Unit 6 - Gerunds and Infinitives

LENGUA INGLESA II
1 Grado Estudios Ingleses 2011-2012

Lecturers: Drs. Juan Fco. Cerd, Manuel Cobarro and M del Mar Vilar
UNIT 6: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES (2)

PART I: Explanation on unit 20.2
(pp. 130 & 205-206, from
Objective FC). See: Assignment 7 for the related activities in EGU
1. VERBS WITH A SLIGHT CHANGE IN MEANING WHETHER USED WITH

ING OR TO + INF
EXAMPLES: LIKE, PREFER, HATE, LOVE

In British English, there is sometimes a difference between I like to
+ inf and I like + ing:
I like to get up early / I like getting up early.

COMPARE:
I like doing something means: I enjoy it.
[= IN GENERAL]
ALSO: referring to a past event
= I didnt like seeing that film last night
I like to do something means: I think it is a good idea.
[= STH IN PARTICULAR, A HABITUAL ACTION]
WATCH OUT!
Would like, would love, would hate, would prefer are followed by to +
inf to express a particular occasion or event:
Would you like to go for a drink?
Would mind is followed by -ing:
Would you mind closing the door, please?
Prefer to do and prefer doing:
I
I
I
I
I
I
prefer
prefer
prefer
prefer
prefer
prefer
noun (phrase) to (noun) phrase.

(travel by train) to (drive).
to (travel) rather than (drive).
red to pink.
travelling by train to driving.
to travel by train rather than drive.
Facultad de Letras
Departamento de Filologa Inglesa
Campus Universitario de La Merced. C/. Santo Cristo 1 - 30001 Murcia
T. 868 883 191 F. 868 883 185 www.um.es/dp-filologia-inglesa
LENGUA INGLESA II
2. VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE WITH TO OR ING, WITH

NO CHANGE OF MEANING
EXAMPLES: ATTEMPT, BE ACCUSTOMED TO, BE COMMITTED TO,

BEGIN, BOTHER, CANT BEAR, CONTINUE, INTEND, START
I attempted leaving / to leave but the police stopped me.

Dont bother locking / to lock the door.
She began crying / to cry her eyes out.
Although hed been arrested for drunk driving he continued drinking
and driving / to drink and (to) drive just the same.
John intends buying / to buy a house.
It has started raining / to rain.
3. VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE WITH TO OR ING OR A
THAT CLAUSE, WITH CHANGE OF MEANING
forget
Forget + infinitive
I forgot to buy any coffee.
(I didnt remember)
I forgot the coffee.

I wont forget to go there.
(Ill remember)
Forget + gerund
I wont forget meeting you.
(It will stay in my memory)
I forgot that I had invited ten people

to lunch.
regret
Regret + infinitive
I regret to inform you that your car (Giving bad news
formal statements)
tax has expired.
and
other
Regret + gerund
Kate regretted not buying the house.
(Being sorry about past events)
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
remember
Remember + infinitive
(dont forget a future action)
Please remember to lock the door.
Remember + gerund
I remember locking the door.
(remember a past action)
I remembered Sues birthday.

I remembered that I had left my keys
behind.
stop
Stop + infinitive
I stopped to buy some coffee
(in order to do something)
Stop + gerund
I stopped going to evening classes
(give up / to cease)
Its time you stop working so hard

NOT *Its time you stopped to work...
I stopped the car.
COMPARE:
He stopped to listen (Purpose: in order to do something)
The lights were switched off and everybody had to stop talking (Give up)
try
Try + infinitive
Try to be careful
(warning)
I tried to get up early, but I couldnt.
(try to do, make an effort to do)
Try + gerund
Why dont you try getting up early?
(suggesting an action)
I tried a new kind of toothpaste.
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
COMPARE:
I tried to open the window, but it was stuck (I couldnt do it)
It was hot, so I tried opening the window (I did it to see if some fresh would help)
need
Need + infinitive
You need to work harder if you want
(it is necessary to do something)
to make progress.
Need + gerund
The batteries in the radio need (passive: something needs to be
done)
changing.
mean
Mean + infinitive
I mean to work hard at university.
(intention)
Mean + gerund
It will mean going to the library more (involve/this is the result)
often.
go on
Go on + infinitive
When Ive finished shopping, I think (do something new, change of
activity)
Ill go on to see a film.
Go on + gerund
Please dont stop, go on showing your (continue with the same thing)
photos.
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
4. ADJ + to / ADJ + prep + -ing (see EGU, unit 66)

AFRAID + to (afraid to do) / AFRAID + prep + -ing (afraid of ing)
You are afraid to do something because you are afraid of something
happening to you as a result.
I was afraid (go) near the dog because I was afraid (be bitten).
I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.
INTERESTED + to (interested to do) / INTERESTED + prep + -ing
(interested in ing)
Im interested in joining the club.

