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Palabras clave: Espacio-temporal, fuego, incidencia, riqueza, ndice de valor de Importancia, Sistemas de Informacin Geogrfica.
ABSTRACT
Forest fires are a natural phenomenon that has been present in most terrestrial ecosystems. The La Primavera forest has been frequently
affected by fire through the last few decades, and knowledge of the benefits or damages that it generates in the adaptation of
species is still incipient. This paper evaluates the spatio-temporal recurrence of forest fires and their effect on tree diversity in the La
Primavera forest. Layers of the fires of the 19982012 period were superimposed according to their recurrence on the same surface
using geoprocessing techniques, and three Fire Recurrence Classes were defined: High, with three fires; Moderate, with two, and Low,
with one. Permanent sampling sites (1 000 m2) were randomly established. Sorensens and Jaccards Similarity Indexes were applied
to measure the beta tree diversity, and Shannons index, to measure the alpha tree diversity. Six polygons with an incidence of three
fires representing a surface area of 833 has were identified. The intersection of fires that occurred during the 1998-2005-2012
and 2000-2002-2005 periods covered the largest surface. The dominant species was Quercus resinosa, followed by Pinus oocarpa.
Sorensens index indicated that all the categories are similar by over 50 %; while the value using Jaccards similarity index was 40 %. The
recurrence of forest fires of a large magnitude in the study occurred within very short periods (seven years).
Key words: Spatio-temporal, fire, incidence, richness, Importance Value Index, Geographic Information Systems.
Fecha de recepcin/Date of receipt: 25 de abril de 2014; Fecha de aceptacin/ date of acceptance: 10 de junio de 2014.
1
Departamento de Produccin Forestal, CUCBA. Universidad de Guadalajara.
2
Direccin Ejecutiva del Bosque La Primavera
3
CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara. Correo-e: ag_ 60@yahoo.com.mx
INTRODUCCIN
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALES Y MTODOS
rea de estudio
Study area
112
113
Anlisis de datos
La estructura se analiz con el ndice de Valor de Importancia
(IVI), desarrollado por Curtis y McIntosh (1951) y aplicado
para jerarquizar la dominancia de cada especie en rodales
mezclados (Lamprecht, 1990; Corella et al. (2001); Olmo et al.
(2005); Hernndez et al., 2013) y se calcul de la siguiente manera:
Donde:
= 3.1416
Dap = Dimetro a la atura de pecho (1.30 m)
Where:
114
Where:
= 3.1416
Dbh = Diameter at breast height (1.30 m)
The diversity indices (i.e. the specific richness index (S), which
refers to the total number of species occurring in each site, and
the Shannon-Wiener index (H) (Moreno, 2001), which measures
the average degree of uncertainty to predict the species to
which an individual randomly taken from each FRC belongs)
were estimated in order to determine how homogenous or
heterogeneous the fire recurrence classes were (Magurran, 1988):
Jaccard,
Donde:
A = Nmero de especies presentes en el grupo a
b = Nmero de especies presentes en el grupo b
c = Nmero de especies compartidas
Where:
H = Diversity index
Pi = Possibility of a combination of elements
ln pi = Natural logarithm of Pi.
Sorensen,
Donde:
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIN
Anlisis espacio temporal
Jaccard,
Where:
A = Number of species present in group a
b = Number of species present in group b
c = Number of shared species
115
Sorensen,
Where:
JN = Number of shared species
a = Number of species exclusive to community a
b = Number of species exclusive to community b
The similarity of the species between the FRCs was determined
by the R statistical software, which utilizes Jaccards formula
and generates a dendrogram.
Ao
Superficie (ha)
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2008
6 138
480
4 766
1 689
1 674
56
186
8 702
955
2012
8 177
116
Clase media = Moderate class; dos incendios = two fires; Polgono bLP = LPF area
Clase alta = High class; tres incendios = three fires; Polgono bLP = LPF area
117
Cuadro 2. ndice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) por Clase de Recurrencia de Incendios en el bosque La Primavera.
Clase de Recurrencia de Incendios (CRI) baja
Especie
Abun.
Dom.
Frec.
IVI
66.09
56.19
29.41
151.69
27.83
33.45
29.41
90.69
3.48
6.93
17.65
28.05
1.74
1.78
17.65
21.17
0.87
1.65
5.88
8.40
49.50
46.61
45.45
141.57
31.68
27.12
36.36
95.17
Quercus castanea Ne
16.83
19.47
9.09
45.40
1.98
6.79
9.09
17.87
63.24
81.77
35.71
180.72
27.21
12.82
35.71
75.74
3.68
1.61
7.14
12.42
Quercus magnoliifolia Ne
2.94
1.25
7.14
11.33
2.21
2.37
7.14
11.71
0.74
0.19
7.14
8.07
118
Table 2. Importance Value Index (IVI) by Fire Recurrence Class in the La Primavera forest.
Low Fire Recurrence
Species
Class (FRC)
Abund.
Dom.
Freq.
IVI
66.09
56.19
29.41
151.69
27.83
33.45
29.41
90.69
3.48
6.93
17.65
28.05
1.74
1.78
17.65
21.17
0.87
1.65
5.88
8.40
49.50
46.61
45.45
141.57
31.68
27.12
36.36
95.17
Quercus castanea Ne
16.83
19.47
9.09
45.40
1.98
6.79
9.09
17.87
63.24
81.77
35.71
180.72
27.21
12.82
35.71
75.74
3.68
1.61
7.14
12.42
Quercus magnoliifolia Ne
2.94
1.25
7.14
11.33
2.21
2.37
7.14
11.71
0.74
0.19
7.14
8.07
Six areas representing 833 ha total based on the spatiotemporal analysis. The intersections corresponding to the years
1998-2005-2012 and 2000-2002-2005 were the ones with
the largest surface because they contained two of the events that
affected a larger amount of hectares (2005 and 2012), which
overlap with all the fires that took place during the 19982012
period (Figure 6).
