Noorasmahaa 040175 TTT

CORRELATION BETWEEN CBR VALUE AND
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH FROM

VANE SHEAR TEST
NOOR ASMAH BINTI HUSSIN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL, 2008
I declare that this thesis entitled Correlatioan between CBR Value

and Undrained Shear Strength from Vane Shear Test is the result
of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis
has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
Name
: Noor Asmah Binti Hussin
Date
: 28 April 2008
TO MY BELOVED PARENTS, FAMILY AND FRIENDS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my special thanks firstly to my

supervisor, Prof. Dr. Khairul Anuar Bin Kassim, for spending his precious time to
supervise my research, always gives advices and invaluable guidance towards the
preparation of this thesis.
Secondly, I would like extend my thanks and appreciation to FKA Geotechnical

Lab technicians, FKA lecturers and staffs for their guidance and help to complete my
research. And also not to forget the supports and helps from all my friends and who ever
involved direct or indirectly in my research, thank you so much.
Last but not least, a thousand thanks to my beloved parents and my family,
without your love, caring and supports, I cant finish my final year thesis and also
complete my study in UTM.
ABSTRACT
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a commonly used indirect method to

assess the stiffness modulus and shear strength of subgrade in pavement design works.
Over the years, many correlations had been proposed by various researchers. A study
was carried out to find the correlation between CBR values and undrained shear strength
for three types of soils. Correlation developed will be used as a basis for prediction.
Several soil samples with different PI and moisture content were compacted and tested
using CBR test and Vane shear test to obtain the data to establish the correlation. Based
on the results, a correlation had been proposed to predict the CBR values of the soil
sample for silty to clayey soil. These correlations were developed based on the
undrained shear strength from vane shear test. The established correlation from this
study covers only for Malaysian practices in predicting CBR values for subgrade.
ABSTRAK
Nisbah Galas California (CBR) merupakan satu kaedah tidak langsung

untuk mengukur modulus kekerasan dan kekuatan ricih tanah bagi kerja-kerja
rekabentuk jalan raya berturap. Dalam beberapa tahun lalu, pelbagai korelasi telah
dicadangkan oleh ramai penyelidik. Satu penyelidikan telah dijalankan untuk
mendapatkan korelasi antara nilai CBR dengan kekuatan ricih tanah tak bersalir daripada
ujian ricih Vane (Vane shear test) untuk tiga jenis tanah. Korelasi yang telah diterbitkan
akan digunakan sebagai asas ramalan. Beberapa jenis tanah dengan indeks keplastikan
dan kandungan air berbeza dipadatkan dan diuji menggunakan ujian CBR dan ujian ricih
Vane untuk mendapatkan data-data yang diperlukan untuk menerbitkan korelasi.
Merujuk kepada keputusan, satu korelasi telah di cadangkan untuk meramal nilai CBR
untuk sampel tanah dari jenis berkelodak hingga ke tanah liat. Korelasi ini diterbitkan
berdasarkan kekuatan ricih tak bersalir daripada ujian ricih Vane. Korelasi yang telah
diterbitkan daripada penyelidikan ini hanya sesuai untuk meramalkan nilai CBR untuk
jalan raya berturap di Malaysia.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
1.4
SCOPE OF RESEARCH
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
COHESIVE SOIL
2.2
SHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESIVE SOIL 5
2.3
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH

2.3.1
2.4
2.5
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION
TEST
2.3.3
VANE SHEAR TEST
2.3.4
SENSITIVITY
2.3.5
CONSISTENCY
VANE SHEAR TEST
10
2.4.1
THEORY
11
2.4.2
APPARATUS
13
2.4.3
DERIVATION OF EQUATION
13
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
14
2.5.1
APPLICATIONS OF CBR
16
2.5.2
APPARATUS
17
2.5.3
ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN

MANUALS
18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
INTRODUCTION
20
3.2
COLLECTION OF SAMPLE
20
3.3
SOIL PRELIMINARY TESTING
21
3.4
SOIL SELECTION
21
3.5
PREPARATION OF REMOULDED
SAMPLING
22
3.6
LABORATORY SOIL TESTING
23
3.7
DATA COLLECTION
23
3.8
DATA ANALYSIS
23
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.1
STANDARD COMPACTION
27
4.2
VANE SHEAR TEST
30
4.3
CBR TEST
32
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1
TYPICAL RANGE OF CBR VALUE
5.2
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH AND
31
AVERAGE CBR VALUE FOR SOIL

SAMPLE WITH DIFFERENT PI
AND MOISTURE
CONTENT
5.3
CBR VALUE VERSUS PLASTIC INDEX

OVER MOISTURE CONTENT
5.4
37
40
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH

VERSUS PLASTIC INDEX OVER
MOISTURE CONTENT
5.5
41
CORRELATION OF CBR VALUE

VERSUS UNDRAINED SHEAR
STRENGTH
42
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1
CONCLUSIONS
44
6.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
46
REFERENCES
47
APPENDICES
48
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Values of undrained shear strength versus

consistency
10
2.2
CBRs for commonly subgrade conditions
19
5.1
CBR value for marine clay
34
5.2
CBR value for white clay
35
5.3
CBR value for white kaolin
36
5.4
Undrained shear strength and average

CBR value of all sample tested.
38
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Four thin rectangular blades
11
2.2
Sample of soil
12
2.3
Stress distribution on blades
13
2.4
CBR test apparatus
18
3.1
Flowchart of Research Methodology
25
3.2
Preparation of Remoulded Sample Flowchart
26
4.1
Compaction Apparatus
27
4.2
Compaction in CBR mould
29
4.3
Hand held vane shear test
31
4.4
Vaneborer
31
5.1
CBR test graph for marine clay 20% moisture
35
content
5.2
CBR test graph for white clay 30% moisture content 36
5.3
CBR test graph for white kaolin 35% moisture

Content
5.4
Graph of CBR value versus plastic index over

moisture content
5.5
40
Graph of Undrained shear strength versus

plastic index over moisture content
5.6
37
41
Graph correlation of CBR value versus

undrained shear strength from vane shear test
42
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Clay Activity
CBR
California Bearing Ratio
CBRBOTTOM -
CBR value at bottom face of soil sample
CBRTOP
CBR value at top face of soil sample
Diameter of vane
Height of vane
LL
Liquid Limit
MDD
Maximum Dry density
OMC
Optimum Moisture content
PI
Plastic Index
St
Sensitivity
su
Undrained shear strength
Applied torque
VST
Vane shear test
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
Data for compaction test
48
Data for vane shear test
57
Data for CBR test
63
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Geotechnical engineering has been critical to highway construction since

engineers realized that successful civil works depended on the strength and integrity of
the foundation material. Road design and construction over soft ground especially over
very soft and soft marine deposits are interesting engineering challenges to engineers
especially at the approaches to bridges and culverts. Many geotechnical options are
available for engineers consideration. Very soft and soft deposits of river alluvium and
marine deposits are common in Southeast Asia. The river alluvium and marine deposits
normally consist of clay, silty clay and occasionally with intermittent of sand lenses
especially near a major river mouth and delta. The marine deposits in Malaysia are
encountered along the coast of the Peninsular, where they are up to 20km in width.
Embankment design of roads needs to satisfy two important requirements among

others; the stability and settlement. The short term stability for embankment over soft
clay is always more critical than long term simply because the subsoil consolidates with
time under loading and the strength increases. In design, it is very important to check for
the stability of the embankment with consideration for different potential failure surfaces
namely circular and noncircular. It is also necessary to evaluate both the magnitude and
rate of settlement of the subsoil supporting the embankment when designing the
embankment so that the settlement in the long term will not influence the serviceability
and safety of the embankment.
Very often, the non-circular failure is more critical than circular slip failure for
layered soil especially with very soft subsoil at top few meters. Long term stability of
embankment is usually not an issue for embankment over soft marine deposits because
the subsoil would gain strength with time after the excess pore water pressure in the
subsoil dissipates during consolidation. When the analyses based on subsoil and
thickness of embankment indicate multistage construction is required, the construction
of the embankment usually take substantially longer time especially when the cohesive
subsoil does not have sand lenses. However, geometry change requires wide road
reserve due to flatter slope and stabilizing berms. It has been shown that geotechnical
design can be innovative solutions for highway construction problems.
1.2
Problem Statement
Nowadays in Malaysia, there are so many constructions of highways. Since

highways also involve foundation, these means geotechnical aspects are also important
in the highway construction. Shear strength parameters are always associated with the
bearing capacity of the soil. However for highway engineers, they always prefer to use
CBR test to determine the suitable strength for designing road pavement. This research
is to find the correlation between CBR and undrained shear strength of subgrade. It can
provide better understanding between highway and geotechnical engineer.
1.3
Objectives of Research
The aim of the research is to close gap between how to relate CBR and shear
strength of soil in undrained shear strength aspect. The specific objectives of the
research are:
To determine the CBR and undrained shear strength for soil with different
PI and different types of soil.
To establish CBR and undrained shear strength from vane shear of soil
samples at different moisture content.
To establish the correlation between CBR value and undrained shear

