DEhumidification and The Psychrometric Chart

Technical Bulletin 3
Dehumidification and the

Psychrometric Chart
R ELATIVE HUMIDITY
NTRODUCTION
The psychrometric chart has been well documented in a

wide variety of technical textbooks and journals. This technical bulletin will not attempt to cover the chart in detail, but,
will highlight those features of the chart which apply to
refrigerant type dehumidification applications. It will define
the terms which form the nucleus of properly applying a
dehumidifier.
Relative humidity is a misapplied term. It is often used in

place of absolute humidity. The key is the word "relative." To
understand this concept, a law of nature must be Reviewed.
Air is a compressible fluid and its volume is represented by
the following equation:
v=K(T/P)
V = Volume
T = Temperature
P = Pressure
K = Constant
T HE CHART
49
Figure 1 shows a typical psychrometric chart. Dry Bulb temperatures are shown on the chart as vertical lines. The horizontal lines represent Dew Point temperatures. Lines representing Wet Bulb temperatures are the straight diagonal
lines sloping downward from left to right.
The curve forming the top edge of the chart is called the
"saturation curve". Air in a condition that falls on any point
along this curve is totally saturated with moisture. Any additional moisture added could not be absorbed and would
remain in a liquid state as condensation.
The sweeping curved lines that follow the saturation curve
are relative humidity lines expressed as percentages. These
lines represent the degree of volume displaced by moisture
with Respect to the total air volume.
48
105
80
42
RH
80
%
RH
%
70
RH
60
%
Re
lat
ve
Hu
%
50
130
120
110
100
90
Bu
Te
mp
e
RH
80
rat
ur
es
70
RH
%
40
60
30
RH
50
45
40
13
40
12
RH
20%
35
30
30
25
H
10% R
20
Dew Point Temperatures

10
0
20
25
30
35
40
12.5 CU. FT.
45
50
55
60
13.0 CU. FT.
65
70
DRY BULB F
75
80
13.5 CU. FT.
85
90
95
100
14.0 CU. FT.
105
GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR
75
RH
%
90
70
33
32
31
65
We
t
lb
60
t
di
140
Dry Bulb Temperatures
TIO
RA
TU
38
SA
37
AT
PY
36
AL
35
TH
EN
39
40
(B
41
TU
/L
B)
43
44
45
170
14
12
11
10
9
180
46
47
100
ti
95
150
30
29
19
15
16
a
ur0
at 5
rv
90
160
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
18
17
Figure 1
on
Cu55
14.5 CU. FT.

85
34
As the air temperature increases, its total volume increases

and decreases on reduction of temperature. Pressure has
the opposite effect. As pressure increases volume decreases.
This is important to understand because water damage

occurs at an absolute humidity concentration regardless of
its relative humidity. This is known as the constant Dew
Point Temperature.
Water, however, is not compressible. Therefore given a specific amount, it will always occupy the same amount of volume.
S ENSIBLE AND LATENT HEATING AND COOLING

There are four types of energy changes when heat of moisture is added or removed. Sensible heat occurs when heat is
added without the addition or reduction of moisture.
Sensible cooling is the reverse. Latent heat, also known as
humidification, is the addition of moisture without changing
the dry bulb temperature. Latent cooling or dehumidification
is the removal of moisture. Figure 3 shows how these are
displayed on the chart.
49
Figure 2 illustrates how this applies to the psychrometric

chart. As moisture laden air is heated or cooled the air volume changes but the moisture does not. Thus there is a
change in relative humidity, without a change in actual water
content.
48
14.5 CU. FT.

95
100
105
47
90
180
46
92F
170
(B
N
80
42
40
TIO
39
RA
TU
75
38
SA
35
80
RH
RH
80
%
31
RH
%
70
65
88 GR.
90
25
RH
78F
60
%
70F
27
26
28
29
30
100
60
24
23
22
RH
60
50
16
19
17
20
18
40
40
RH
30
15
70
55
RH
50
40
40
12
10
13
11
12
14
45
20%
RH
35
30
30
25
10% R
20
92F
80
%
50
21
Figure 2
110
60
32
90
%
70
33
120
10
0
20
25
30
35
40
12.5 CU. FT.
45
50
55
60
13.0 CU. FT.
65
70
DRY BULB F
75
80
13.5 CU. FT.
85
90
95
100
14.0 CU. FT.
105
TH
130
34
EN
140
37
AT
PY
40% RH
150
36
60% RH
AL
80% RH
160
41
TU
/L
B)
43
44
45
78F
70F
85
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 3
Dehumidification and the Psychrometric Chart

Rarely will these occur as shown but will rather be a mixture
of them. A refrigerant dehumidification system is a combination of sensible and latent cooling and sensible heating.
First the system cools the air to reduce the dry bulb temperature to the dew point. Then latent cooling reduces the
absolute humidity and finally the air is reheated increasing
its dry bulb temperature. Figure 4 graphs this process.
By obtaining the starting and finishing grains per pound, the

amount of moisture to be removed can be calculated. The
amount of moisture to be removed is the difference between
these two values known as GR.
Figure 5 shows how a dehumidification system was sized.
The ambient design was 91F dry bulb and 78F wet bulb.
The desired indoor value was 80F dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. The outside ambient has a moisture content of
124 grains and the indoor design has 78 grains. Thus the
required moisture removal rate is 124-78 = 46 grains per
pound of dry air.
D EHUMIDIFIER SIZING
49
To properly apply a dehumidification system, the amount of

moisture to be removed must be calculated. For most applications the only information available is the dry bulb and relative humidity or dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures. The
psychrometric chart is used to plot these two values by finding their intersection and then following the horizontal line
to the right to determine the moisture content in grains per
pound.
48
14.5 CU. FT.

