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The teacher resource guide has been created to support the Class Notes Artists Video featuring an
interview with Lyz Jaakola. You will find a variety of information and media that will support your
teachings as you work to meet the following Minnesota Music Education Standard:
Music
4.1.3.3.1
3. Demonstrate
understanding of the
personal, social, cultural
and historical contexts
that influence the arts
areas.
Feel free to use whatever material you feel will best engage and excite your students.
Table of Contents:
Below you will find the revised Minnesota Music Standards. Those standards that most readily apply to
this resource guide are in bold.
4-5
Music
4.1.1.3.1
1. Artistic
Foundations
4.1.1.3.2
1. Demonstrate
knowledge of the
foundations of the arts
area.
4.1.1.3.3
Music
4.1.2.3.1
2. Demonstrate knowledge
and use of the technical
skills of the art form,
integrating technology
when applicable.
4.1.2.3.2
Music
4.1.3.3.1
2. Artistic
Process:
Create or
Make
3. Demonstrate
understanding of the
personal, social, cultural
and historical contexts
that influence the arts
areas.
1. Create or make in a
variety of contexts in the
arts area using the artistic
foundations.
3. Artistic
Process:
Perform or
Present
4. Artistic
Process:
Respond or
Critique
1. Perform or present in a
variety of contexts in the
arts area using the artistic
foundations.
1. Respond to or critique
a variety of creations
and performances using
the artistic foundations.
4.1.3.3.2
4-5
Music
4.2.1.3.1
4.2.1.3.2
4-5
Music
4.3.1.3.2
4.3.1.3.2
4-5
Music
4.4.1.3.1
Elizabeth (Lyz) Jaakola (Anishinaabe, enrolled member of Fond du Lac band of Lake Superior
Ojibwe) has a richly varied musical background, which informs her career in both music education and
American Indian studies at Fond du Lac Tribal and Community College. Earning her Bachelor of music
degree in vocal performance in 1992, Lyz taught at a tribal school as a music specialist before
embarking on a performance career.
Performing and writing in many styles and
genres, she resists categorization, a
nimbleness only natural for a Native woman
who readily embraces her mixed heritage.
Among many other venues, Lyz has
performed in the Rome Opera festival as a
mezzo-soprano, Carnegie Hall as a choral
singer, at traditional ceremonies as a
ceremonial singer, and in clubs and
elsewhere as a jazz scat singer, blues siren,
and regional soloist. Her Native-based
compositions have been heard on radio
stations, television, video, and many stages
near to her home on the Fond du Lac
reservation in Minnesota. Shes currently
compiling her Native-based choral pieces, striving to promote Anishinaabe music performances and
education, occasionally gigging around town in her Blues band (Lyz Jaakola & the Smokin Chimokes),
recording various projectssuch as the Native women's hand drum group, Oshkii Giizhik Singers'
sweetheart CD and Anishinaabe Youth
Chorus' sophomore recordingin
between teaching and parenting three
children.
The Ojibwa people radiate out from the shores of Lake Superior. See map below in pink:
Tradition indicates that the Ojibwe-Anishinaabe people settle on and around Madeleine
Island near Bayfield Wisconsin in the 1400s.
Ojibwe-Anishinaabe are also called the Chippewa, a slang name for the Ojibwe-Anishinaabe
used in government documents.
Ojibwe people call themselves Anishinaabe
Each reservation has its own government, courts, police and economic structure.
Adapted from
http://www.sos.state.mn.us/index.aspx?page=855
Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of American Anishinaabe
Indian Trust
Reservations
There are 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States, each with its own musical
practices, styles, and culture.
Repetition is common in vocal melodies
Most accompaniment is percussion
The melodic scales used notes that do not fall on a piano keyboard, but may fall in-between
these notes.
Harmonic structures of major or minor chords are not used with most singing close to unison.
Much of the traditional music is of a spiritual nature.
Singing includes stories and vocables non-word syllables (such as: wey ya hey ya hey hey)
Contemporary Ojibwe-Anishinaabe music represents a wide range of musical styles.
Western Music
Shakers
Shakers are considered to have specific function, as well.
In the Midewewin (Grand Medicine Society, the indigenous
Ojibwe-Anishinaabe belief system) shakers are thought to
be the first sound in Creation. Shakers are considered an
important instrument for that reason, and often shakers are
reserved only for ceremonial activities.
Flutes
Many woodlands tribes have flutes. Flutes in Ojibwe culture are played solo, not in any ensemble.
They were intended to be used for personal entertainment. There are at least three different origin
stories for flutes A flute player knows these stories better than I. In short, one story says the flute was
given to a woman who was mourning her man, another was a man that missed his girlfriend, another
story tells of a man who copied the design of a tree branch to make the flute. In any case, the flute is
most often considered to be played by men who would
be wooing a girl. Each flute was made uniquely to fit
the player so it had a unique timbre and tuning.
Standard tuning for flutes is a relatively new
development. Flutes were usually made to scale based
on the length of a mans arm and the spread of his
fingers, giving each flute a unique scale and timbre.
The song he would play would be improvisational in
nature but a girl would have listened so intently that
she could know him by his tune. I think they are often
called courting flutes.
