Introduction NMR Physics

MREX Course
Vietnam, August, 2006

Adrian Manescu
Staff Petrophysicist
2003 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.
Course Outline
Introduction to NMR Physics

T2 Spectrum & Porosity Permeability Models
MREX tool measurement principles
Fluid Analysis with MREX
Petrophysics and Low Resistivity pay Applications
Integration with other data measured by other tools
MREX QC
MREX planning
MREX Answers Products
Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service
www.bakeratlasdirect.com
Petrophysicists
Accurate fluid volumes CBW, BVI & BVM
Accurate porosity, t, e
Sw,irr
Accurate shale volume
Moveable hydrocarbons
Water contacts
Match to core-derived Sw
Correlation, modeling (a m, n)
Knmr
Geologists
Net-to-gross
Water contacts
Storage capacity
Flow capacity
Grain size distribution
Facies identification
Reservoir Engineers
BVHC
HC-ft
Water contacts
Saturation height
Permeability profiles
Fluid properties, viscosity, g & fluid type
Heterogeneity, flow barriers
Drilling Engineers
Location of gas zones
Zones of potential borehole problems, clay
typing
Ease of use in
Deviated holes
Large & small diameter holes
Less rig time required than other competitive

tools
Stackable
Faster speed
Managers
Reduces Total Cost of MR logging
Stackable
Faster speeds
Reduces uncertainties in FE
Accurate reserves
Minimizing LIH risk => no RA sources
Reducing risk of completions in nonproductive zones
Reservoir Description Data from NMR Logging

z
Mineralogy Independent Total and Effective Porosity
Clay-Bound Water Volume
Capillary-Bound Water & Free Fluid Volumes
Pore Size Distribution
Permeability Index
Shale Volume & Distribution
Residual Fluid Saturations
Oil Viscosity
NMR Logging Reservoir Applications

z
Reservoir Quality & Productivity (Vsh, t, e, kNMR, Sw,irr, Sor)
Porosity in Complex/Mixed Lithologies
Identification of Low-Resistivity Pay (Shaly Sands)
Identification of Low-Contrast Resistivity Pay (Fresh Water)
Hydrocarbon Pore Volume in Thinly Bedded Laminated Pay
Gas reservoir Saturation analysis, kNMR, t
Pore Fluid Typing (Gas vs. Oil vs. Water)
Oil Viscosity for Mobility Determination
Frac Optimization in Low Porosity Reservoirs
Optimize Selection of Formation Test and Completion Intervals
How NMR Works An Introduction to

NMR Physics
NMR Physics
Q - What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,
NMR?
A - NMR is a phenomenon which occurs when the
nuclei of atoms, that posses a property called
spin, are placed in a static magnetic field and
then excited by radio frequency, RF, field
Q What is spin?
A - Spin is a fundamental property of nature like
electrical charge. Individual unpaired electrons,
protons, and neutrons each possesses a spin of
1/2.
Nuclear Magnetization
Gyroscope in
A gravitational field
Magnetic moment
spinning in a B0 field
= B0
Some figures are copied from http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/nmr/nmr2.htm
NMR Physics - Spin

z
Common elements with spin

Nuclei
Unpaired
Protons
Unpaired
Neutrons
Net
Spin
23Na
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
42.58
6.54
17.25
11.27
14N
3.08
13C
10.71
19F
40.8
1H
2H
31P
(MHz/T)
Natural
Abundance
Sensitivity
99.99%
100%
0.0925
1.11%
0.0159
NMR can only be performed on elements where the natural

abundance of the element is sufficient to produce a
measurable signal. 1H is abundant in oil, gas and water and is
the element measured by NMR logging tools.
NMR Physics
Water molecules H2O
H
O
H
A proton with spin behaves

as a small magnet
S
H
H
S
N
hydrogen nuclei are

magnetic dipoles.
B=0, M=0
N
S
N
N
N
S
N
N
S
N
S
S
N
N
S
S
N
S
N
Randomly distributed spins of

hydrogen nuclei
When placed in a magnetic field,

B0, the 1H protons align parallel
and anti-parallel with the field
M0 B0
N
S
S
N
N
S
1 drop of water
contains 1023
1H protons!
B0
The ratio of parallel to anti-parallel is

