Active Power Management in Multiple Microgrids

Using a Multi-Agent System with JADE

Frank Ibarra Herna
ndez, Carlos Alberto Canesin

Ramon Zamora, Anurag K Srivastava

Power Electronics Laboratory - LEP

S
ao Paulo State UniversityUNESPFE/IS
Ilha SolteiraSP, Brazil
Email: fibarra@dee.feis.unesp.br, canesin@dee.feis.unesp.br

Smart Grid Demonstration and Research

Investigation Lab (SGDRIL)
Washington State University - WSU
Pullman - WA, USA
Email: r.zamora@wsu.edu, asrivast@eecs.wsu.edu

AbstractThis paper presents a Multi-Agent System (MAS)

to model and enable an active power management in a multiple
microgrids system consisting of batteries, photovoltaic and
diesel micro sources in islanded or grid-connected operation.
The multi-agent system was developed in JADE (Java Agent
DEvelopment Framework), a Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) and a compliant open source multi-agent
platform. All the six case studies presented in this paper were
modeled using JADE. The cases were chosen considering the
real life possible scenarios, such as: discharging the battery
(boost mode), energy export from the microgrid, charging the
battery (buck mode), energy import from diesel generator,
energy import from the grid and the system halt. However, considering that the results for the first two cases can demonstrate
the performance and features of the proposed MAS, this paper
focuses on the results of these cases. The results demonstrate
the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms, necessary
for coordinated control and power management, and show the
possibility of autonomous built-in operation of a microgrid with
a multi-agent system using JADE.
Index TermsPower Management, Distributed Power
Sources, Microgrids, Multi-Agent System, Photovoltaic Power
Systems, JADE, Real-time Simulation.

I. I NTRODUCTION
A microgrid is an electrical system that contains Distributed Energy Resources (DER), particularly small-scale
Renewable Energy Sources (RES), and multiple loads that
can be operated connected with the larger utility grid or as an
electrical island [1], [2]. In normal operating conditions, the
microgrid works connected to the utility grid and exchanges
power with the grid, taking into account the balance between
the source and demand in the microgrid. If a fault occurs
upstream of point of connection (POC) to the power grid, the
microgrid may work in the islanded operation. To keep the
power balance: 1) in grid-connected mode, the microgrid
exchanges power with the utility grid and 2) in islanded
mode, the microgrid uses their own sources or batteries. The
balance between supply and demand of power is one of the
most important requirements of microgrid management in
both operation modes [3].
Control strategy is a very important factor to ensure efficient, reliable, and economic operation and management of
microgrids [4]. Demanding requirements for Power Quality
and Reliability (PQR) can be achieved by incorporating

modern controls that enable the microgrid to operate with

a degree of autonomy from traditional utility grid. Hence,
control systems of microgrids are new technologies for improving reliability and providing alternative energy supplies
to the grid system.
The integration of DER into the future Smart Distribution
Network (SDN) in the smart grids has several challenging
issues [5]:
The interconnection of the DER units increases the
complexity of the automatic or smart control functions of the Smart Distribution Management System
(SDMS).
The SDN requires periodic and fast estimations of
network security, as well as collecting a variety of realtime information from the network components.
To maintain the reliability, stability and security of a
microgrid as required, intelligent control with distributed
generation and energy storage is necessary. Furthermore,
the application of Multi-Agent System (MAS) based control
algorithm is required for coordination of control and power
management [6]. The MAS should be developed such that it
maximizes the power production of local distributed generators and, in more advanced cases, minimizes the operational
cost of microgrid subject to system constraints and units0
constraints [7].
Contribution of this paper is a multi-agent-based control
system in order to develop an active power management
for multiple microgrid. MAS system has been developed
specifically for three microgrids and a feeder with nonsensitive loads as a case study. The proposed multi-agent
system was developed in JADE. The remaining paper is
organized as follows: In Section II, the statement of the
problem is introduced; Section III illustrates the architecture
of the microgrids system; Section IV discusses the implementation of JADE for the multi-agent system; and Section
V shows the main results. Finally, Section VI concludes the
paper and proposes the future works.
II. S TATEMENT OF THE P ROBLEM
The trend of power systems is to move toward smart
grid (SG), which integrates advanced control methodologies,
advanced sensing technologies and communication networks