I was interested to hear that she had joined the club.
(interested to hear/see/read/learn/know/find)
We are sorry (hear) Nicky lost her job.

I am sorry (shout) at you yesterday.
We are sorry to hear that Nicky lost her job.
I am sorry for / about shouting at you yesterday.
I am sorry I shouted at you.
5. See somebody do and see somebody doing (see EGU, unit 67)
See somebody do
I saw Tom get into his car and drive away.

[he did x and I saw it from beginning to end]
BUT after a Passive: He was seen to get in the car.
See somebody doing
I saw him walking along the street.

[he was doing it and I saw it when he was in the middle of doing it]
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
ALSO: Structures with HEAR, FEEL, FIND, NOTICE, SMELL, etc.

I didnt hear you coming.
I could hear it raining.
6. -ing clauses (see EGU, unit 68)
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

[Complex Sentence]
Kate is in the kitchen making coffee.
[When two things happen at the same time]
Having finished her work, she went home.
[When one action happens before another action]
After finishing her work, she went home.
[Idem]
PART II: Review of Unit 7.1 (Gerunds and Infinitives

1) and p. 201 in OFC
A
GERUND
can:
follow a preposition
(e.g. be used to, believe in, difficulty in, feel like, good at, hear
from, keen on, look forward to, proud of, trouble for, etc.)
be the subject of the sentence
(e.g. Snowboarding is a very popular sport, etc.)
follow an expression
(e.g. Its not worth going to watch our local football team
because they always lose!, Theres no point in playing today, Its
not good trying to persuade me, etc.)
follow a verb
(e.g. admit, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine,
keep, mind, postpone, risk, stand, suggest, worth, etc.)
follow a phrasal verb
(e.g. give up, go on, keep on, put off, take up, etc.)
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
An
INFINITIVE
can:
follow an adjective
(e.g. They are unlikely to hold the Olympics in Cambridge, etc.)
follow a modal auxiliary
(e.g. You must not run with the ball in some sports, etc.)
follow a main verb
(e.g. afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, claim, dare, decide,
deserve, enable, encourage, expect, explain, fail, force, forget,
get, help, hope, invite, know, learn, manage, offer, order,
persuade, plan, pretend, promise, recommend, refuse, remind,
seem, teach, tell, tend, threaten, understand, want, warn,
wonder, would like, would prefer)
be used to express purpose
(e.g. Im going to the pool to have my swimming lesson, etc.)
have an infinitive without to
(e.g. They let me do the judo classes even though I had never
done it before. Hot weather makes me feel tired, etc.)
follow the object of a verb
(e.g. We encouraged them to run faster by cheering loudly, etc.)
Verbs followed by ing or a noun
EXAMPLES: LIKE, LOVE, HATE, CANT BEAR, ENJOY, DISLIKE, CANT

HELP, MIND, CANT STAND, PREFER
These verbs and expressions are normally followed by ing:
Paula hates cooking.

I dont like people screaming at me.
My favourite Elvis song is Cant help falling in love with you.
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
FURTHER EXAMPLES: Other verbs followed by ing or a noun:

AVOID, BE WORTH, FANCY, KEEP, PRACTICE, RISK
Try to avoid walking as much as possible.

Its not worth waiting for a bus at this time of the day.
I dont fancy going out this evening.
I wish you wouldnt keep interrupting.
We cant risk starting a fire in the forest.
Verbs followed by ing, a that clause, or a noun
EXAMPLES: ADMIT, CONSIDER, DENY, IMAGINE, REPORT

Jack admitted stealing the money.
Jack admitted that he had stolen the money.
When accused of stealing the money, Jack admitted it.
Have you considered taking up jogging?
You must consider that Jim has never driven abroad before.
SUGGEST
Martin suggested going to the cinema.

Martin suggested that we went to the cinema.
(NOT * Martin suggested to go the cinema)
Is Martin going to the cinema with us?
Martin suggested that I should go to the cinema to switch off.
(NOT * Martin suggested me to go to the cinema)
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
Verbs followed by infinitive with to
EXAMPLES: AFFORD, APPEAR, CHOOSE, FAIL, REFUSE, SEEM, TEND,

WAIT
I cant afford to go on holiday abroad this year.

The car appears to have broken down.
I chose not to go to university.
Gerry failed to arrive on time.
Verbs followed by infinitive with to, or a that clause
EXAMPLES: AGREE, APPEAR, ARRANGE, DECIDE, DEMAND, DESIRE,

EXPECT, HOPE, INTEND, LEARN, PLAN, PRETEND, PROMISE, SEEM,
THREATEN
Tom agreed to meet us outside the cinema.