90
95
100
105
180
46
47
85
(B
N
80
42
40
TIO
RA
TU
38
75
SA
37
AT
PY
AL
130
35
TH
C
120
110
RH
80
%
RH
%
70
65
90
RH
60
%
25
27
26
28
29
30
100
60
24
80
23
RH
50
22
70
40
60
16
15
30
RH
50
40
40
12
10
13
11
12
14
45
20%
RH
35
30
30
25
10% R
20
RH
50
19
17
20
18
21
55
10
0
20
25
30
35
40
12.5 CU. FT.
45
50
55
60
13.0 CU. FT.
65
70
DRY BULB F
75
80
13.5 CU. FT.
85
90
95
100
14.0 CU. FT.
105
RH
90
%
32
70
33
34
EN
140
36
Sensible Heating
Sensible Cooling
Humidification
Dehumidification
31
A.
B.
C.
D.
150
39
Figure 3
160
41
TU
/L
B)
43
44
45
170
49
Figure 4
48
14.5 CU. FT.

90
95
100
105
180
46
47
85
(B
80
42
40
TIO
N
39
TU
RA
140
AT
37
75
38
SA
150
130
35
36
EN
TH
AL
PY
160
41
TU
/L
B)
43
44
45
Total Cooling A-B

Sensible Cooling C-B
Latent Cooling A-C
Specific Humidity A (room air)
Specific Humidity C (supply air)
Total Temperature Rise B-D
WA-WB
QL
80
%
31
RH
32
110
RH
30
70
65
RH
28
90
60
27
26
QS
25
Entering Air
23
60
24
80
50
RH
22
70
19
17
16
15
60
Leaving
Evaporator
Coil
45
14
12
%
30
Reheated
Air (Supply)
RH
WA
GR
WB
50
40
40
13
11
12
10
9
RH
%
40
20
18
21
55
50
RH
90
%
70
33
34
120
100
29
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
QT
QT
QS
QL
WA
WB
T
GR
170
20%
RH
35
30
30
25
10% RH
20
10
0
20
25
30
35
40
50
45
55
60
65
75
70
80
85
90
95
100
105
14.0 CU. FT.
13.5 CU. FT.
DRY BULB F
13.0 CU. FT.
49
12.5 CU. FT.
48
14.5 CU. FT.

90
95
100
105
47
85
180
46
Figure 5
80
40
(B
39
N
TIO
RA
37
75
38
TU
SA
140
130
WA
91F DB/78F WB
35
36
AT
PY
AL
TH
120
RH
80
%
31
RH
%
70
65
90
RH
%
60
25
27
26
28
29
30
100
60
24
0%
23
50
RH
80
80F DB
22
70
%
40
RH
60
50
16
19
17
20
18
21
55
15
%
30
RH
WB
50
40
40
13
12
GR
45
14
12
11
10
9
RH
90
%
110
32
70
33
34
EN
Constant
Total Air Volume
WA-WB
7000 GR/LB Air
=
=
=
=
150
20%
RH
35
30
30
25
10% RH
20
4.5
CFM
GR
7000
160
41
TU
LBS/HR = 4.5 x CFM x GR

7000
42
/L
B)
43
44
45
170
10
0
20
25
30
35
40
12.5 CU. FT.
45
50
55
60
13.0 CU. FT.
65
70
DRY BULB F
75
80
85
90
13.5 CU. FT.
95
100
105
14.0 CU. FT.
8300 West Sleske Court

Milwaukee, WI 53223
(414) 357-7400
FAX: (414) 357-8501
www.desert-aire.com
TB3 1195

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Technical Bulletin 3

Dehumidification and the

The psychrometric chart has been well documented in a

Relative humidity is a misapplied term. It is often used in

Dew Point Temperatures

13.5 CU. FT.

14.0 CU. FT.

GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Dry Bulb Temperatures

14.5 CU. FT.

As the air temperature increases, its total volume increases

This is important to understand because water damage

S ENSIBLE AND LATENT HEATING AND COOLING

Figure 2 illustrates how this applies to the psychrometric

14.5 CU. FT.

13.5 CU. FT.

14.0 CU. FT.

GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Dehumidification and the Psychrometric Chart

By obtaining the starting and finishing grains per pound, the

To properly apply a dehumidification system, the amount of

14.5 CU. FT.

13.5 CU. FT.

14.0 CU. FT.

GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

14.5 CU. FT.

Total Cooling A-B

GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

14.0 CU. FT.

13.5 CU. FT.

13.0 CU. FT.

12.5 CU. FT.

14.5 CU. FT.

GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

LBS/HR = 4.5 x CFM x GR

13.5 CU. FT.

14.0 CU. FT.

8300 West Sleske Court

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