into current electricity grid. Microgrid, a management architecture and an innovative control at distribution level, makes
SG concept implementation at distribution level easier [8]. In
a microgrid, energy management problems are more crucial
with the existence of highly-variable energy sources, where
the update rate of the unit dispatch command should be
sufficiently fast to follow the unexpected changes of load
and non-dispatchable generators, with time constants close
to those of the control system [9]. Each microgrid may
include renewable power sources (such as wind turbines or
photovoltaic arrays), non-renewable power sources (such as
diesel engines or other thermal generators), power storage
devices (for instance, super-capacitors, batteries, fuel cells,
etc.), and, finally, loads (industrial, commercial, residential
and public emergency services).
In simulating a microgrid system, at the beginning of
their operation, a verification of the active power balance is
performed at each discrete simulation time step. This means
that if the active power produced by local sources, plus the
available power from storage devices, is enough to supply
power to the local loads, the microgrid is self-sufficient and
it can decide whether to store or to send to the grid the
excess of energy [10]. In order to address the active power
management problem, this paper proposes a Multi-Agent
System (MAS) for three microgrids and one feeder with nonsensitive loads, according to the concept shown in Fig. 1.
In this context, the number of input parameters required by
MAS are:
six inputs for each microgrid: 1) Photovoltaic Power
(kW), 2) Battery Power (kW), 3) Diesel Generator
Power (kW), 4) Load Active Power (kW), 5) State
of Charge of the Battery (SOC) and 6) Static Switch
Microgrid Position (ON for microgrid connected to the
grid or OFF for microgrid isolated).
three inputs for the global electrical system: 1) Total
Load Power in the feeder with non-sensitive loads
(Feeder C), 2) General Static Switch Position (ON for
microgrid system connected to the grid or OFF for the
three microgrids isolated from the grid) and 3) Point of
Common Coupling Position (ON for microgrid system
and the feeder C connected to the grid or OFF for the
three microgrids and the Feeder C isolated from the
grid).
With these twenty-one inputs (eighteen from the microgrid systems plus three from the global electrical system),
the Multi-Agent System (MAS) based control algorithm
developed in JADE calculates:
For each microgrid: discharging power from the battery
system (boost mode), export power to the grid from
the microgrid, charging power for the battery system
(buck mode), import power from the diesel generator,
import power from the grid, and criteria for halting the
electrical system.
For the global electrical system, including the three
microgrids, the Feeder C and the electrical system
(grid): Export/import active power to/from the electrical

Fig. 1. Active power management concept using MAS.

system (grid).
For the global electrical system, including the three
microgrids, the Feeder C and the electrical system
(grid): Export/import active power to/from the electrical
system (grid).
Based on the above description, this paper contributes to
the current state of the art of research for distributed generation with microgrid concept, by proposing a JADE multiagent tool to control the overall system through modeling
and calculation of active power management in a multiple
microgrid systems, formed by batteries, photovoltaic and
diesel micro sources, in islanded or grid-connected modes.
This tool can serve as a basis for simulating an energy
management and control systems of multiple microgrids in
Real-Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) platform.

III. M ICROGRIDS S YSTEM A RCHITECTURE

The Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) Microgrid concept was developed as a
means to improve reliability and to enhance power system
efficiency using DER technologies [11]. CERTS Microgrid
concepts were first formulated in 1998 as a group of microgenerators and storage with the ability to separate and
isolate itself from the utility grid seamlessly with little
or no disruption to the loads [12]. The CERTS Microgrid
requires that all of its micro sources have a unified dynamic
performance, regardless of their prime mover type. This
insures the plug-and-play feature and the expected power
quality performance of the CERTS Microgrid. In order to
provide a unified dynamic performance for micro sources
with different prime movers, an energy storage system must
be included in the micro sources [13], [14].
Fig. 2 shows that the proposed case study consists of
three microgrids with sensitive load feeders and one feeder
with non-sensitive loads (Feeder C). According to [15], the
sensitive load feeders have micro sources that each is rated
for 60 kW. In this paper, two solar power generation units
as Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are installed in the
feeders A (A1, A2 and A3), diesel generator set as a thermal