strength from vane shear test.
1.4
Scope of Research
The sample used in this research only involved soils from Johor Bahru areas. The
data used in this research are of marine clay, white Kaolin and white clay with different
Plastic Index. The samples for this research are based on compaction sample. The shear
strength obtained from this research are from vane shear test and only limit for silty to
clayey soil since vane shear test is typically performed on soft, saturated cohesive soils.
The correlation in this research covers only for Malaysian practices in predicting CBR
values for subgrade.
.
1.5
Significance of Research
This research will narrow the gap of understanding on soil strength for the
geotechnical and highway engineers. Since these two different disciplines in civil
engineering have their own understanding on the use of soil parameters in design, it is
appropriate to establish some basis for interpretation of CBR in terms of shear strength
parameter and vice versa.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Cohesive Soil
Cohesive soil is the type of soil that in small soil particle forms and has higher
water content. Cohesive soils consist of silts, clays and organic material. Clay are low
strength and high compressibility and many are sensitive. The clay is consisting of
several minerals. Silica Tetrahedron and Alumina Octahedrons are the basic units to
compose the clay minerals. The size of clay is very small, which is less than 2m and
electrochemically very active. Clay minerals are produced mainly from the chemical
weathering and decomposition of feldspars, such as Orthoclase and Plagioclase and
some Mica.
2.2
Shear Strength of Cohesive Soil
Soil can be classified as being either nonplastic or plastic. The shear strength of
nonplastic soils known as cohesionless soils or granular soils. The shear strength of
plastic soils, known as cohesive soils. Cohesive soils have fines, which are silt and clay
size particles that give the soil a plasticity or ability to be moulded and rolled. Typical
types of cohesive soils are silts and clays. The shear strength of cohesive soil is much
more complicated than the shear strength of cohesionless soils. Also, in general the shear
strengths of cohesive soil tend to be lower than the shear strengths of cohessionless soils.
As a result, more shear induced failures occur in cohesive soils, such as clays, than in
cohesionless soils.
The shear strength of cohesive soil can generally be divided into three broad groups:
1.
Undrained shear strength
This is also known as the shear strength based on a total stress analysis. The
purpose of these laboratory tests is to obtain either the undrained shear strength
of the soil or the failure envelope in terms of total stresses. These types of shear
strength tests are often referred to undrained shear strength tests because there is
no change in water content of the soil during the shear portion of the test.
2.
Drained shear strength
This is also known as the shear strength of soil based on an effective stress
analysis. The purpose of these laboratory tests is to obtain the effective shear
strength of the based on the failure envelope in terms of effective stress. These
types of shear strength tests are often referred to as drained shear strength tests
because the water content of the soil is allowed to change during shearing.
3.
Drained residual shear strength
For some projects, it may be important to obtain the residual shear strength of
cohesive soil, which is defined as the remaining shear strength after a
considerable amount of shear deformation has occurred. The drained residual
shear strength can be applicable to many types of soil conditions where a
considerable amount of shear deformation has already occurred.
In summary, the basic types of laboratory shear strength tests for cohesive
soils are as follows:
Unconsolidated undrained (UU)
Consolidated undrained (CU)
Consolidated undrained with pore water pressure measurements

(CU)
2.3
Consolidated drained (CD)
Drained residual shear strength
Undrained Shear Strength su
As the name implies, the undrained shear strength su refers to a shear condition
where water does not enter or leave the cohesive soil during the shearing process. In
essence, the water content of the soil must remain constant during the shearing process.
There are many projects where the undrained shear strength is used in the design
analysis. In general, these field situations must involve loading or unloading of the
cohesive soil at a rate that is much faster than the shear-induced pore water pressures can
dissipate.
During rapid loading of saturated cohesive soils, the shear-induced pore water
pressure can only dissipate by the flow of water into (negative shear-induced pore water
pressures) or out of (positive shear-induced pore water pressures) the soil. Cohesive soil
has a low permealibility, and if the load is applied quickly enough, there will not be
enough time for water to enter or leave the cohesive soil. For such a quick loading
condition of a saturated cohesive soil, the undrained shear strength su should be used in
analysis.
2.3.1
Unconfined compression test
The unconfined compression test is a very simple type of test that consists of
applying a vertical compressive pressure to a cylinder of laterally unconfined cohesive
soil. The unconfined compression test is also known as a simple compression test.
The unconfined compression test is most frequently performed on cohesive soils

that are in a saturated condition, such as soil obtained from below the groundwater table.
Because the soil specimen is laterally unconfined during testing, the soil specimen must
be able to retain its plasticity during the application of the vertical pressure. In addition,
the soil must not expel water during the compression test. For these reasons, the
unconfined compression test is most frequently performed on saturated clays. Soils that
tend to crumble, fall apart, or bleed water during the application of the vertical pressure
should not be tested.
2.3.3
Vane shear test
Vane shear test also can be used to obtain the undrained shear strength su of
cohesive soil. The vane test is typically performed on soft, saturated cohesive soils, such
as clays located below the groundwater table. The vane shear test basically consists of
inserting a four blade vane into the cohesive soil and then rotating the vane to determine
the torsional force required to shear the cohesive soil is then converted to the undrained
shear resistance of the cylindrical surface.
2.3.4
Sensitivity
The unconfined compressive test and the vane shear test can be performed on
completely remolded soil specimens in order to determine the sensitivity S t is defined as
the undrained shear strength su of an undisturbed soil specimen divided by the
undrained shear strength su of a remolded soil specimen. Based on the sensitivity, the
cohensive soil can be classified as having a low, medium, high, or quick sensitivity.
When a remolded soil specimen is tested, it is important to retain the same water
content of the undisturbed soil. To accomplish this objective, the soil can be placed in a
plastic bag and then thoroughly remolded by continuously squeezing and deforming the
soil. If the soil specimen bleeds water during this process, then the sensitivity cannot be
determined for the soil. After remolding, the soil is carefully pressed down into a mold,
without trapping any air within the soil specimen. Once extruded from the mold, the
remolded soil is ready for testing.
2.3.5
Consistency
The unconfined compressive test and the vane shear test can also be used to
determine the consistency of cohesive soil. The consistency is also known as the degree
of firmness of the soil. Based on the undrained shear strength su of an undisturbed
specimen, cohesive soils are deemed to have a very soft, soft, medium, stiff, very stiff, or
hard consistency. The values of undrained shear strength versus consistency are listed
below:
Table 2.1
: Values of undrained shear strength versus consistency
Cohesive soil consistency Undrained shear strength, kPa
Undrained shear strength, psf
Very soft
su < 12
su < 250
Soft
12 su < 25
250 su < 500
Medium
25 su < 50
500 su < 1000
Stiff
50 su < 100
1000 su < 2000
Very stiff
100 su < 200
2000 su < 4000
Hard
su 200
su 4000
2.4
Vane Shear Test
Vane Shear Test is one of the oldest and most widely used methods where
developed and investigated extensively in Sweden from late 1940s. Similar to the
unconfined compression test, the vane shear test is another type of test that can be used
to obtain the undrained shear strength su of cohesive soil in accordance to BS 1377 : Part
9 : 1980. The vane shear test is typically performed on undisturbed samples and samples
prepared by the standard-compaction procedures.
The structural strength of soil is basically a problem of shear strength. Vane

shear test is a useful method of measuring the shear strength of clay. It is cheaper and
quicker. The laboratory vane shear test for the measurement of shear strength of
cohesive soils is useful for soils of low shear strength (less than 0.3 kg/cm) for which
triaxial or unconfined tests cannot be performed. The undisturbed and remolded strength
obtained are useful for evaluating the sensitivity of soil.
The vane consists of four thin rectangular blades or wings welded to an

extendable circular rod. Generally the height of the vane is about twice of its width. The
vane is pushed into the soil for at least twice its height and is then rotated at a constant
rate of 0.1 to 0.2 degrees per second until the soil is ruptured. The maximum torque
required to shear the cohensive soil is then converted to the undrained shear resistance of
the cylindrical surface.
T
Extendable rod
Figure 2.1
2.4.1
: Four thin rectangular blades
Theory
For the maximum torque, T need to rupture the soil along the surface area of the
cylinder, the shear strength at failure is computed by the following relationship.
D 2 D3
T = Su
+
6
2
where
= applied torque
D, H
= diameter and height of vane, respectively
su
= undrained shear strength of soil
The equation assumes uniform stress distribution at both horizontal ends of the vane and
the vertical cylindrical surface with the diameter and height equal to that of the vane.
To compute the shear strength at the failure by the following relationship:
D
r
T = Su (D2H/2 + D3/6)
Su = T/ (D2H/2 + D3/6)
Figure 2.2
: Sample of soil
Where
T
= applied torque
D, H = diameter and height of vane, respectively

Su
= undrained shear strength of soil
2.4.2
Apparatus
1.
Vane shear apparatus - four thin rectangular blades or wings welded to an

extendable circular rod.
2.
4 springs with different elastic coefficients.
2.4.3
Derivation of equation
Assumed stress
distribution on blades
D
Figure 2.3
: Stress distribution on blades
Assumed that the soils resistance to shear is equivalent to a uniform shear stress, equal
to the undrained strength of soil, su , and acting on both the perimeter and the ends of the
cylinder.
End torque
= 2 su 2 r2 dr
with r = D / 2
= 2 su [2 r3 / 3 ]
r
0
= 2 su [2 r3 / 3 ] 0D / 2
= 2 su [2 D3/8 1/3 ]
= [su D3]/ 6
Side torque
= su D H D / 2
= [su D2 H ] / 2
The maximum torque, T = [su D2 H ] / 2 + [su D3]/ 6

