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>inactivated by mostchemicals
at in-use concentration
>disinfect: use a high-level
disinfectants
-Influenza A virus
>susceptible to a large number
of disinfectant products when
they are used I hard, non-porous
surfaces
f. Protozoa
-Acanthamoeba
>can cause acanthamoeba
keratitis with associated corneal
scarring and loss of vision in
wearers of soft contact lenses.
-Chlorine-generating systems in
use are generally inadequate
-Hydrogen peroxide-based
disinfection is considered
completely reliable and
consistent in producing
acanthamoebicidal effects
g. Prions
-most resistant
-not microorganism
-no cellular structure nor do they
contain nucleic acids
-cause spongiform
encephalopathies
-risk of infectivity is highest in
brain, spinal cord and eye
tisssues
3. Intended application`
-medical preparation
>ingredients used may antagonize
preservative activity
-disinfection of instruments
>chemicals used must not
adversely affect the instruments
4. Environmental factors
-organic matter can have a drastic
effect on antimicrobial capacity
either by adsorption or chemical
inactivation thus reducing the
concentration of active agent in
solution
2. Alcohols
a. Alcohols used for disinfection
and antisepsis
-aliphatic alcohols are used
for disinfection and
antisepsis
-poor penetration of organic
matter
-restricted to clean condition
-cleansing action and
volatility
-ethanol
> concentrations between
60% to 95% are
bactericaidal
> 70% solution is usually
employed for disinfection
of skin, clean instruments,
or surfaces
>higher concentration,
ethanol is active against
fungi and most lipidcontaining viruses
>solvent and preservative
-isopropyl alcohol
>slightly greater
bactericidal activity than
ethanol
>twice as toxic
>less active against viruses
>used at concentrations of
60%-70%
>alternative to ethanol
>preservative for cosmetics
b. Alcohols as preservatives
Benzyl alcohol
- antibacterial and weak
local anaesthetic
- used at 2%
- use in cosmetics is
restricted
Chlorbutamol
-used at concentration of
0.5%
-preservative in injections
and eye drops
Phenylethanol
-in-use concentration of
0.25-0.5%
-greater activity against
Gram-negative organisms
Phenoxyethanol
-in-use concentration at
1%
-more active against Ps.
aeruginosa
Bronopol
-in-use concentration of
0.01-0.1%
-exposed to light at
alkaline pH and
accompanied by increase
in temperature,
decomposition may occur
resulting to a change in
color from yellow to
brown
3. Aldehydes
a. Glutaraldehyde
-has a broad spectrum of
antimicrobial activity and
rapid rate of kill, most
vegetative bacteria being
killed within a minute of
exposure
b. Ortho-phthaldehyde
-excellent mycobactericidal
activity with complete kill of
M. tuberculosis within 12
minutes at room
temperature
c. Formaldehyde
-decontamination of
isolators, safety cabinets and
rooms
d. Formaldehyde-releasing
agents
-reduce the irritancy
associated with
formaldehyde while maintain
activity
4. Biguanides
a. Chlorhexidine
-antiseptic
-its base is not readily
soluble in water, therefore
its freely soluble salts,
acetate, gluconate, and HCl
-nontoxic when applied to
skin or mucous membranes
and is an important
preoperative antiseptic
b. Polyhexamethylene
biguanides
-antimicrobial activity
exceeds that of monomeric
biguanides
5. Halogens
a. Chlorine
-large number of
antimicrobially active
chlorine compounds are
commercially available, one
of the most important being
liquid chlorine
b. Hypochlorite
-oldest and remain the most
useful of the chlorine
disinfectants
c. Organic chlorine compounds
-disinfectant and antisepsis
-antimicrobial of these
compounds are similar to
hypochlorite when acidic
conditions of use are
maintained
d. Chloroform
-narrow spectrum of activity
-marked reductions in
concentration may occur
through volatilization from
products, resulting in the
possibility of microbial
growth
e. Iodine
-wide spectrum of
antimicrobial activity
-disadvantage: staining of
skin an fabrics coupled with