TABLE I
S PECIFICATIONS AND DATA FOR E ACH M ICROGRID
Variable
PP V
PBat
PDie
PLoad
SOC
SSP

Meaning of the Variable

Photovoltaic Power
Battery Power
Diesel Generator Power
Load Active Power
Battery State of Charge
Static Switch Position

Limit Values
0 kW PP V 60 2 kW
0 kW PBat 300 kW
0 kW PDie 60 kW
0 kW PLoad 90 3 kW
0.0 SOC 1.0
ON or OFF

TABLE II
S PECIFICATIONS AND DATA FOR THE G LOBAL E LECTRICAL S YSTEM
Variable
PLC
GSSP
PCC
PT

Meaning of the Variable

Total Load Power
in Feeder C
General Static Switch
Position
Point of Common
Coupling Position
Export Power From
Microgrid System

Limit Values
0 kW P LC 360 kW
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
300 kW P T 1440 kW

generation unit is installed in the feeders B (B1, B2 and

B3). Each load, either sensitive or non-sensitive loads, can
be controlled within a range of 090 kW. The data for each
microgrid are shown in Table I. Furthermore, the adopted
global electrical system is summarized in Table II.
IV. JADE I MPLEMENTATION OF THE M ULTI -AGENT
S YSTEM
According to [16], an agent is simply a software (or
hardware) entity that is situated in some environment and
able to react autonomously in response to environmental
changes (with autonomy, that is, an agent exercises control
over its own actions, therefore autonomy is the ability
to schedule action based on environmental observations).
Taking into account that an agent can operate conveniently in
an environment which supports the tasks the agent proposes
to perform, the environment is basically everything external
to the agent. An intelligent agent has the following three
basic characteristics: Reactivity (react to changes in its
environment in a timely fashion), Proactivity (goal-directed
behavior) and Social ability (ability to negotiate and interact
in a cooperative manner) [17]. The properties of agents and
MAS are: 1) Benefits of Autonomy and Agent Encapsulation
(Considering that an agent encapsulates a particular task, the
main benefits of its autonomy are: any agent is capable to
perform its own assignment for attaining its goals; because
agents are not directly linked to others, while the others are
running, it is easy to kill or create a new one; the autonomy
of each agent makes MAS mostly flexible and extensible
systems). 2) Benefits of open MAS architectures (The main
benefits are: There are no restrictions in the creation of new
agents; with adherence to messaging standards, a flexible
communication between the agents is possible). 3) Platform
for Distributed Systems (Agents are separated from its
environment, this means that they can be placed in different
environments and keep their same goals and abilities. For

this reason, an agent is fundamentally distributable, without

fixed ties to its environment). 4) Fault Tolerance (Fault
Tolerance means the redundancy into the systems. In MAS,
the redundancy means providing more than one agent with
the abilities) [17].
A Multi-agent system (MAS) is a group of agents called
autonomous computational entities, which make decisions
based on goals within an environment that can be challenging to define analytically [18]. A multi-agent system
provides both intelligence to improve an algorithm and
execution capability to execute complicated tasks [19]. An
important aspect of implementation of multi-agent systems
is to split a complex control problem into several smaller
simple problems, in which each simple problem will be
solved by an agent. In normal conditions, MAS agents focus
their tasks in one specific achievement, limiting their systemwide perspective. Even though the capability of each agent
is limited and they cannot affect the entire system, agents
can communicate information about their goal achievement
to other agents and in this mode the MAS can achieve the
entire goal.
A multi-agent system can be implemented based on a
number of open-source agent platforms that can aid developers to build a complex agent system in a simplified fashion.
These open-source agent platforms include: Aglets software
development kit, Voyager, Zeus, JADE, Tracy, SPRINGS
and Skeleton Agent [2]. The MAS in this paper was developed in JADE, an open source IEEE FIPA compliant
platform [20]. JADE permits the development of agents in
a platform in which they can perform many tasks, control
system functions, and support decentralized control architectures. The JADE-based agent platform directly supports
plug-and-play connectivity [21].
In this work, ten (10) agents are established in the
entire system. These agents are: a) three Microgrid Manager Agents: Manager1, Manager2 and Manager3; b) three
Microgrid Battery Agents: Battery1, Battery2 and Battery3;
c) three Diesel Agents: Diesel1, Diesel2 and Diesel3; and,
d) one Global Electrical System Agent: GES.
The proposed control system aims to: 1) optimize local
distributed resources (proper distribution of power); 2) prioritize local and sensitive loads; 3) simplify the operation.
The proposed system has four types of agents: 1) Microgrid
Manager that manages directly each microgrid of the system.
2) Microgrid Battery Agents that control the battery system
of each microgrid and take decisions regarding the state of it.
3) Diesel Agents that control the diesel generators. 4) Global
Electrical System Agent that control all the electrical system
and the power import or export of the microgrids system.
A. Concept of Operations for Modeled Scenario
According to [10], a multi-agent system (MAS) is very
essential to provide an intelligent active power management
and control in multiple microgrids, considering that MAS
offers inherent advantages like flexibility, extensibility, autonomy, reduced maintenance and more. Thus, the design