= su (D2 H / 2 + D3 / 6 )
2.5
California Bearing Ratio Test
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR), was developed by The California State
Highways Department. It is in essence a simple penetration test to developed and
evaluate the strength of road subgrades. The strength of the subgrade is the main factor
in determining the thickness of the pavement. The value of the stiffness of the subgrade
is required if the stresses and strains in pavement and subgrade are to be calculated. The
CBR is a comparative measure of the shearing resistance of a soil. It is used in the
design of asphalt pavement structures. This test consists of measure the load required to
cause a plunger of standard size to penetrate a soil specimen at a specified rate. The CBR
is the load, in megapascals required to force a piston into the soil a certain depth,
expressed as a percentage of the load, in megapascals, required to force the piston the
same depth into a standard sample of crushed stone. Usually depths of 2.5 or 5.0 mm are
used, but depth of 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mm may be used if desired. Penetration loads for the
crushed stone have been standardized. The resulting bearing value is known as the
California Bearing Ratio, which generally abbreviated to CBR, with the percent omitted.
Generally, the CBR value for a soil will depend upon its density, molding
moisture content, and moisture content after soaking. Since the product of laboratory
compaction should closely represent the result of field compaction, the first two of these
variables must be carefully controlled during the preparation of laboratory sample for
testing. Unless it can be moisture and be affected by it in the field after construction, the
CBR tests should be performed on soaked sample. It sounds complicated, but the basis
behind it is quiet simple. The resistance of the subgrade were determine to deformation
under the load from vehicle wheels. The CBR test is a way of putting a figure on this
inherent strength, the test is done in a standard manner so the strengths of different
subgrade materials can be compared and these figure can be used as a means of
designing the road pavement required for a particular strength of subgrade. The stronger
the subgrade (the higher the CBR reading) the less thick it is necessary to design and
construct the road pavement, this gives a considerable cost saving. Conversely if CBR
testing indicates the subgrade is weak, a suitable thicker road pavement must be
construct to spread the wheel load over a greater area of the weak subgrade in order that
the weak subgrade material is not deformed, causing the road pavement to fail.
2.5.1
Applications of CBR
The main application of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is to evaluate the

stiffness modulus and shear strength of subrade. Generally, the subgrade soil cannot bear
the construction and commercial traffic without any distress, therefore; a layer of rigid or
flexible pavement is required to be laid on top of the subgrade to carry the traffic load.
The determination of the thickness of the pavement layer is governed by the

strength of subgrade, thus the information on stiffnes modulus and shear strength of
subgrade are required before any pavement design is carried out. These parameters are
necessary to determine the thickness of the overlaying pavement n order to achieve
optimum and economic design. This stiffness modulus and shear strength of subgrade
are controlled by particularly plasticity, soil type, density, degree of remoulding and
effective stress (The Highway Agency, 1994). The effective stress is dependent on the
stress from the overlying soil layers, the stress history and the suction. In turn, suction is
depends on the moisture content history, soil types and depth of water table.
Due to the number of factors that make the measurement of stiffness modulus
and shear strength of subgrade complicated, it is necessary to adopt a more simplified
test method that can be used as an index test. The CBR test is a simple strength test that
compares the bearing capacity of a material with that of a well graded standard crushed
stone base material. This means that the standard crushed stone material should have a
CBR value of 100%. The resistance of the crushed stone under standardised conditions
is well established. Therefore, the purpose of a CBR test is to determine the relative
resistance of the subgrade material under the same conditions.
If the CBR value of subgrade is high, it means that the subgrade is strong.
Accordingly, the design of pavement thickness can be reduced in conjunction with the
stronger subgrade. Thus it will give a considerable cost saving in term of construction
besides an optimum design. However, if the CBR value of subgrade is weak with low
CBR value, the thickness of pavement shall be increased in order to spread the traffic
load over a greater area of the weak subgrade. This is important to prevent the weak
subgrade material to deform excessively and causing the road pavement fail.
The CBR test is used exclusively n conjunction with pavement design methods
and the method of sample preparation and testing must relate to the assumptions made in
the design method as well as to assumed site conditions. For instance, the design may
assume that soaked CBR value are always used, regardless of actual site conditions
(Carter and Bentley, 1991)
2.5.2
Apparatus
1.
20mm BS test sieve
2.
A balance capable of weighing up to 25kg readable and accurate to 5g.
3.
A cylinder CBR mould having an internal diameter of 25mm and an

internal effective height of 127mm with detachable base plate and a collar
of 50mm deep.
4.
Wooden hammer or rubble mallet
5.
4.5kg metal hammer
6.
Spatula
7.
Apparatus for moisture content determination.
8.
CBR machine for applying the test forces through the plunger, consisting
of a force measuring device and means for applying the forces at a
controlled rate.
Figure 2.4
2.5.3
: CBR test apparatus
Road Pavement Design Manuals and Publications Using CBR Values
The CBR in spite of its limited accuracy still remains the most generally accepted
method of determining subgrade strength, and as such this information, along with
information on traffic flows and traffic growth is used to design road pavements. The
"Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report 1132: The Structural Design of
Bituminous Roads", is the current basic design document for road pavements involving
highly trafficked roads i.e. mainly motorway and trunk roads. Recently published
excellent documents on road foundation/design and including CBR information are:
D.Tp. DESIGN MANUAL HD 25/94, ROAD FOUNDATIONS

D.Tp. DESIGN MANUAL HD 26/94, ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN.
Also some authorities have their own design documents giving minimum
highway pavement construction requirements for housing/industrial estate roads in
relation to CBR results. It is impossible to summarize the mentioned documents in
limited space, but you will find in them, graphs relating sub-base and road base
thickness to CBR values and cumulative traffic (in million standard axles, m.s.a.'s). Also
information on other methods of obtaining CBR results, which differ to the basic test,
described above is included in some of these publications.
This table is only for guidance; you should refer to a design document for
specific information.
Table 2.2
CBR VALUE
: CBRs for commonly subgrade conditions
SUBGRADE
COMMENTS
STRENGTH
3% and less
Poor
Capping is required
3% - 5%
Normal
Widely encountered CBR

range capping considered
According to road category
5% - 15%
Good
Capping
normally
unnecessary except on very

heavily trafficked roads.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
This chapter discusses the methodology of the research. The process starts from
identifying the research topic, literature review, laboratory soil testing, data collection,
data analysis and finally the expected finding.
3.2
Collection of Sample
The soil sample used in this research involved three types of soil which are
marine clay, UTM white clay and White Kaolin with different Plastic Index. All the
samples are taken from Johor Bahru areas. They should be taken in such a way that they
have not lost fractions of the in situ soil (for example, coarse or fine particles) and,
where strength and compressibility tests are planned, they should be subject to as little
disturbance as possible.
3.3
Soil Preliminary Testing
It is relevant for the samples to required index, classification and compaction

testing. Index tests are the basic and simplest types of laboratory tests performed on soil
samples. Index tests are used to determine the physical properties of the soil. Index tests
can be used to determine phase relationships, soil classification, or special index
properties. The tests performed in the laboratory includes water content, unit weight,
specific gravity test, relative density, particle size distribution and Atterberg limits.
Compaction is a physical process of getting the soil into a dense state can increase the
shear strength, decrease the compressibility, and decrease the permeability of the soil.
There are four basic factors that affect compaction which are soil types, material
gradation, water content and compaction effort.
3.4
Soil Selection
The availability of good engineering parameters for geotechnical design depends

on careful testing. Testing may be carried out in the laboratory or in the field, but in
either case the most important factor controlling the quality of the end result is likely to
be the avoidance of soil disturbance. Soil disturbance can occur during drilling, during
sampling, during transportation and storage, or during preparation for testing. Any
sample of soil being taken from the ground, transferred to the laboratory, and prepared
for testing will be subject to disturbance. The mechanisms associated with this
disturbance can be classified as follows:
1. Changes in stress conditions;

2. Mechanical deformation;
3. Changes in water content and voids ratio; and
4. Chemical changes.
Therefore, soil selection is very important to get the best result for this research.
Since this research needs sample with different Plastic Index, so samples with different
Plastic index in range of 10 to 50 will be selected.
3.5
Preparation of Remoulded Sampling
Prepare the remoulded specimen at maximum dry density or any other density at
which the research required. Compaction is the process of reducing the air ontent by the
application of energy to the moist soil. Compaction increases the number of particles
within a specific volume thereby increasing the shear strength. There are two ways to
prepare the specimen either by dynamic compaction or by static compaction:
Dynamic compaction
Compact the sample in the mould using either light compaction or heavy compaction.
For standard compaction, compact the soil in 3 equal layers, each layer being given 27
blows by the 2.5 kg hammer for compaction mould and 62 blows by the 4.5 kg hammer
for CBR mould. For modify compaction, compact the soil in 5 layers, each layer being
given 27 blows by the 2.5 kg hammer for compaction mould and 62 blows to each layer
by the 4.5 kg hammer for CBR mould.
Static compaction
The sample placed in the CBR mould with a filter paper and the displacer disc on the top
of soil. Keep the mould assembly in static loading frame and compact by pressing the
displacer disc till the level of disc reaches the top of the mould. Different pressure or
load apply to the sample; will produce different moisture content and density of the
sample.
3.6
Laboratory Soil Testing
The soil testing for this research involved three types of soil which are marine
clay, UTM white clay and White kaolin with different Plastic Index. Each types of soil
will divided to four different moisture contents which now produce twelve soil samples
for testing. Since water content is one of the important physical properties of soil
strength. Then, CBR test and vane shear test will conduct to these twelve samples of soil
to give 24 data to establish the correlation graph between CBR value and undrained
shear strength from vane shear test.
3.7
Data Collection
Data are collected from the laboratory soil testing which conducted as stated
above. A total number of 24 soil data from the tests used for this research. Adequate data
is important for carrying out the required analyses in order to achieve the objectives of
the research. This research involved nine sample of soil with different types, Plastic
Index and moisture content because many data are needed to correlate CBR value and
undrained shear strength from vane shear test.
3.8
Data Analysis
In order to meet the expected findings, detailed analysis need to be carried out on
the collected data based on various pressure, moisture content and density of the sample.
The data is calculated and analyzed by means of graphical and correlation method as
well as statistical functions integrated in Microsoft Excel or manually. A relationship
between two or more variables can be obtained by correlation method. This method is
not an experimental but it is a mathematical technique for summarizing the data that
corresponding to more than one variables. Correlation developed will be used as a basis
for prediction. Therefore, this method will be adopted to establish the correlation for this
research.
COLLECTION OF SAMPLE
SOIL PRELIMINARY TESTING
SOIL SAMPLE SELECTION
PREPARATION OF REMOULDED SAMPLING:

