Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Welding Processes
Michel Bellet, Makhlouf Hamide, Christel Pequet, Patrice Lasne
"# $
%%&
'
* +
!
) %%&* ./$#."%
!
$ *
1
3 45
65
+ *
$+ $ *
,
*
-.
0*
2 /
"#$ % # &'()
-
* 1
Abstract
* *
*
4
5 40 1 *
2
*
5 2
- $
4
1
.
5
2
.
5 2
-+
5
4
2
2
7
*
8
6
Introduction
"
*
2 * 4
5
2 *
.
2
.7
1
.4
25 .
5 .
* *
. 4-
* *
1
.
91
.7
.4
1
5
5 2
. *
5
* *
5
*
*
#+"$: ;- <
*
0
2
2
= 0(>-
0
.
2
*
1
0
.
2*
46
o
o
o < 1
2*
2
<
5
A
* 2
1
7
.
=B>- <
**
1
.4
** 4
5
4
5 .
* 4
*
0
1 4*
5
0
2
4 *
4
<
* *
1 **
* 4
5 4 5
9 +:@ *
2
1
.
8
2
2
2
*
.
5
7
4
1
* *
1
*
2 @!*
v
4
= >
5
1
. 2 2
1
*
5
*
5
! $
1
** 4
@-
*
?2
*
*
21
*
5
* 2
*
,
5
5
4.
.4
8
? 2
@- +
v +
? @
2 1
= (C > .
421
elements affected
by mass supply
2
*
*
7
**
- $
9 +5
*
5
.4
*
weld joint
2
22
*
C
2
*
1
2
*
2*
5
- < *
2*
base metal
5
5
*
1
0
welding direction
2
2
4
2
.46
2 1
2
4
1
24
-
1
2
4
1
40*
)>-
6
+
; *
1
4
7
*
x= x + v
*
*
.
* 4
* *
5. - <
4
? *
2 1
? @
4
. 5
D@-
1 1 27
<
<
0
2
5
2 ?
4
* .
**
7
@-
4 **
*
2
.4
@- <
A1
E0 4* ?
* 4
2
1
FG
@- <
* *
40*
* .
6
s = s + ? @s
5
.
4
.4
? 1
!*
.
?
! 2
!
@
2
1 4** 4
1
*
!
v +
= + ? @
* 1 4- <
*
. 4
.
.4
! 2 5
+ ? @? v +
! 2
1 2
5
.4
.7 0
1
1 .
56
=E
?B@
* .
5 2
*
@ = E
+ ?v v
* . -G
.4
1 2
5 *
?(@
?)@
1
=)>='>-
4
HH .
09
4
4-
$
$
2
-
2
4
2
.
!
2
.
2
T = n =
5
1
.
2
5
?*
1 !
.
?'@
1 @
2 1
5
+ n v I
n vI
?&@
5
= ?n @ n
T vI
2
2
!*
1
1
n n
2
n
.46
?J@
.4 =&>6
= n
?K@
+
=J>-
.
?&@ . 2 !*
. 4- " 5
?&@
2 .4
!*
.46
2
*
!*
!*
?K@
= ? @
? E@
4 =K>6
x = ?x@ = n
< 7
!*
?&@
n v
v?
n v
9 +5
2?
8
!
-<
*
2
*
.
2 4
7
-
*
1
*
! $
@
2
@- G
2
5
**
2@
(
1 .
*
.4
2
*
0
**
*
2
5
2
.
4-
FG 0 4*
-+
5
*
.4
5 4
*
*2
. 4-
2
5 2
2
*
(>6
.4 5
2*
= >
* 1 4. ** 0.
5
2
2
.
4
5 -
*
*
8
.4
1
-
*
7
? (@
5 2 6
* 1
.
*
*
5
0 *
- G
.
+ v 6 v I
2 4
-<
*@-
= ? x@ 6 v I
5 2 6
+ x 6 v I
.4 *
= x vI
4 2 = E> 5
*
5 1
4
Temperature [C]
LE
.@
Axial coordinate
[m]
@
2
(-
*
?.
.
2
.@
@- .@
- @ +!
@
. 5
5
*
2
6
7
*
FG 0
2 2
!
2
2
@ 5
2
.
**
.
21
4
.
! (a M a ) 5
.4 9
.
* 8 = B>
0* 7
M=
2
4
.
2.
**
{
?5
H ? @
? )@
.
= (a Ma )
!
.
.4
? B@
' 2
1 @ a
2
1
5 2 !*
<
5
? @- "
$ = )>@-
!(a H ?x@ a )
-+
*
.
1 $
- @
FG
2
.
[m]
? *@
5
1
Transverse coordinate
? @M .7 1
2
**
2 .4
1
? '@
*
4
.