Fig. 2. Multiple microgrids system based on CERTS concept.

and implementation of a control microgrid based on multiagent systems that is capable of making intelligent decisions
on behalf of the users, has become an area of intense
research. In accordance to the previous discussion and Fig. 3,
the concept of operations for modeled scenario uses four
kinds of agents: a) Microgrid Manager Agents (Manager),
b) Microgrid Battery Agents (Battery), c) Diesel Agents
(Diesel) and d) Global Electrical System Agent (GES).
The most important work is done by the Manager Agents,
because, according to Fig. 4, it uses the JADE integrated
algorithm for each microgrid for calculating: discharging
power of the Battery (Boost Mode), export power from
the microgrid, charging power of the battery (Buck Mode),
import power from diesel generator, import power from the
grid or criteria for halting the system.
B. JADE Integrated Algorithm for each Microgrid
To develop the active power management and general
control of multiple microgrids using multi-agent system, two
JADE integrated algorithms are designed: the first one is
used at the same way for each one of the three microgrids,
and the last one is used for the global electrical system.
The initial considerations for the first algorithm are:
The power supply priority: first, photovoltaic system
(PV); second, battery system; third, diesel generator
and four, the grid.
The power delivery priority: first, local load; second,
battery charging and third, grid transaction.
When JADE runs for one microgrid, all the others
microgrids become part of the grid. This means that
the Static Switch for each microgrid is the tie line with
the entire grid (electrical system).

With the aim to establish all the units of the system

in instantaneous values of active power, the State Of
Charge of the battery system: SOC (P.U) = Power
measured at the Battery (PBat ) / Nominal Power at
the Battery (PN om ).
The battery will be charged using its nominal power.
According to Fig. 3, depending on the position (on/off)
of the Static Switch for each microgrid, the control
action could be halting the system.

C. JADE Integrated Algorithm for the Global Electrical

System
The global electrical system is controlled by the Global
Electrical System Agent (GES Agent) and according to
Fig. 5, the initial considerations for the algorithm implemented for the GES Agents are:
The JADE Integrated Algorithm for each microgrid is
used as base (as shown in Fig. 4).
This algorithm considers the operation of the entire
system including the three microgrids (Feeders: A1,
A2, A3, B1, B2 and B3) and the Feeder C.
According to Fig. 3, depending on the position (on/off)
of the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and the
General Static Switch, the final control action of the
GES Agent could be halting the system.
The Sniffer Diagram for the Multi-Agent Modeling and
Implementation can be seen in Fig. 6. This tool is used
for documenting conversations among agents. This work
shows that the Manager Agents (Manager1, Manager2 and
Manager3) send a specific message to the Battery, Diesel and
GES Agents (Battery1, Battery2, Battery3; Diesel1, Diesel2,
Diesel3; and GES respectively).

Fig. 3. Concept of operations for modeled scenario.

Fig. 4. JADE integrated algorithm for each microgrid (implemented for the Manager Agents).