DYNAMIC STANDARD COMPACTION (CBR MOULD)
CONDUCT CBR AND VANE SHEAR TEST
DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS
PROPOSED CORRELATION
Figure 3.1
: Flowchart of Research Methodology
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.1
Standard Compaction
Compaction of soil is the process by which the solid particles are packed more
closely together, usually by mechanical means, thereby increasing the dry density of the
soil. The dry density which can be achieved depends on the degree of compaction
applied and on the amount of water present in soil. For a given degree of compaction of
a given cohesive soil there is an optimum moisture content at which the dry density
obtained reaches a maximum value.
Figure 4.1: Compaction Apparatus
The compaction procedures are:
1.
Determine the weight of the CBR mould + base plate (not the extension),
W1, (lb).
2.
Attach the extension to the top of the mould.
3.
Pour the moist soil into the mold in 3 equal layers. Each layer should be
compacted uniformly by the 2.5 kg hammer 62 blows before the next
layer of loose soil is poured into the mould.
7.
Remove the top attachment from the mould. Be careful not to break off
any of the compacted soil inside the mould while removing the top
attachment.
8.
Using a straight edge, trim the excess soil above the mould. Now the top
of the compacted soil will be even with the top of the mould.
9.
Determine the weight of the mould + base plate + compacted moist soil
in the mold, W2 (lb).
10.
Remove the base plate from the mold. Using a jack, extrude the
compacted soil cylinder from the mold.
11.
Take a moisture can and determine its mass, W 3 (g).
12.
From the moist soil extruded in Step 10, collect a moisture sample in the
moisture can (Step 11) and determine the mass of the can + moist soil,
W 4 (g).
13.
Place the moisture can with the moist soil in the oven to dry to a constant
weight.
14.
Break the rest of the compacted soil (to No.4 size) by hand and mix it
with the left- over moist soil in the pan. Add more water and mix it to
raise the moisture content by about 2%.
15.
Repeat Steps 6 through 12. In this process, the weight of the mold + base
plate + moist soil (W2) will first increase with the increase in moisture
content and then decrease. Continue the test until at least two
successive down readings are obtained.
16.
Determine the mass of the moisture cans + soil samples, W 5 (g) (from
Step 13).
Figure 4.2: Compaction in CBR mould
4.2
Vane Shear Test
This method covers the measurement of the shear strength of a sample of soft to
firm cohesive soil without having to remove it from its container or sampling tube. The
sample therefore does not suffer disturbance due to preparation of a test specimen. The
method may be used for soils that are too soft or too sensitive to enable a satisfactory
compression test specimen to be prepared. The shear strength of the remoulded soil, and
hence the sensitivity, can also be determined. In this research, inspection vane tester, H60 was used with the size of four bladed vane of 16 x 32 mm and multiply readings with
2. this size of blade can measure shear strength of 0 to 200 kPa. The procedures are:
1.
Connect required vane and extension rods to the inspection vane

instrument. While screwing the vane or rods to instrument hold onto the
lower part.
2.
Push the vane into the compacted soil sample. Donot twist the inspection
vane during penetration.
3.
Make sure the graduated scale is set to 0positions.
4.
Turn handle clockwise. Turn as slow as possible with constant speed.
5.
When the lower part follows the upper part around or even falls back,
failure and maximum shear strength is obtained in the clay at the vane.
6.
Holding handle firmly, allow it to return to 0 position.
7.
Note the reading on the graduated scale. Do not touch or in any way
disturb the position of the graduated ring till the reading is taken.
8.
To measure the friction between clay and the extension rods: extension
rods and vane shaft without vane are pushed into the soil sample to the
depth required for shear force measurements. The friction value thus
obtained is used to evaluate the actual shear strength from the measured
shear strength.
Figure 4.3: Hand held vane shear test
Figure 4.4: Vaneborer
4.3
California Bearing Ratio Test
CBR test is to determine the relationship between force and penetration when a
cylindrical plunger of a standard cross-sectional area is made to penetrate the soil at a
given rate. At certain values of penetration ratio of the applied force to a standard force,
expressed as percentage, is defined as the California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The
penetration test procedures are:
1.
Place the mould with baseplate containing the sample, with the top face
of the sample exposed, centrally on the lower platen of the testing
machine.
2.
Place the appropriate annular surcharge discs on top of the sample.
3.
Fit it into place the cylindrical plunger and force-measuring device

assembly with the face of the plunger resting on the surface of the
sample.
4.
Apply a seating force to the plunger, depending on the epected CBR

value, as follows,
5.
a.
For CBR value up to 5% apply 10 N
b.
For CBR value from 5% to 30%, apply 50 N
c.
For CBR value above 30% apply 250 N
Record the reading of the force-measuring device as the initial zero

reading.
6.
Secure the penetration dial gauge in position. Record its initial zero
reading.
7.
Start the test so that the plunger penetrates the sample at a uniform rate of
1 0.2mm/min, and at the same instant start timer.
8.
Record the readings of the force gauge at the intervals of penetration of

0.25 mm, to a total penetration not exceeding 7.5 mm
9.
Carry out the test on base by repeating all the above procedures.
Figure 4.5: CBR test apparatus
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1
Typical Range of CBR Value
The CBR values from the data had been obtained from the soil samples. For
purpose of analysis, these tables below showed the CBR values and example of CBR
test graph for each type of soil obtained from 12 samples of soil .
Table 5.1 : CBR value for marine clay
CBR values 20% moisture content
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
10.837
10.697
Bottom (%)
14.637
12.673
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
3.852
5.195
Bottom (%)
8.654
7.938
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
1.900
2.010
Bottom (%)
2.799
2.691
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.796
0.988
Bottom (%)
1.104
1.192
FORCE OF PLUNGER(kN)
CBR TEST GRAPH

3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
PENETRATION OF PLUNGER(mm)
bottom
top
Figure 5.1 : CBR test graph for marine clay 20% moisture content
Table 5.2 : CBR value for white clay
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
2.764
3.545
Bottom (%)
4.515
4.706
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.645
0.810
Bottom (%)
0.875
1.039
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.334
0.392
Bottom (%)
0.488
0.528
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.090
0.094
Bottom (%)
0.103
0.119
CBR TEST GRAPH
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
bottom
top
Figure 5.2 : CBR test graph for white clay 30% moisture content
Table 5.3 : CBR value for white kaolin
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.745
0.877
Bottom (%)
1.027
1.431
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.387
0.609
Bottom (%)
0.677
0.737
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.483
0.497
Bottom (%)
0.532
0.609
2.5mm
5.0mm
Top (%)
0.077
0.128
Bottom (%)
0.154
0.196
8.000
CBR TEST GRAPH

0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
bottom
top
Figure 5.3 : CBR test graph for white kaolin 35% moisture content
5.2
Average CBR Value and Undrained Shear Strength for Soil Samples with
Different PI and Moisture Content
According to BS 1377(1990) Part 4, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values can