1,000,006 : 1,000,000....it is the extra
6 parallel protons that produce the
NMR signal that we measure
When a pulsed radio frequency field, B1,
is applied , the 1H protons will realign
with the B1. When B1 is switched off the
1H protons begin to precess as they
realign with B0.
B0
RF Antenna
N
S
M0 B1
B1
Protons align with B1 when RF field

is switched on, or pulsed
Magnetic moment
spinning in a B0 field
= B0
Larmor Frequency
freq. = 4258
Hz
Gauss
B0
f = B0
Gyroscope in
A gravitational field
Click for
precession
animation
Free Induction
Decay signal
RF Antenna
When the RF field is switched off the

protons precess back to realign with B0, as
they precess they emit a small RF signal
that is received in the RF antenna.
Review of NMR Mechanism

z
System
B1
Static Magnetic Field

Permanent Magnet
Aligns Protons
B0
Normal State
RF Antenna
RF Magnetic Field
Tips protons
Powerful Transmitter
Radio Receiver
Very sensitive receiver
to detect NMR signal
in the nano-volt range
ON
OFF
Slope
Calib
Temp
pH
mV
RF transmitter
RF receiver
Spin Echo Train CPMG Pulse Sequence

RF Pulses
Polarization
pulse
Rephasing
pulses
Echo Signals
T2 Decay
180y
180y
180y
180y
180y
Amplitude
90x
TE
Start of free induction decay
Time
Click here for
echo train
animation
MREX Logging Tool
M0 B0
N
S
S
N
N
S
N
MREX tool contains

large permanent magnet
with field, B0
B0
As the MREX tool traverses the

wellbore the hydrogen protons on
the formation adjacent to the tool are
aligned with B0
MREX Logging Tool

Larmor Frequency
H z
B0
Gauss
freq. = 4258
N
S
Tool emits radio

frequency, RF,
pulse with field
strength B1
M0 B1
B0
B1
Spins are tipped 90 degrees by

the RF pulse and then begin to
precess in the B0 field.
MREX Logging Tool

We dont measure free
induction decay with MREX
Larmor Frequency
freq. = 4258
Hz
B0
Gauss
MREX freq = 450 900 kHz
We measure spin echoes
Spin echoes allow us to

rephase the NMR signal
multiple times to create an
echo train
Echo Train CPMG Pulse Sequence
Amplitude
Amplitude
RF Pulses
90x
180y
180y
Echo Signals
180y
180y
180y
TE
Time
Echo Train
TW
TE :
TW :
Time
intercho spacing
wait time ( 3 x T1 for full recovery)
A Few Things About Echo Trains

z
Echo Spacing, TE
Short TE is advantageous over long TE for PoroPerm logging
Typically, 0.6ms with MREX vs. 1.2 ms with MRIL
(Plan to have 0.4 ms available for all modes by eoy 2006)

Improved Signal/Noise
Typically, 0.4ms for CBW with MREX
Twice as many data points in fitted decay

Less diffusion effect on echo train
Provides more data points for fitting fast decay CBW component
Longer echo spacings are needed for hydrocarbon typing data,

increasing TE amplifies the diffusion effect on the echo train
TE is adjustable to suit special applications
Wait time, TW
Sufficient TW is required between echo trains for protons to realign
with static magnetic field, B0, or a porosity deficit will be seen
TW is dependent on T1, a bulk property of the moveable fluid
T1 differs for oil, gas and water
Multiple combinations of TW can be recorded to provide information
on fluid type, volume and to measure T1 of moveable fluids
T11 and wait time, TW

T1 Recovery Curve
120
M (%)
M0 100
80
M = Mo*(1-e(-t/T1))
60
M = Mo*(1- e(-t/T1) )
40
20
0
0
T1
t/T1
NMR definition
T1 - longitudinal time constant - spin lattice relaxation
Well logging definition
T1 - time constant that characterizes the time it takes for the spins to align with the static
magnetic field, B0
TW wait time
The time between NMR experiments at the same frequency