*
2 25 2
.4
-<
?
* 1
5 2
( )>-
=(
.7
4 2
2
2
.
*
? 2
*
= )>
5 5
1
2
2
2@- ; *
2
*
5.
** 4- <
?q@ = ?
=
2
1 4 *
4
2
1
-<
8
- 91
4 1 2
*
*
- ;
* 2*
*
-
!*
.
1
!*
2q
!*
? &@
*
*
FZ
-:
*
!"
!*
2
base metal
!*
!
.
1
B- $
!*
*
1
*
!" ?q@ =
!"
= $
?q@
# ?q @ =
#
= $
?q@
.
0
.
.
? N
@
@ 1 5
!"
. 5
.
!*
*
1 4-
!*
1 5
*
*
1
.4
?q@ 0
.
* 2
2* .
5
.4
2
! 5
1 **
1
*
2 1
2
.
.
*
*
7
. 5
!*
*
1
5
2
** 4
2
4
2
2
1
2
*
1
T !*
T
1
*
*
q
1
* .
5 2
8
?q@ .
B-
2 .
!
5
.4
8
24
<
2 1
*
*
.
* 4
2
<
2*
? J@
8
2
8
5
2 1 6
5 2 !*
2
= ? + @C -
O
?q@ =
?
=
? @
5
**
*
!*
?q@ 0
@ +
!"
= $
!"
5 2
2
8
* .
?q@
= $
<G$G
= '>-
)21
*
5 26
1
4
@
!%
!?
*
5 23
B / -J 9 8
.
K'
? K@
?q@
( ' 2
5
2
1 *
4 ?
* 5
1 4
* 5
5
*
BE
1 4
. 2
M ; .# 4 = &>@9. #+ @ 4
1
*
! *
2 9 +
?1
q@
1 4
%
.
Temperature [C]
1000
900
Tc1: calculated
Numrique
Tc2: calculated
Numrique
Tc3: calculated
Numrique
Tc1 : Exp
Tc2 : Exp
Tc3 : Exp
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
@
2
50
100
Temps
(s)
Time
[s]
150
200
1
4
9 + 5
2
- @
*
. 5
*
1
.@
1
8
*
1
*
8
1 1 5
5 2
*
.4
-
.@
)- +**
( '
!*
*
!*
* *
E-J)
.
%
J-)
61
E- )
E-&E
Conclusions
"
5
2
5
.4
1 .
-# 2
2
5
1
- ; *
5
*
* 1
.
.7 1
5
2- < * 1
5
2
*
* 1 2
2
2
2
1
*
*
2
1
1
2
1
2
2 24
4
* -
References
-
+ 1
2*
$
$
A
G*
< -+- 9
A+
-
*
2
-@
**
2 :
M
4 ? EE'@ J))0J'
A+ * 1
*
* .
- +**
"
<
2
5
2
A
-K < 2 +
<
4
? EE&@ )' 0 )''
(A+ * 1
0
2
5
2*
A & ' (' ) ' # ' *&+&+' &( ? EEJ@ ' B0'B
B- - 2
-#
- "P Q A$
*
5
2
* A & ' (' ) ' #
, *&+' BB ? KKK@ (E 0 ( '
A
S
*
)- RS !*
.
* 4 T A
-;0
? EEB@
'- GA$
S
2
A
-;0
? EE'@
&- R-%. ;- - 3
-N
A+
2
A
('
'
EE ? KK @ (()0()B
JA< *
5
5
0
5A
' ) ' # ' *&+&+' & ? EE @ )'(0)&K
;R%
&& & $* 2 F 2 ? EEB@
K- $- 9
E- $- 4 2 A+ 5 *
*
5 A & ' (' ) '
# ' *&+&+' ) ? EE'@ ')K0'&
- A
S
*
*
2 A % . *
/ &&
, * / & ! & K ? EEE@ B'&0BJ'
- - ;S+8 1
- $ *
AG *
2
8 2
2
A )
#
)K ? KK @ ( 0(BJ
(- - + 8
4
- 9 2 A+
*
*
# 4 2 0 4
.
A
G +$
2
*
+**
$
2
2 EEB
B- - 9
* 8 A(;
*
2
5
*
A
'# '
' # ' *&+' KB ? EE)@ BK)
BK&'
)- A
2 U V
A
-;0
? EEJ@
'- <-"- 2 1 9-F- 3
<-+$-F- 3 * 8 1 A# .
2 *
8
24 <G$G
24A ) :
2
*
F
? EE @
&- +- 3
- ; .# 4 A9
5
2
4
1 . *
8
A & ' (' 0 #
&
B& ? EEB@ )&K(0)JE'
Acknowledgements
45
**
.4
<
?+
*@
+ .
; 1 -