be obtained from the top and bottom end of the soil sample and the values obtained shall
be indicated separately in the test report. As stated in BS, the CBR values shall be
reported as CBR value at top face (CBRTOP) and CBR value at bottom face
(CBRBOTTOM) in two significant values. But in this research, the average value of
CBRTOP and CBRBOTTOM is used since the results from the both end of the sample are
within 10% of the mean value.
Undrained shear strength determined using a vane that is inserted into soft
sediment and rotated until the sediment fails. The moisture contents choose for soil
samples are greater than the optimum moisture content of each soil until the moisture
content before the samples become slurry and cannot be compacted. Since vane shear
test is typically performed on soft, saturated cohesive soils. The soil samples for vane
shear test also compacted in CBR mould to get the same undrained shear strength with
the same moisture content for the CBR test samples. From the 24 soil samples had been
tested, the CBR value and undrained shear strength from vane shear test for soil with
different PI and different moisture content had been determined.
Table 5.4 : Undrained shear strength and average CBR value of all sample tested.
TYPE OF SOIL
PLASTIC
MOISTURE
UNDRAINED
AVERAGE
INDEX
CONTENT
SHEAR
CBR
(%)
STRENGTH
VALUE
FROM
(%)
VST
(kPa)
Marine Clay
17.5
20
146
12.74
Marine Clay
17.5
23
111
6.93
Marine Clay
17.5
27
76
2.41
Marine Clay
17.5
30
50
1.09
White Clay
26
30
100.5
4.13
White Clay
26
33
46
0.93
White Clay
26
37
30
0.46
White Clay
26
40
23.5
0.11
White Kaolin
14.5
25
98
1.15
White Kaolin
14.5
30
34
0.67
White Kaolin
14.5
35
12
0.55
White Kaolin
14.5
40
0.16
Table 5.4 summarizes the CBR values and undrained shear strengths for marine
clay, white clay and white kaolin based on the 24 soil tested data. As seen in the table,
all the plastic index of the soil are in the range of 10 to 50%. Where the plastic index for
marine clay is 17.5%, white clay is 26% and white kaolin is 14.5%. All the soil samples
were taken from Johor Bahru areas which marine clay is from, white clay from , and
White kaolin from Kahang, Johor. The undrained shear strength from vane shear test for
all samples was in the range of 6 to 146 kPa. Which white kaolin sample with the
moisture content of 40% have the lowest undrained shear strength and marine clay
samples with 20 % moisture content have the highest undrained shear strength.
Meanwhile, the average CBR value for all samples was in the range of 0.11% to 12.74%.
These results showed that plastic index and moisture content affected the shear
strength and CBR value of the soils. Three published graphs have been selected for
evaluation in the study. The graphs were CBR value versus plastic index over moisture
content, undrained shear strength versus plastic index over moisture content and
correlation between CBR value versus undrained shear strength.
5.3
CBR Value Versus Plastic Index Over Moisture Content
CBR VALUE VS (PI/MOISTURE CONTENT)
14
12
C BR VAL UE (% )
10
0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
PI/MOISTURE CONTENT
marine clay
white kaolin
white clay
Figure 5.4: Graph of CBR value versus plastic index over moisture content
Based on the figure 5.1, it can be seen that the CBR values are proportional to the
plastic index. Therefore, the CBR value will increase with the increasing of plastic
index. For example, these three different types of soil in the same moisture content of
30% showed different CBR value which marine clay is 1.09%, white clay is 4.13% and
white kaolin is 0.67%. So from this result known that plastic index affects the CBR
value where soil sample with higher plastic index also have the higher CBR value and
vice versa. Meanwhile, the CBR values are inversely proportional with the moisture
contents. The increasing of moisture content will decrease the CBR value. From the data
can be seen that in a type of oil sample, for example marine clay soil, the highest
moisture content will produced the lowest CBR value compared to the three other
samples with lower content of moisture.
5.4
Undrained Shear Strength Versus Plastic Index Over Moisture Content
SHEAR STRENGTH VS (PI/MOISTURE CONTENT)

160
140
S HE AR STRE NG TH (kP a)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
PI/MOISTURE CONTENT
Marine clay
White kaolin
White clay
Figure 5.5: Graph of Undrained shear strength versus plastic index over moisture
content
Figure 5.2 showed a graph which is almost similar to figure 5.1. Based on this
graph, the recorded range of undrained shear strengths are widely spread within 6 to 146
kPa which the difference for the highest and lowest strength is 140 kPa. The highest
undrained shear strength is from marine clay sample with 20% of misture content.
Meanwhile, white kaolin sample with 40% of moisture content produce the lowest
undrained shear strength out of the 24 samples. So we can conclude that, the undrained
shear strength of soil samples is also propotional with the plastic index. But the
undrained shear strength of soil samples is inversely proportional with the moisture
content. These mean, the undrained shear strength will decreases with the increasing of
moisture content in the soil.
5.5
Correlation Between CBR Value and Undrained Shear Strength
CBR VALUE VS UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH

14
12
C B R V A L U E (% )
10
y = 0.1212x - 7.0023
R2 = 0.7665
y = 0.0248x
R2 = 0.8027
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH(kPa)
Figure 5.6: Graph correlation of CBR value versus undrained shear strength from
vane shear test
The plot of the CBR value against the undrained shear strength is presented in
Figure 5.3 based on the 24 soil data for three types of soft soils. Two best fit straight
lines were obtained from the plotted data as shown in the figure 1. The lines can be
represented by two linear equations as shown below:
1.
For undrained shear strength in the range 0 73 kPa;

CBR value (average) = 0.0248x
2.
For undrained shear strength in the range 73 146 kPa;

CBR value (average) = 0.1212x - 7.0023
Where;
undrained shear strength
Based on the equation, CBR value can be predicted by knowing the value of undrained
shear strength or vice versa. It is observed that the average CBR value will be increase
with the increasing of undrained shear strength. As the CBR value can be correlated with
the undrained shear strength, it is a good indication that undrained shear strength can be
used to predict a CBR value for the soil.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1
CONCLUSIONS
Soil data had been obtained and analysed accordingly within the scope of the
study. All soil informations were obtained from laboratory tests accordance to British
Standard. Data acquired for analyses are from CBR values for top and bottom end of soil
samples, plastic index, moisture content and undrained shear strength from vane shear
test. Total soil data obtained was 24 numbers and three graphs have been made
according to certain circumstance and factors for evaluation in the study.
Based on the analyses carried out, the conclusion of the study can be summarized
as follow:
1.
CBR value and undrained shear strength from vane shear test are
proportional with Plastic Index over moisture content. Therefore, CBR
value and undrained shear strength will increase with the increasing of
Plastic index over moisture content.
2.
CBR value and undrained shear strength from vane shear test of soil
samples are inversely proportional with the moisture content. This mean,
CBR value and undrained shear strength will decrease with the increasing
of the moisture content.
3.
The correlation between CBR value and undrained shear strength from
vane shear test had been established. From the correlation, CBR value can
be predicted using either one of these two linear equations depends on the
value of undrained shear strength :
i.
Undrained shear strength in the range of 0 73 kPa:
CBR value (average) = 0.0248 x (undrained shear strength)
ii.
Undrained shear strength in the range of 73 146 kPa:
CBR value (average) = 0.1212x (undrained shear strength) - 7.0023
4.
The established correlation can close the gap between geotechnical and
highway engineer in undrained shear strength aspect for designing road
pavement in Malaysia.
6.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to time constraints and limited soil data obtained for the soil samples, there
are some aspects which have not been covered in the study. Following are some
recommendations that can be carried out for future study or research in the subject of
correlation between CBR value and undrained shear strength from vane shear test:
1.
The sample of soils used in this study are only limited to three types of
cohesionless soils which are marine clay, white clay and white kaolin. It
will be interesting to obtain more different types of soil such as Redish
brown clay, Light yellowish clay, etc for further study.
2.
More data for soil samples should be obtained to evaluate a better

correlation. Since in this study, only 24 numbers of data obtained to
establish the correlation.
3.
Establish the correlations using soil samples from other states in Malaysia
rather than Johor areas.
4.
Correlate CBR value with undrained shear strength from other method
such as unconfined compression test. To compared which correlation is
more precise.
REFERENCES
1.
British standards Institution (1990), Methods of Test for Civil Engineering

Purposes, London, BS 1377.
2.
SAM 4062 Civil Engineering Laboratory II, Pejabat Akademik, Fakulti

Kejuruteraan Awam, UTM, 2003.
3.
Soil Manual For The Design of Asphalt Pavement Structure, The Asphalt
Institute, USA, 1988.
4.
Rodrigo Saldago, The Engineering of foundations, Purdue University.
5.
C. R Scott(1980), An Introduction to Soil Mechanics and foundations,

Applied Science Publishers LTD, London.
6.
P Purushothama Raj (1995), Geotechnical Engineering New Delhi Tata

McGraw Hill.
7.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B and Mesri, G. (1996) Soils Mechanics in Engineering
Practice. 3rd edition, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
APPENDIX A
Data for Compaction test
Marine Clay
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.592
B
6.936
T
6.649
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
16%
3.692
5.404
1.712
1.712
1.482
CONTAINER CONTAINER
+ WETSOIL + DRY SOIL
10.562
10.009
10.152
9.725
10.723
10.188
MOISTURE
CONTENT
16.184
15.310
15.117
15.537%
21%
3.224
5.131
1.907
1.907
1.578
CONTAINER CONTAINER
CONTAINER CONTAINER + WETSOIL + DRY SOIL
A
6.781
10.908
10.162
B
6.717
12.076
11.223
T
7.272
17.051
15.318
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY SOIL
3.417
2.789
3.539
AVERAGE
25%
3.224
5.177
1.953
1.953
1.565
MOISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
3.381
22.064
4.506
18.930
8.046
21.539
AVERAGE
20.844%
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.522
17.026
14.934
B
6.685
20.115
17.463
T
6.753
17.118
15.059
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.75
B
6.725
T
6.525
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.75
B
6.725
T
6.525
MOISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
8.412
24.869
10.778
24.606
8.306
24.789
AVERAGE
24.755
27%
3.224
5.168
1.944
1.944
1.532
CONTAINER CONTAINER
14.751
13.093
17.332
15.068
22.685
19.211
DRY SOIL
6.343
8.343
12.686
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
26.139
27.137
27.385
26.887%
DRY SOIL
6.343
8.343
12.686
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
29.182
30.684
30.743
30.203%
30%
3.292
5.211
1.919
1.919
1.474
CONTAINER CONTAINER
14.944
13.093
17.628
15.068
23.111
19.211
DRY DENSITY VS MOISTURE CONTENT(MARINE CLAY)