It takes 3 * T1 to get 95% of spins aligned, for full recovery NMR logging TW 3 * T1
8
NMR Porosity
M A
A = HI * T * (1 - e - TW / T1)
TW should be at least 3*T1 for full MR logging
If TW < 3*T1 a porosity deficit will result
Idealized CPMG Spin Echo Train
t
T2
Amplitude
Echo decay rate exp
2
90
pulse
180
pulse
4
180
pulse
6
180
pulse
Time, t
180
pulse
T2 is the transverse time constant and characterizes the echo decay rate
8
T11 & T22

z
T1 T2
An analogy for T1 vs. T2 is what happens when a toilet is flushed. It
flushes fairly fast T2 , but it takes much longer for the tank to refill
T1
Both T1 and T2 can be used to measure porosity and fractional

fluid volumes CBW, BVI & BVM
Most MR wireline logging employs T2 measurement techniques

because T2 is easier to measure
Most models are based on T2 data
T1 is harder to measure, but provides better data

T1 is not affected by the things that affect T2
Internal field gradient in the formation
Magnetic field inhomogeneities from the logging instrument
Diffusion
For the BVM component T1 & T2 represent intrinsic properties of

the fluid and are useful for hydrocarbon typing and quantification
Using both T1 & T2 provides more accurate & robust analysis
Quick Quiz
z
What are the key components of MR logging tools?

Magnet, Antenna, RF transmitter & RF receiver
What is T1?
Time constant that characterizes the time required to align the

protons with the static magnetic field, B0
What is T2?
Time constant that characterizes the decay rate of the echo

train
What is TE?
Time between echoes in the echo train
What is TW?
Time between NMR experiments at the same frequency
What condition must be met for full recovery NMR logging?

TW 3*T1
NMR Physics - Review

z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Hydrogen protons behave like small magnets

The static magnetic field, B0, aligns the protons
The RF field, B1, tips the 90 from B0
When B1 switches off the protons precess back to
alignment with B0
As the protons precess they emit a small signal which is
measured by the MR logging tool
The MR tool re-phases the signal multiple times to create
an echo train
The echo train provides information
Porosity
T2 decay T2 spectrum
Fractional fluid volumes CBW, BVI & BVM
Two important parameters of the echo train

TE echo spacing time between echoes in the echo train
TW wait time time between experiments at a single
frequency
By manipulating TE & TW, intrinsic fluid properties of T1 &

T2 as well as fluid volume and viscosity can be determined

Introduction NMR Physics

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MREX Course

Vietnam, August, 2006

Introduction to NMR Physics

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

Less rig time required than other competitive

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

Reservoir Description Data from NMR Logging

Mineralogy Independent Total and Effective Porosity

Clay-Bound Water Volume

Capillary-Bound Water & Free Fluid Volumes

Pore Size Distribution

Shale Volume & Distribution

Residual Fluid Saturations

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

NMR Logging Reservoir Applications

Reservoir Quality & Productivity (Vsh, t, e, kNMR, Sw,irr, Sor)

Porosity in Complex/Mixed Lithologies

Identification of Low-Resistivity Pay (Shaly Sands)

Identification of Low-Contrast Resistivity Pay (Fresh Water)

Hydrocarbon Pore Volume in Thinly Bedded Laminated Pay

Gas reservoir Saturation analysis, kNMR, t

Pore Fluid Typing (Gas vs. Oil vs. Water)

Oil Viscosity for Mobility Determination

Frac Optimization in Low Porosity Reservoirs

Optimize Selection of Formation Test and Completion Intervals

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

How NMR Works An Introduction to

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

NMR Physics - Spin

Common elements with spin

NMR can only be performed on elements where the natural

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

A proton with spin behaves

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

hydrogen nuclei are

Randomly distributed spins of

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

When placed in a magnetic field,

The ratio of parallel to anti-parallel is

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

2002 Baker Hughes Incorporated All rights reserved.

Protons align with B1 when RF field

Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service

When the RF field is switched off the

Review of NMR Mechanism

Static Magnetic Field