
sequence
01101010110101
Disadvantages
q
resulting
signal
MC SS05
2.34
user data
X
transmit
signal
modulator
chipping
sequence
radio
carrier
transmitter
correlator
lowpass
filtered
signal
received
signal
demodulator
radio
carrier
products
sampled
sums
data
integrator
decision
chipping
sequence
receiver
MC SS05
2.35
Two versions
q
q
Fast Hopping:
several frequencies per user bit
Slow Hopping:
several user bits per frequency
Advantages
q
q
q
Disadvantages
q
q
MC SS05
2.36
td
f3
slow
hopping
(3 bits/hop)
f2
f1
f
td
f3
fast
hopping
(3 hops/bit)
f2
f1
t
MC SS05
2.37
user data
modulator
modulator
received
signal
hopping
sequence
frequency
synthesizer
transmitter
hopping
sequence
spread
transmit
signal
narrowband
signal
narrowband
signal
data
demodulator
demodulator
frequency
synthesizer
receiver
MC SS05
2.38
Cell structure
Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain
transmission area (cell)
Mobile stations communicate only via the base station
Advantages of cell structures:
q
q
q
q
Problems:
q
q
q
Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country side
(GSM) - even less for higher frequencies
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/
MC SS05
2.39
Frequency planning I
Frequency reuse only with a certain distance between the base
stations
Standard model using 7 frequencies:
f4
f3
f5
f1
f2
f3
f6
f7
f2
f4
f5
f1
MC SS05
2.40
Frequency planning II
f3
f1
f2
f3
f2
f3
f1
f3
f1
f2
f3
f2
f3
f1
f3
f1
f2
f2
3 cell cluster
f4
f3
f3
f6
f5
f1
f2
f3
f6
f7
f5
f2
f4
f3
f7
f5
f1
f2
7 cell cluster
f2
f2
f2
f1 f
f1 f
f1 f
h
h
3
3
3
h1 2
h1 2
g2 h3 g2 h3
g2
g1
g1
g1
g3
g3
g3
3 cell cluster
with 3 sector antennas
MC SS05
2.41
Cell breathing
CDM systems: cell size depends on current load
Additional traffic appears as noise to other users
If the noise level is too high users drop out of cells
MC SS05
2.42