1.6
1.58
1.56
Mg/m
1.54
1.52
1.5
1.48
1.46
10
15
20
25
30
White Clay
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
7.167
B
6.672
T
6.745
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
10%
3.259
4.733
1.474
1.474
1.344
CONTAINER CONTAINER
11.104
10.767
11.811
11.344
20.305
19.101
17%
3.259
4.962
1.703
1.703
1.456
DRY SOIL
3.6
4.672
12.356
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
9.361
9.996
9.744
9.700%
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.695
14.649
13.682
B
6.7
17.55
16.193
T
6.893
17.737
15.723
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.783
B
6.833
T
6.868
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.799
B
6.832
T
6.998
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
MOISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
6.987
13.840
9.493
14.295
8.83
22.809
16.981%
AVERAGE
20%
3.29
5.105
1.815
1.815
1.509
CONTAINER CONTAINER
13.338
12.308
13.075
11.969
18.51
16.523
MISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
5.525
18.643
5.136
21.534
9.655
20.580
AVERAGE 20.252%
24%
3.29
5.219
1.929
1.929
1.555
CONTAINER CONTAINER
17.246
15.298
22.788
19.716
26.796
22.796
29%
3.29
5.229
1.939
1.939
1.508
DRY SOIL
8.499
12.884
15.798
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
22.920
23.844
25.320
24.028%
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
18.047
37.469
33.296
B
10.195
25.937
22.472
T
9.651
38.971
32.188
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
10.49
B
10.155
T
9.994
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
MOISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
15.249
27.366
12.277
28.224
22.537
30.097
AVERAGE
28.562%
35%
3.259
5.195
1.936
1.936
1.439
CONTAINER CONTAINER
31.251
26.016
37.04
30.072
43.653
34.925
DRY SOIL
15.526
19.917
24.931
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
33.718
34.985
35.009
34.570%
37%
3.259
5.12
1.861
1.861
1.355
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
27.683
54.717
47.466
B
10.282
57.84
44.922
T
7.078
45.833
35.128
MOISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
19.783
36.653
34.64
37.292
28.05
38.164
AVERAGE
37.370%
DRY DENSITY VS MOISTURE CONTENT(WHITE CLAY)

1.6
1.55
M g/m
1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
1.3
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
White Kaolin
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
11%
3.17
4.61
1.44
1.44
1.300
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
7.17
24.937
23.178
B
6.809
26.647
24.755
T
6.897
26.643
24.715
MOISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
16.008
10.988
17.946
10.543
17.818
10.821
AVERAGE
10.784%
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.956
B
6.811
T
6.758
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
6.864
B
6.826
T
6.819
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
15%
3.17
4.85
1.68
1.68
1.461
CONTAINER CONTAINER
23.981
21.8
28.888
25.951
27.503
24.802
DRY SOIL
14.844
19.14
18.044
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
14.693
15.345
14.969
15.002%
DRY SOIL
33.272
28.302
32.514
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
19.404
19.645
19.687
19.579%
20%
3.17
4.95
1.78
1.78
1.489
CONTAINER CONTAINER
46.592
40.136
40.688
35.128
45.734
39.333
24%
3.17
4.95
1.78
1.78
1.432
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
18.038
43.149
38.251
B
6.786
51.227
42.47
T
9.571
44.471
37.703
MOISTURE
DRY SOIL CONTENT
20.213
24.232
35.684
24.540
28.132
24.058
AVERAGE
24.277%
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
9.571
B
10.156
T
9.719
PERCENTAGE
MOULD(Kg)
MOULD + SOIL(Kg)
COMPACTED
SAMPLE(Kg)
BULK DENSITY(Mg/m)
DRY DENSITY(Mg/m)
CONTAINER CONTAINER
A
9.99
B
6.921
T
6.73
30%
3.17
5.1
1.93
1.93
1.485
CONTAINER CONTAINER
33.077
27.644
42.222
34.845
48.445
39.522
DRY SOIL
18.073
24.689
29.803
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
30.061
29.880
29.940
29.960%
DRY SOIL
24.102
26.484
18.042
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT
34.951
40.043
34.780
36.591%
37%
3.17
4.96
1.79
1.79
1.310
CONTAINER CONTAINER
42.516
34.092
44.01
33.405
31.047
24.772
DRY DENSITY VS MOISTURE CONTENT(KAOLIN)

1.5
D ry D ensity(M g/m )
1.45
1.4
1.35
1.3
1.25
5
10
15
20
25
Moisture Content(%)
30
35
40
APPENDIX B
Data for Vane Shear Test
Marine Clay
Mass of mould+compacted
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)
9.780 mass of container(g)

mass of container+wet
5.619 soil(g)
mass of container+dry
4.161 soil(g)
1.806 mass of dry soil(g)
1.500 moisture content (%)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FRACTION TNH & BILAH
FACTOR
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.619 soil(g)
4.358 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
6.888
17.512
15.715
8.827
20.358
84
22
2
146
7.062
22.858
19.908
12.846
22.964
62
13
2
111
Marine Clay
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.622 soil(g)
4.418 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.622 soil(g)
4.410 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
6.844
22.307
18.990
12.146
27.309
40
4
2
76
6.959
25.999
21.602
14.643
30.028
26
2
2
50
White Clay
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.622 soil(g)
4.275 soil(g)
6.781
16.688
14.386
7.605
30.270
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
54
7.5
2
100.5
soil(kg)
6.943
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.622 soil(g)
4.284 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
20.792
17.354
10.411
33.023
25
4
2
46
White Clay
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.622 soil(g)
4.308 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.622 soil(g)
4.312 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
10.243
25.714
21.525
11.282
37.130
16
2
2
30
6.523
15.131
12.671
6.148
40.013
12
0.5
2
23.5
White Kaolin
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.619 soil(g)
4.268 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.619 soil(g)
4.188 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
6.781
14.237
12.725
5.944
25.437
52
6
2
98
6.593
23.636
19.698
13.105
30.050
18
2
2
34
White Kaolin
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.620 soil(g)
4.219 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
mass of compacted
sample(kg)
bulk density(Mg/m)
dry density(Mg/m)