Tom agreed that he would meet us outside the cinema.
We arranged to leave at 5.30.
We arranged that we would leave at 5.30.
John decided to take the bus.
John decided that he would take the bus.
He seems to have been ill. (Perfect infinitive)
I pretended to be reading the magazine. (Continuous infinitive)
VERB + ING OR VERB or OBJECT + TO
EXAMPLES: ADVISE, RECOMMEND, ENCOURAGE, ALLOW, PERMIT,

FORBID
I wouldnt recommend going to that restaurant.

I wouldnt recommend anyone to go to that restaurant.
Facultad de Letras
LENGUA INGLESA II
VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO + INFINITIVE + OBJECT
EXAMPLES:
ASK, FORCE, ENABLE, ENCOURAGE, GET, INVITE,

MANAGE, OFFER, ORDER, PERSUADE, PREPARE, REMIND, TELL,
TEACH, WANT, WARN
Dont force her to study if she doesnt want to.

I ordered him to leave the room.
I got somebody to teach me to use computers.
David asked me to give this to you.
VERB FOLLOWED BY TO + INFINITIVE OR INFINITIVE
EXAMPLE: HELP
I helped her move out.
I helped her to move out.
YOU CAN USE A QUESTION WORD (WHAT/HOW, ETC.) + TO +
INFINITIVE AFTER THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
EXAMPLES: ADVISE, ASK, DECIDE, KNOW, REMEMBER, FORGET,

EXPLAIN, LEARN, SHOW, UNDERSTAND, WONDER, TEACH
I got somebody to teach me to use computers (or how to use

computers).
Do you understand what to do?
She explained to me how to get there.
Adapted from:
- Capel, A. & Sharp. W. (2008). Objective First Certificate. Self-Study Students Book.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [henceforth referred to as OFC]
- Murphy, R. (2004). English Grammar in Use with Answers. A Self-study Reference
and Practice Book for Intermediate Students of English. (3rd revised edition).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [henceforth referred to as EGU]
- Vince, M. (2009). First Certificate Language Practice: English Grammar and
Vocabulary. With Key (4th ed.). Oxford: MacMillan [henceforth referred to as FCLP]
Facultad de Letras
10

Unit 6 - Gerunds and Infinitives

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LENGUA INGLESA II

1 Grado Estudios Ingleses 2011-2012

UNIT 6: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES (2)

(pp. 130 & 205-206, from

Objective FC). See: Assignment 7 for the related activities in EGU

1. VERBS WITH A SLIGHT CHANGE IN MEANING WHETHER USED WITH

EXAMPLES: LIKE, PREFER, HATE, LOVE

I like to get up early / I like getting up early.

noun (phrase) to (noun) phrase.

2. VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE WITH TO OR ING, WITH

EXAMPLES: ATTEMPT, BE ACCUSTOMED TO, BE COMMITTED TO,

I attempted leaving / to leave but the police stopped me.

I forgot the coffee.

(It will stay in my memory)

I forgot that I had invited ten people

(dont forget a future action)

Please remember to lock the door.

(remember a past action)

I remembered Sues birthday.

(in order to do something)

Its time you stop working so hard

I tried to get up early, but I couldnt.

(try to do, make an effort to do)

I tried a new kind of toothpaste.

(it is necessary to do something)

4. ADJ + to / ADJ + prep + -ing (see EGU, unit 66)

Im interested in joining the club.

We are sorry (hear) Nicky lost her job.

I saw Tom get into his car and drive away.

I saw him walking along the street.

ALSO: Structures with HEAR, FEEL, FIND, NOTICE, SMELL, etc.

Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

PART II: Review of Unit 7.1 (Gerunds and Infinitives

Verbs followed by ing or a noun

EXAMPLES: LIKE, LOVE, HATE, CANT BEAR, ENJOY, DISLIKE, CANT

Paula hates cooking.

FURTHER EXAMPLES: Other verbs followed by ing or a noun:

Try to avoid walking as much as possible.

Verbs followed by ing, a that clause, or a noun

EXAMPLES: ADMIT, CONSIDER, DENY, IMAGINE, REPORT

Martin suggested going to the cinema.

Verbs followed by infinitive with to

EXAMPLES: AFFORD, APPEAR, CHOOSE, FAIL, REFUSE, SEEM, TEND,

I cant afford to go on holiday abroad this year.

EXAMPLES: AGREE, APPEAR, ARRANGE, DECIDE, DEMAND, DESIRE,

Tom agreed to meet us outside the cinema.

VERB + ING OR VERB or OBJECT + TO

EXAMPLES: ADVISE, RECOMMEND, ENCOURAGE, ALLOW, PERMIT,

I wouldnt recommend going to that restaurant.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO + INFINITIVE + OBJECT

ASK, FORCE, ENABLE, ENCOURAGE, GET, INVITE,

Dont force her to study if she doesnt want to.

EXAMPLES: ADVISE, ASK, DECIDE, KNOW, REMEMBER, FORGET,

I got somebody to teach me to use computers (or how to use

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