The use of rhythmic tension
Rhythmic tension between the voices and drum I guess it signifies an older song. To many who are
aware, thats one of the markers of the old songs. When one hears the old songs or newer songs like
the old songs, there is an independence between the drumbeat and the main pulse of the vocals. Thats
the mark of skilled singers/drumgroup.
Personal History of Evolution of Music Culture
My experience is since the 1960s and mostly Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Ojibwe. When I was a
child, there was one main public pow-wow at FDL and when there were ceremonies, they were secretive
due to the fact that our spiritual practices were illegal until 1978 when the Indian Religious Freedom
Act was passed. I heard elder women sing but it was usually a cappella songs in Ojibwe or church
songs, sometimes in Ojibwe. Men would sing with the Pow-wow Drums. Both men and women sang in
ceremony, depending on the purpose and context. We didnt have many women singing back-up at powwows when I was young. As I got older, pow-wow started picking up speed and people were traveling
farther to pow-wows, picking up traditions from all over as well as bringing our traditions all over.
One example is the jingle dress dance which originated with the Ojibwe-Anishinaabe and now most
pow-wows will have jingle dress dancers from any tribe. The pow-wow
repertoire is constantly growing while Drums keep old songs and make
new ones regularly. Womens music kind of took a hiatus while pow-wow
grew. Some say it was to protect the women from certain persecution,
others say it was because the women have been silenced due to tribes
adopting the male-dominated forms of community from the colonizers. In
any case, womens songs are being revitalized just as our language use is
being revitalized. I started singing with a hand drum in 1990s because I
had a dream that that was what I should be doing. We are taught that the
spirits guide us in our dreams. I started asking elders about singing and
drumming and 20 some years later I have met hundreds of OjibweAnishinaabe women who sing with hand drum and even a few who sing
seated at the Big Drums. Some have been singing longer than I have and
some started about the same time I did and some are just starting to learn
about singing with drums. Its so hard to know what the natural evolution
of our music would have been since our culture has survived such an
assault over the last 200 years. But I do know that elders from various
communities where women havent been singing come to me and others
saying how we remind them of their grandmothers who used to sing to
them with a hand drum.
Elizabeth Jaakola as a child
Pow-wow
This is an ever-changing organic music tradition. Its generally thought that pow-wow as we know it
began in the mid-1800s1860 is an often used date. Ever since then, each community has developed its
own set of protocol in regard to their celebration. Not all tribes have pow-wow but Minnesota has had
pow-wows for at least 130 years and today there are generally four types of pow-wows: traditional,
contest, ceremonial, and school pow-wows. Pow-wow is a way of life for some people today, and many
families are on the pow-wow trail for the majority of weekends during the summer. Songs and
traditions are always maintaining tradition while adding novel twists to the cultural arena.
Traditional womans melodies
Each person may have his or her own songeach family might have a song, or each community or
village. Songs are considered to have a place, an owner, to use that term. It is not thought that one
person sings another persons song without asking permission. Often, that permission is sought by
offering tobacco (a pinch of loose tobacco, offered earnestly, is sufficient), or sometimes an appropriate
gift, depending on the song. That person whose song it is may choose to grant permission or to not
grant permission. Some songs are freely shared by many. We see today with the schizophonic nature of
recordings that it is very challenging to maintain our cultural protocol when it comes to songsbut we
try the best that we can to make our offerings so that we can know and sing songs that are considered
traditional in a good way.
References:
http://www.lyzjaakola.com/
Documents from Perpich Center
https://sites.google.com/a/pcae.k12.mn.us/professionaldevelopment-in-music-education/curriculum/americanindian-resources/american-indian-music-resources
Glossary
? A cappella singing without instrumental accompaniment.
? Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwemowin the natural language spoken by Ojibwe-Anishinaabe
tribal peoples
? call and response a common form used in traditional Native North American music where one
singer calls and a group of singers respond
? double beat any variation of a drum beat in groups of two (short-long, long-short, strong-weak,
weak-strong, etc)
? Incomplete repetition - Common description of pow-wow song form where the first statement
(lead)is sung by a solo male who is answered by the group which then adds more musical
phrases on to the response. After all the new musical material is sung, the group will repeat the
later portions of the song, eliminating the lead in the repetition.
? Ojibwe/Anishinabe (Chippewa) an Indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes region
? Pow-wow a Native North American celebration of music and dance characterized by use of a
Dance Drum and male groups singing while they sound the Drum
? push ups a common term to denote form in pow-wow music
? Recitative the singer takes on the rhythm of ordinary speech.
? single beat a steady regularly occurring repeating drum beat
? tail a closing phrase on a pow-wow song, similar to a coda in Western music
? Vocable a style of singing with non-word syllables, like fa la la la la, or wey ya hey ya hey hey.
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Items Needed:
Computer at home and at school
Memory key, thumb drive, or USB Drive
A means to project video clip at school: computer screen,
LCD Projector, or interactive white board.
How to Transfer files from home:
On your home and school computer download the free
video software: FLV Player or a similar program, in order to run video files on each machine.
Go to the Keepvid site or similar site to capture, format and save the videos. Choose FLV when saving
the file.
Use a USB memory key or thumb drive or flash drive to transfer saved files from home to school.
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Quiz
13
Quiz Key
7. What musical styles are used in contemporary Ojibwe music? All styles
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