5.619 soil(g)
4.181 soil(g)
FRACTION TNH & BESI

FACTOR
6.806
24.564
19.996
13.190
34.632
6
0
2
12
7.008
30.923
24.072
17.064
40.149
3
0
2
6
APPENDIX C
Data for CBR test
Marine Clay
Mould+compacted soil(kg)
Mass of mould(kg)
Mass of compacted sample(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.767
5.612
4.155
1.803
1.502
Mass of container(g)
Container+wet soil(g)
Container+dry soil(g)
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
9.799
19.573
17.943
8.144
20.015
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
54.000
110.000
0.184
0.500
98.000
195.000
0.333
0.750
171.000
265.000
0.581
1.000
227.000
330.000
0.772
1.250
270.000
385.000
0.918
1.500
302.000
435.000
1.027
1.750
333.000
475.000
1.132
2.000
364.000
510.000
1.238
2.250
393.000
543.000
1.336
2.500
422.000
570.000
1.435
2.750
441.000
596.000
1.499
3.000
469.000
619.000
1.595
3.250
494.000
640.000
1.680
3.500
519.000
658.000
1.765
3.750
539.000
674.000
1.833
4.000
558.000
688.000
1.897
4.250
576.000
703.000
1.958
4.500
593.000
717.000
2.016
4.750
610.000
731.000
2.074
5.000
628.000
744.000
2.135
5.250
644.000
756.000
2.190
5.500
660.000
769.000
2.244
5.750
676.000
779.000
2.298
6.000
693.000
790.000
2.356
6.250
708.000
799.000
2.407
6.500
723.000
808.000
2.458
6.750
737.000
817.000
2.506
7.000
753.000
826.000
2.560
7.250
765.000
834.000
2.601
7.500
779.000
841.000
2.649
0.000
0.374
0.663
0.901
1.122
1.309
1.479
1.615
1.734
1.846
1.938
2.026
2.105
2.176
2.237
2.292
2.339
2.390
2.438
2.485
2.530
2.570
2.615
2.649
2.686
2.717
2.747
2.778
2.808
2.836
2.859
Marine Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.990
5.612
4.378
1.900
1.545
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
9.109
25.461
22.404
13.295
22.994
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
19.000
43.000
0.065
0.500
32.000
79.000
0.109
0.750
47.000
129.000
0.160
1.000
63.000
180.000
0.214
1.250
77.000
214.000
0.262
1.500
91.000
245.000
0.309
1.750
105.000
273.000
0.357
2.000
119.000
296.000
0.405
2.250
136.000
318.000
0.462
2.500
150.000
337.000
0.510
2.750
165.000
355.000
0.561
3.000
181.000
372.000
0.615
3.250
196.000
388.000
0.666
3.500
212.000
400.000
0.721
3.750
228.000
413.000
0.775
4.000
244.000
425.000
0.830
4.250
261.000
436.000
0.887
4.500
275.000
447.000
0.935
4.750
290.000
457.000
0.986
5.000
305.000
466.000
1.037
5.250
319.000
475.000
1.085
5.500
336.000
485.000
1.142
5.750
351.000
493.000
1.193
6.000
366.000
501.000
1.244
6.250
379.000
509.000
1.289
6.500
392.000
517.000
1.333
6.750
404.000
524.000
1.374
7.000
416.000
533.000
1.414
7.250
426.000
540.000
1.448
7.500
436.000
547.000
1.482
0.000
0.146
0.269
0.439
0.612
0.728
0.833
0.928
1.006
1.081
1.146
1.207
1.265
1.319
1.360
1.404
1.445
1.482
1.520
1.554
1.584
1.615
1.649
1.676
1.703
1.731
1.758
1.782
1.812
1.836
1.860
Marine Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
10.012
5.612
4.400
1.909
1.508
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
9.794
25.287
22.027
12.233
26.649
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
17.000
29.000
0.058
0.500
25.000
43.000
0.085
0.750
33.000
54.000
0.112
1.000
40.000
65.000
0.136
1.250
45.000
73.000
0.153
1.500
53.000
81.000
0.180
1.750
58.000
88.000
0.197
2.000
63.000
96.000
0.214
2.250
69.000
102.000
0.235
2.500
74.000
109.000
0.252
2.750
78.000
114.000
0.265
3.000
83.000
120.000
0.282
3.250
88.000
125.000
0.299
3.500
94.000
130.000
0.320
3.750
97.000
135.000
0.330
4.000
101.000
140.000
0.343
4.250
106.000
145.000
0.360
4.500
109.000
150.000
0.371
4.750
113.000
154.000
0.384
5.000
118.000
158.000
0.401
5.250
121.000
162.000
0.411
5.500
125.000
166.000
0.425
5.750
129.000
170.000
0.439
6.000
134.000
174.000
0.456
6.250
137.000
177.000
0.466
6.500
141.000
181.000
0.479
6.750
145.000
184.000
0.493
7.000
148.000
188.000
0.503
7.250
152.000
191.000
0.517
7.500
155.000
194.000
0.527
0.000
0.099
0.146
0.184
0.221
0.248
0.275
0.299
0.326
0.347
0.371
0.388
0.408
0.425
0.442
0.459
0.476
0.493
0.510
0.524
0.537
0.551
0.564
0.578
0.592
0.602
0.615
0.626
0.639
0.649
0.660
Marine Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.767
5.612
4.155
1.803
1.502
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
9.799
19.573
17.943
8.144
20.015
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
54.000
110.000
0.184
0.500
98.000
195.000
0.333
0.750
171.000
265.000
0.581
1.000
227.000
330.000
0.772
1.250
270.000
385.000
0.918
1.500
302.000
435.000
1.027
1.750
333.000
475.000
1.132
2.000
364.000
510.000
1.238
2.250
393.000
543.000
1.336
2.500
422.000
570.000
1.435
2.750
441.000
596.000
1.499
3.000
469.000
619.000
1.595
3.250
494.000
640.000
1.680
3.500
519.000
658.000
1.765
3.750
539.000
674.000
1.833
4.000
558.000
688.000
1.897
4.250
576.000
703.000
1.958
4.500
593.000
717.000
2.016
4.750
610.000
731.000
2.074
5.000
628.000
744.000
2.135
5.250
644.000
756.000
2.190
5.500
660.000
769.000
2.244
5.750
676.000
779.000
2.298
6.000
693.000
790.000
2.356
6.250
708.000
799.000
2.407
6.500
723.000
808.000
2.458
6.750
737.000
817.000
2.506
7.000
753.000
826.000
2.560
7.250
765.000
834.000
2.601
7.500
779.000
841.000
2.649
0.000
0.374
0.663
0.901
1.122
1.309
1.479
1.615
1.734
1.846
1.938
2.026
2.105
2.176
2.237
2.292
2.339
2.390
2.438
2.485
2.530
2.570
2.615
2.649
2.686
2.717
2.747
2.778
2.808
2.836
2.859
Marine Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
10.103
5.612
4.491
1.949
1.496
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
9.899
28.427
24.119
14.220
30.295
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
4.000
15.000
0.014
0.500
8.000
18.000
0.027
0.750
11.000
21.000
0.037
1.000
14.000
24.000
0.048
1.250
17.000
26.000
0.058
1.500
20.000
31.000
0.068
1.750
22.500
34.000
0.077
2.000
25.000
37.000
0.085
2.250
28.000
39.500
0.095
2.500
31.000
43.000
0.105
2.750
34.000
46.000
0.116
3.000
37.000
49.000
0.126
3.250
40.000
52.000
0.136
3.500
43.000
55.000
0.146
3.750
46.000
58.000
0.156
4.000
49.000
62.000
0.167
4.250
52.000
64.000
0.177
4.500
54.000
66.000
0.184
4.750
56.000
68.000
0.190
5.000
58.000
70.000
0.197
5.250
60.000
73.000
0.204
5.500
63.000
75.000
0.214
5.750
65.000
77.000
0.221
6.000
67.000
79.000
0.228
6.250
69.000
81.000
0.235
6.500
71.000
83.000
0.241
6.750
73.000
85.000
0.248
7.000
75.000
87.000
0.255
7.250
77.000
89.000
0.262
7.500
79.000
91.000
0.269
0.000
0.051
0.061
0.071
0.082
0.088
0.105
0.116
0.126
0.134
0.146
0.156
0.167
0.177
0.187
0.197
0.211
0.218
0.224
0.231
0.238
0.248
0.255
0.262
0.269
0.275
0.282
0.289
0.296
0.303
0.309
White Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.891
5.619
4.272
1.854
1.426
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
6.959
25.999
21.602
14.643
30.028
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
7.000
12.000
0.043
0.500
13.000
26.000
0.079
0.750
19.000
40.000
0.116
1.000
25.000
50.000
0.153
1.250
32.000
60.000
0.195
1.500
37.000
69.000
0.226
1.750
43.000
77.000
0.262
2.000
49.000
85.000
0.299
2.250
55.000
92.000
0.336
2.500
60.000
98.000
0.366
2.750
66.000
104.000
0.403
3.000
72.000
109.000
0.439
3.250
77.000
115.000
0.470
3.500
83.000
121.000
0.506
3.750
89.000
127.000
0.543
4.000
94.000
133.000
0.573
4.250
100.000
138.000
0.610
4.500
106.000
143.000
0.647
4.750
111.000
149.000
0.677
5.000
116.000
154.000
0.708
5.250
120.000
159.000
0.732
5.500
126.000
164.000
0.769
5.750
130.000
168.000
0.793
6.000
136.000
173.000
0.830
6.250
142.000
177.000
0.866
6.500
146.000
182.000
0.891
6.750
150.000
185.000
0.915
7.000
156.000
188.000
0.952
7.250
160.000
192.000
0.976
7.500
165.000
194.000
1.007
0.000
0.073
0.159
0.244
0.305
0.366
0.421
0.470
0.519
0.561
0.598
0.634
0.665
0.702
0.738
0.775
0.811
0.842
0.872
0.909
0.939
0.970
1.000
1.025
1.055
1.080
1.110
1.129
1.147
1.171
1.183
White Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.901
5.619
4.282
1.858
1.397
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
6.943
21.499
17.887
10.944
33.004
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
2.000
4.000
0.012
0.500
4.000
6.000
0.024
0.750
6.000
8.000
0.037
1.000
7.000
9.000
0.043
1.250
8.000
10.500
0.049
1.500
9.000
12.000
0.055
1.750
11.000
14.000
0.067
2.000
12.000
16.000
0.073
2.250
13.000
17.500
0.079
2.500
14.000
19.000
0.085
2.750
15.000
20.500
0.092
3.000
17.000
22.000
0.104
3.250
18.000
23.000
0.110
3.500
19.000
25.000
0.116
3.750
21.000
26.500
0.128
4.000
22.000
28.000
0.134
4.250
23.000
30.000
0.140
4.500
24.000
31.500
0.146
4.750
25.000
33.000
0.153
5.000
26.500
34.000
0.162
5.250
28.000
35.500
0.171
5.500
29.000
37.000
0.177
5.750
30.000
38.500
0.183
6.000
31.500
40.500
0.192
6.250
33.000
42.000
0.201
6.500
34.000
43.000
0.207
6.750
35.000
44.000
0.214
7.000
36.500
45.000
0.223
7.250
38.000
46.500
0.232
7.500
39.000
48.000
0.238
0.000
0.024
0.037
0.049
0.055
0.064
0.073
0.085
0.098
0.107
0.116
0.125
0.134
0.140
0.153
0.162
0.171
0.183
0.192
0.201
0.207
0.217
0.226
0.235
0.247
0.256
0.262
0.268
0.275
0.284
0.293
White Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.921
5.619
4.302
1.867
1.360
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
6.648
30.817
24.251
17.603
37.300
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
3.000
6.000
0.010
0.500
4.000
8.000
0.014
0.750
5.000
9.000
0.017
1.000
6.500
11.000
0.022
1.250
8.000
12.000
0.027
1.500
9.000
14.000
0.031
1.750
10.000
15.000
0.034
2.000
11.000
16.000
0.037
2.250
12.000
18.000
0.041
2.500
13.000
19.000
0.044
2.750
14.000
20.000
0.048
3.000
15.000
22.000
0.051
3.250
16.000
23.000
0.054
3.500
17.000
24.000
0.058
3.750
18.000
25.000
0.061
4.000
19.000
26.000
0.065
4.250
20.000
27.500
0.068
4.500
21.000
29.000
0.071
4.750
22.000
30.000
0.075
5.000
23.000
31.000
0.078
5.250
24.000
32.000
0.082
5.500
25.000
33.000
0.085
5.750
26.000
35.000
0.088
6.000
27.000
36.000
0.092
6.250
29.000
37.000
0.099
6.500
30.000
38.000
0.102
6.750
31.000
39.000
0.105
7.000
31.500
40.500
0.107
7.250
32.500
42.000
0.111
7.500
33.500
43.000
0.114
0.000
0.020
0.027
0.031
0.037
0.041
0.048
0.051
0.054
0.061
0.065
0.068
0.075
0.078
0.082
0.085
0.088
0.094
0.099
0.102
0.105
0.109
0.112
0.119
0.122
0.126
0.129
0.133
0.138
0.143
0.146
White Clay
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.933
5.619
4.314
1.872
1.336
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
9.899
29.827
24.119
14.220
40.141
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
1.000
1.000
0.003
0.500
1.000
1.500
0.003
0.750
1.500
2.000
0.005
1.000
1.500
2.000
0.005
1.250
2.000
2.500
0.007
1.500
2.000
3.000
0.007
1.750
2.500
3.000
0.009
2.000
3.000
3.500
0.010
2.250
3.000
4.000
0.010
2.500
3.500
4.000
0.012
2.750
3.500
4.500
0.012
3.000
4.000
5.000
0.014
3.250
4.000
5.500
0.014
3.500
4.000
5.500
0.014
3.750
4.500
6.000
0.015
4.000
4.500
6.000
0.015
4.250
5.000
6.500
0.017
4.500
5.000
6.500
0.017
4.750
5.500
7.000
0.019
5.000
5.500
7.000
0.019
5.250
6.000
7.500
0.020
5.500
6.000
8.000
0.020
5.750
6.500
8.000
0.022
6.000
6.500
8.500
0.022
6.250
7.000
8.500
0.024
6.500
7.000
9.000
0.024
6.750
7.500
9.000
0.026
7.000
7.500
9.500
0.026
7.250
8.000
9.500
0.027
7.500
8.000
10.000
0.027
0.000
0.003
0.005
0.007
0.007
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.019
0.020
0.020
0.022
0.022
0.024
0.024
0.026
0.027
0.027
0.029
0.029
0.031
0.031
0.032
0.032
0.034
White Kaolin
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.911
5.626
4.285
1.859
1.483
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
6.836
21.280
18.360
11.524
25.338
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
6.000
7.000
0.020
0.500
8.000
9.000
0.027
0.750
12.000
12.000
0.041
1.000
15.000
16.000
0.051
1.250
17.500
21.000
0.060
1.500
20.000
25.000
0.068
1.750
22.000
29.000
0.075
2.000
24.500
33.000
0.083
2.250
27.000
37.000
0.092
2.500
29.000
40.000
0.099
2.750
31.500
44.000
0.107
3.000
33.000
48.000
0.112
3.250
35.500
54.000
0.121
3.500
38.000
58.000
0.129
3.750
40.000
63.000
0.136
4.000
42.000
66.000
0.143
4.250
44.000
71.000
0.150
4.500
46.500
75.000
0.158
4.750
48.000
80.000
0.163
5.000
51.500
84.000
0.175
5.250
53.500
88.000
0.182
5.500
56.000
92.000
0.190
5.750
58.500
96.000
0.199
6.000
61.000
99.000
0.207
6.250
63.500
104.000
0.216
6.500
66.000
108.000
0.224
6.750
69.000
112.000
0.235
7.000
72.000
116.000
0.245
7.250
75.000
120.000
0.255
7.500
77.500
124.000
0.264
0.000
0.024
0.031
0.041
0.054
0.071
0.085
0.099
0.112
0.126
0.136
0.150
0.163
0.184
0.197
0.214
0.224
0.241
0.255
0.272
0.286
0.299
0.313
0.326
0.337
0.354
0.367
0.381
0.394
0.408
0.422
White Kaolin
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.911
5.626
4.285
1.859
1.434
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
6.638
23.665
19.774
13.136
29.621
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
1.000
2.000
0.006
0.500
2.000
3.500
0.013
0.750
2.500
5.000
0.016
1.000
3.000
7.000
0.019
1.250
4.000
8.000
0.026
1.500
5.000
9.500
0.032
1.750
6.000
11.000
0.038
2.000
6.500
12.000
0.042
2.250
7.000
13.000
0.045
2.500
8.000
14.000
0.051
2.750
9.000
15.000
0.058
3.000
10.000
16.000
0.064
3.250
11.000
17.000
0.070
3.500
12.000
18.000
0.077
3.750
13.000
19.000
0.083
4.000
14.000
20.000
0.090
4.250
16.000
20.500
0.102
4.500
17.000
21.500
0.109
4.750
18.000
22.000
0.115
5.000
19.000
23.000
0.122
5.250
20.000
24.000
0.128
5.500
21.000
25.000
0.134
5.750
22.000
26.000
0.141
6.000
23.000
26.500
0.147
6.250
24.000
27.000
0.154
6.500
25.000
28.000
0.160
6.750
26.000
29.000
0.166
7.000
27.000
30.000
0.173
7.250
28.000
31.000
0.179
7.500
29.000
32.000
0.186
0.000
0.013
0.022
0.032
0.045
0.051
0.061
0.070
0.077
0.083
0.090
0.096
0.102
0.109
0.115
0.122
0.128
0.131
0.138
0.141
0.147
0.154
0.160
0.166
0.170
0.173
0.179
0.186
0.192
0.198
0.205
White Kaolin
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.335
5.347
3.988
1.731
1.281
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
9.899
29.827
24.655
14.756
35.050
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
1.000
2.000
0.006
0.500
2.000
4.000
0.013
0.750
3.000
5.000
0.019
1.000
4.000
6.000
0.026
1.250
5.000
7.000
0.032
1.500
6.000
8.000
0.038
1.750
7.000
9.000
0.045
2.000
8.000
10.000
0.051
2.250
9.000
10.500
0.058
2.500
10.000
11.000
0.064
2.750
11.000
12.000
0.070
3.000
11.500
12.500
0.074
3.250
12.000
13.000
0.077
3.500
12.500
14.000
0.080
3.750
13.000
15.000
0.083
4.000
13.500
15.500
0.086
4.250
14.000
16.000
0.090
4.500
14.500
17.000
0.093
4.750
15.000
18.000
0.096
5.000
15.500
19.000
0.099
5.250
16.000
19.500
0.102
5.500
16.500
20.000
0.106
5.750
17.000
21.000
0.109
6.000
17.500
22.000
0.112
6.250
18.000
23.000
0.115
6.500
18.500
23.500
0.118
6.750
19.000
24.000
0.122
7.000
19.500
25.000
0.125
7.250
20.000
26.000
0.128
7.500
20.500
27.000
0.131
0.000
0.013
0.026
0.032
0.038
0.045
0.051
0.058
0.064
0.067
0.070
0.077
0.080
0.083
0.090
0.096
0.099
0.102
0.109
0.115
0.122
0.125
0.128
0.134
0.141
0.147
0.150
0.154
0.160
0.166
0.173
White Kaolin
Mass of mould(kg)
Bulk density(Mg/m)
Dry density(Mg/m)
9.560
5.626
3.934
1.707
1.216
Mass of dry soil(g)
Moisture content(%)
6.841
21.950
17.604
10.763
40.379
gauge reading(div)
force(kN)
penetration(mm)
top
bottom
top
bottom
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.500
0.500
1.500
0.002
0.750
1.000
2.000
0.003
1.000
1.000
2.500
0.003
1.250
1.500
3.000
0.005
1.500
2.000
3.500
0.007
1.750
2.500
4.000
0.009
2.000
2.500
5.000
0.009
2.250
3.000
5.500
0.010
2.500
3.000
6.000
0.010
2.750
3.500
6.500
0.012
3.000
4.000
7.000
0.014
3.250
4.500
7.500
0.015
3.500
5.000
8.000
0.017
3.750
5.500
8.500
0.019
4.000
6.000
9.000
0.020
4.250
6.000
9.500
0.020
4.500
6.500
10.000
0.022
4.750
7.000
11.000
0.024
5.000
7.500
11.500
0.026
5.250
8.000
12.000
0.027
5.500
8.000
12.500
0.027
5.750
9.000
13.000
0.031
6.000
9.500
13.500
0.032
6.250
10.000
14.500
0.034
6.500
10.000
15.000
0.034
6.750
10.500
15.500
0.036
7.000
11.000
16.000
0.037
7.250
11.500
16.500
0.039
7.500
12.000
17.000
0.041
0.000
0.003
0.005
0.007
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.017
0.019
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.027
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.037
0.039
0.041
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.054
0.056
0.058