The overlapping of the FRC layers evidenced certain zones
in which up to five fires coincided in the same area; however,
because they are small, they were not considered in the analysis.
The fires covering the largest surface area registered in the LPF
(1988, 2005 and 2012) have a recurrence of seven years. In the
forests of Spain, 139 study areas burnt once and 25 areas burnt
twice, with short intervals of 4 to 11 years and of 6 to 16 years
between fires, respectively (Daz, 2003). Jardel et al. (2010)
indicated a return interval of 35 years for pine-oak forests. For
the LPF records from various official sources state that most fires
were superficial and occurred in a smaller proportion of the
119
Cuadro 3. Valores de ANOVA para el rea basal por CRI en el bosque La Primavera.
Fuente
Entre CRIs
Intra CRIs
Total (Corr.)
Suma de cuadrados
31.1505
358.674
389.825
GI
2
12
14
Cuadrado medio
15.5752
29.8895
Razn-F
Valor-P
0.52
0.6067
F-Ratio
P-Value
0.52
0.6067
Table 3. ANOVA values for the Baseline Area by FRC in the La Primavera forest.
Source
Sum of squares
GI
Mean square
Between FRCs
31.1505
15.5752
Within FRCs
358.674
12
29.8895
Total (Corr.)
389.825
14
120
Richness
Shannon
Low FRC
0.85
Moderate FRC
1.09
High FRC
0.98
Low FRC
Moderate
FRC
High FRC
Low FRC
--
60
54
Moderate FRC
60
High FRC
121
It is important to note that only three species are common to all the
FRCs (Q. resinosa, P. oocarpa, Q. viminea); Acacia pennatula and Q.
coccolobifolia had only one record. A. pennatula was ranked in the
high FRC, and its presence with a larger number of individuals may
be expected due to its sprouting capacity and to overgrazing
in the LPF, which favors its dispersion; besides, this species
has a favorable response to fire. Although Q. coccolobifolia is not
abundant, it is associated with P. oocarpa, Q. castanea, Q.
obtusata, Q. laeta, Q. resinosa and Q. viminea (Gonzlez,
1986); these species develop in sites where fires occur
frequently. Based on the similarity results, it may be said that the
recurrence of fires does not affect the tree richness or diversity, a
fact with which agrees with the findings of Olmo et al. (2005).
According to Zavala (2000), certain species of oaks are
related to environmental factors that are subjected to frequent
fires, including Q. laeta, ranked in the high FRC. It should be
noted that Q. resinosa showed the greatest abundance and
dominance in the high FRC, where the largest diameters of all
the sampling sites were registered, with an average of 47.82 cm
( 29.19). This agrees with the findings of Prez (2011), who
pointed out that the proliferation of other broadleaves (Q.
magniliifolia, Q. resinosa) has caused the suppression of pines
in the LPF. Likewise, Elliott et al. (1999) observed that fire may
benefit the establishment of oak forests, since it eliminates the
competence of herbaceous vegetation and shrubs and reduces
the layer of dead leaves.
Similitud = Similarity
1 = CRI baja; 2 = CRI media; 3 = CRI alta.
1 = Low FRC; 2 = Moderate FRC; 3 = High FRC.
122
CONCLUSIONS
The recurrence of fires in the La Primavera forest does not
affect the tree diversity. The high FRC registered a larger tree
richness than the other FRCs. Tree homogeneity between forest
fire classes one, two and three are similar by at least 50 %.
The recurrence of fires of a large magnitude in the study area
occurs within very short periods (seven years). Only 34 % of
the total surface of the LPF registered two fires on the same
surface, while three were registered to have occurred in
2.7 %. The species with the highest abundance, dominance
and frequency in all three Fire Recurrence Classes was Q.
resinosa, followed by P. oocarpa.
CONCLUSIONES
La recurrencia de incendios en el bosque La Primavera no
afecta la diversidad arbrea. La CRI alta registr mayor riqueza
arbrea, con respecto a las otras CRI. La homogeneidad
arbrea entre las clases de uno, dos y tres incendio son
similares al menos con 50 %. La recurrencia de incendios de
gran magnitud en el rea de estudio se presenta en periodos
muy cortos (siete aos). De la superficie total del bLP solo 34 %
registr dos incendios en la misma superficie, mientras que
2,7 % tres. La especie con mayor abundancia, dominancia y
frecuencia en las tres Clase de Recurrencia de Incendios fue
Q. resinosa, seguida de P. oocarpa.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Ana Azurmendi Valds,
of the Polytechnic School in Mieres, Spain, for her support in the initial part if
this work, as well as to the Technical Committee for the Management of the La
Primavera Forest for their logistical support with the in-field data collection and
for the information they provided on the records of forest fires.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
A Ana Azurmendi Valds de la Escuela Politcnica de Mieres, Espaa por su
apoyo en la parte inicial del trabajo. Al Comit Tcnico para la Administracin
del Bosque La Primavera por el apoyo logstica en la toma de datos de campo
y por la informacin de los registros de incendios.
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