V. S IMULATION R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONS

Figs. 7, 8, and 9 shows the JADE model using 6 study
cases. These cases were chosen considering all the scenarios
possible, such as: discharging the battery (Boost Mode),
export from the microgrid, charging the Battery (Buck
Mode), import from diesel generator, import from the grid
and halt of the system. Considering that the output messages
can show all the qualities of this work for the first two cases,
this paper shows only those results (as shown in Figs. 10
23).
The simulation results for the case study 1 (discharging

the battery (Boost Mode)) are shown in Figs. 1016, while

the simulation results for case study 2 (export power from
the microgrid) are shown in Figs. 1723. The simulation
results show that the active energy management works as
expected. Figs 10, 11, and 12 shows that in discharging
mode the microgrids also import power from diesels and
the grid to minimize fast discharging action due to the big
shortage power inside the microgrids. Slowing down the
battery discharge rate is useful to increase battery lifetime.
Figs. 1723 show that in the condition of extra power, due
to high sun irradiation and low load demand, the multiple-

Fig. 7. Modeling structure in jade for analyzing the results.

Fig. 8. Inputs of three microgrids for the multi-agent systems modeling.

Fig. 5. JADE integrated algorithm for the global electrical system (implemented for the GES Agents).

Fig. 6. Sniffer diagram for the multi-agent modeling and implementation.

microgrid system exports power to the grid while at the same

time supplies the local loads. In this case, the batteries are
not charged because they already reached their maximum
SOC limit of 0.9. Overall, the power transfer, power supply
and power delivery, follow the designed priority. Power
balance of each microgrid and the multiple microgrid system
is well maintained.
The microgrid model presented in this paper has a combination of renewable and non-renewable energy sources
in order to model renewable energy penetration inside the
microgrid. However, the RES time function dynamics due
to variability and intermittency are not included. Therefore, an immediate future work using the proposed control
algorithms, in developing a Real-Time Digital Simulation
(RTDS) platform including the energy management and
control systems for multiple microgrids, is required. This
RTDS model is kept as future work and its simulation results
are not reported in this paper because it is beyond the focus
of this paper.
The RTDS model of a single microgrid is shown in
Fig. 24. This model just includes a single microgrid, not

three microgrids as discussed earlier, in order to display the

model clearly. In reality, a multiple microgrid consisting of
three microgrids will be used in RTDS for future work. In
order to interface these two different platforms, a socket
program is provided as a middleware (Fig. 25). For future
work, the RTDS model along with the MAS concept shown
in Fig. 3 will be co-simulated based on the setup shown
in Fig. 25 in two different platform: 1) RSCAD/RTDS for
power and local control system (Fig. 24), and 2) JADE/JAVA
for energy management and higher-level control (Fig. 3).
The measurement quantities and messages from both direction will pass a socket that convert this quantities and
messages to be suitable for each platform.

Fig. 9. Inputs of the global electrical system for the multi-agent systems
modeling.

Fig. 10. Partial results for the case 1 and microgrid 1.

Fig. 17. Partial results for the case 2 and microgrid 1.

Fig. 11. Partial results for the case 1 and microgrid 2.

Fig. 18. Partial results for the case 2 and microgrid 2.

Fig. 12. Partial results for the case 1 and microgrid 3.

Fig. 19. Partial results for the case 2 and microgrid 3.

Fig. 13. Partial results for the case 1 and the global electrical system.

Fig. 20. Partial results for the case 2 and the global electrical system.

Fig. 14. Report of sending a message from agent Manager1 to agent GES.

Fig. 21. Report of sending a message from agent Manager1 to agent GES.

Fig. 15. Report of sending a message from agent Manager2 to agent GES.
Fig. 22. Report of sending a message from agent Manager2 to agent GES.

Fig. 16. Report of sending a message from agent Manage3 to agent GES.

Fig. 23. Report of sending a message from agent Manager3 to agent GES.

Fig. 24. RTDS model of a single microgrid.

Fig. 25. Power-agent co-simulation setup.

VI. C ONCLUSIONS
This paper presented a multi-agent-based control system
for active energy management of a multiple-microgrid system consisting of three different microgrids and a feeder
with non-sensitive loads. The outcome of the proposed modeling and the active power management algorithm demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control architecture.
The modeling results demonstrated that:
The proposed multi-agent system with JADE is able
to control the active power management of multiple
microgrids scenario, in grid-connected or islanded microgrid conditions.
In addition to the presented first two cases, the other
cases were tested and the simulation results were very
satisfactory.
The presented algorithm can be used a general MAS
based control algorithm for multiple microgrid regardless of the microgrid size.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the S
ao Paulo Research FoundationFAPESP and Washington State University for supporting this collaborative research work.
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