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CORRELATION BETWEEN CBR VALUE AND

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH FROM

NOOR ASMAH BINTI HUSSIN

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Faculty of Civil Engineering

I declare that this thesis entitled Correlatioan between CBR Value

: Noor Asmah Binti Hussin

TO MY BELOVED PARENTS, FAMILY AND FRIENDS

I would like to take this opportunity to express my special thanks firstly to my

Secondly, I would like extend my thanks and appreciation to FKA Geotechnical

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a commonly used indirect method to

Nisbah Galas California (CBR) merupakan satu kaedah tidak langsung

SHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESIVE SOIL 5

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH

VANE SHEAR TEST

VANE SHEAR TEST

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN

SOIL PRELIMINARY TESTING

LABORATORY SOIL TESTING

VANE SHEAR TEST

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

TYPICAL RANGE OF CBR VALUE

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH AND

AVERAGE CBR VALUE FOR SOIL

CBR VALUE VERSUS PLASTIC INDEX

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH

CORRELATION OF CBR VALUE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Values of undrained shear strength versus

CBRs for commonly subgrade conditions

CBR value for marine clay

CBR value for white clay

CBR value for white kaolin

Undrained shear strength and average

Four thin rectangular blades

Stress distribution on blades

CBR test apparatus

Flowchart of Research Methodology

Preparation of Remoulded Sample Flowchart

Compaction in CBR mould

Hand held vane shear test

CBR test graph for marine clay 20% moisture

CBR test graph for white clay 30% moisture content 36

CBR test graph for white kaolin 35% moisture

Graph of CBR value versus plastic index over

Graph of Undrained shear strength versus

Graph correlation of CBR value versus

California Bearing Ratio

CBR value at bottom face of soil sample

CBR value at top face of soil sample

Maximum Dry density

Optimum Moisture content

Undrained shear strength

Vane shear test

Data for compaction test

Data for vane shear test

Data for CBR test

Geotechnical engineering has been critical to highway construction since

Embankment design of roads needs to satisfy two important requirements among

Nowadays in Malaysia, there are so many constructions of highways. Since

To establish the correlation between CBR value and undrained shear

Shear Strength of Cohesive Soil