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Electrical machines and Drives II

Assignment 1
Induction Motor Tests

Name

: V.Y.wong

Index no
Department

:120737J
:Electrical engineering

Module

:Electrical machines and drives II

Module code

: EE 2073

Submisson date :2015/02/10

Introduction
As with other electrical machines, an equivalent electric circuit can be developed
for the purpose of gaining insight into the motors operation. The per-phase equivalent
circuit of an induction motor is shown in Figure.
R1- stator resistance
X1- stator leakage reactance
Xm -magnetizing reactance
Rc -machine core loss resistor
X2- rotor leakage reactance
R2=rotor resistance

The equivalent circuit parameters for an induction motor can be determined using
specific tests on the motor, just as tests used to measure the parameters of
transformer. There are basically three tests used to measure the parameters of the
induction motors.
1)DC resistance test:
If a DC voltage is applied to the stator terminals, there will be no potential difference across any
inductance and no induced voltage on the rotor. As a result, the per-phase circuit is reduced to the
stator winding resistance. Applying a DC voltage across two motor terminals and measuring the
current, the stator resistance can be found. Considering the figures below, it can be seen that the
apparent impedance will depend on whether the machine is wye or delta connected..

2)No- load test:


Balanced voltages are applied to the stator terminals at the rated frequency with the
rotor uncoupled from any mechanical load. Current, voltage and power are measured
at the motor input. The losses in the no-load test are those due to core losses, winding
losses, windage and friction.
3)Bocked rotor test:
The rotor is blocked to prevent rotation and balanced voltages are applied to the stator
terminals at a frequency of 25 percent of the rated frequency at a voltage where the
rated current is achieved. Current, voltage and power are measured at the motor input.

Induction motor tests


1)

DC resistance test

Objective:
To measure the DC resistance of the stator of the induction motor

This test is called the dc resistanse test, Basically because a dc voltage is applied to
the stator windings of an induction motor. Because the current is dc, there is no
induced voltage in the rotor circuit and no resulting rotor current . Also the reactance
of the motor is zero at direct current. Therefore the only quantity limiting current now
in the motor is the stator resistance, and that resistance can be determined.
The basic circuit for the dc test is shown in the figure. This figure shows a dc power
supply connected to two of the three terminals of a star-connected induction motor.

To perform the test, the current in the stator windings is adjusted to the rated value,
and the voltage between the terminals is measured. The current in the stator windings
is adjusted to the rated value in an attempt to heat the windings to the same
temperature they would have during normal operation .The current in flows through
two of the windings, so the total resistance in the current path is 2*R1
Therefore
2R 1=

V DC
V
R 1= DC
I DC
I DC

2)

No Load Test

Objective:

A large percentage of the electrical power generated in the world is consumed by induction motors,
as these are the main drive motors used in the industries. Practicing engineers should be conversant
with the performance characteristics. Equivalent circuit parameters of the machine should be known
for predicting the performance. While motor designer calculates the parameters using design details,
measured values are preferable for prediction.
The steady-state performance of a poly-phase induction motor can be obtained using per
phase equivalent circuit. The symbols are,
V1= input voltage per Phase
R1,X1= resistance and leakage reactance of the stator per phase
R2,X2= resistance and leakage reactance of the rotor per phase
Xm= magnetizing reactance
Rc= core loss resistance
I1, I2 =stator and rotor currents (referred to stator) per phase.

The developed torque is given as,


T=3(I2)2R2/(ss) N-m
Where
s=synchronous speed in radians/sec
r=rotor speed in radians/sec
s= slip.
The parameters could be determined by no-load and blocked-rotor tests, the former determines Rc
and Xm while the latter yields R1, R2, X1, X2.
Following equations could be used

X1 = R1+jX1
X2 = R2/S+jX2

S=s-r/
The Torque T=3(I2)2R2/s
Input power=3V1*I1*pf
Output power=(1-S) s

Start the motor by applying the normal frequency reduced voltage to the stator and gradually
increases the voltage to its rated value under no load condition. In case of slip-ring motor short
circuit the slip rings before starting. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeters and
tachometer at different voltages.

3)

Blocked rotor test

Objective:
A blocked rotor test is conducted on an induction motor. It is also known as short circuit test,
locked rotor test or stalled torque test From this test, short circuit current at normal voltage, power
factor on short circuit, total leakage reactance, and starting torque of the motor can be found.The test
is conducted at low voltage because if the applied voltage was normal voltage then the current
through the stator windings would be high enough to overheat the windings and damage them.The
blocked rotor torque test is not performed on wound-rotor motors because the starting torque can be
varied as desired. However, a blocked rotor current test is conducted on squirrel cage rotor motors

Equivalent circuit for the blocked rotor test

fbl = rated electrical frequency of the motor


V1,bl = the line-to-neutral voltage
I1,bl = the line current
Pbl = the poly phase electrical input power
Sbl = total blocked rotor apparent power
Qbl = blocked rotor reactive power
Xbl= blocked rotor reactance
Zbl= stator input impedence

Like the short-circuit test on a transformer, the Blocked-Rotor test on an induction


motor gives information with respect to the leakage impedances. The rotor is blocked
so that it cannot rotate (hence the slip is equal to unity), and balanced polyphase
voltages are applied to the stator terminals.

The blocked-rotor impedance may also be affected by rotor position, although this
effect generally is small with squirrel-cage rotors. The blocked-rotor test should be
performed under conditions for which the current and rotor frequency are
approximately the same as those in the machine at the operating condition for which
the performance is later to be calculated.( if one is interested in the characteristics at

slips near unity, as in starting, the blocked-rotor test should be taken at normal
frequency and with currents near the values encountered in starting. If, however, one
is interested in normal running characteristics, the blocked-rotor test should be taken
at a reduced voltage which results in approximately rated current)
The total leakage reactance at normal frequency can be obtained from this test
value by considering the reactance to be proportional to frequency. The effects of
frequency often are negligible for normal motors of less than 25-hp rating, and the
blocked impedance can then be measured directly at normal frequency. The
importance of maintaining test currents near their rated value stems from the fact that
these leakage reactances are significantly affected by saturation.
Based upon blocked-rotor measurements, the blocked-rotor reactance can be
found from the blocked-rotor reactive power
Qbl = S 2bl + P2bl

where

S bl =3 V 1,bl I 1, bl

The blocked-rotor resistance can be calculated from the blocked-rotor input power
as
Rbl =

Pbl
3 I 21,bl

apparent resistance under blocked-rotor conditions is given by


Xm 2
Rbl =R1 + R2 (
)
Xm+ X2

The rotor leakage reactance X and resistance R can be found as


X 2=( X bl X 1 ) (

Xm
)
X m + X 1 X bl

R2=(Rbl R1 )(

X 2+ X m
)
Xm

Once the fractional relationship between X1 and X2 has been determined, X2 (and
hence X1) can be found in terms of Xnl and Xbl by solving the resultant quadratic
equation. The magnetizing reactance Xm can then be determined.
X m =X nl X 1

Finally, using the known stator resistance and the values of X m and X2 which are
now known, the rotor resistance R2 can now be determined .

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