Manual Soil Resistivity Wenner Method

Earthing Manual
Section E3
Soil Resistivity Measurements
Version:
Date of Issue:
December 2006
Author:
Nigel Johnson
Job Title:
Earthing Specialist
Approver:
Patrick Booth
Job Title:
Asset Manager
Eathing Manual
Section E3 Soil Resistivity Measurements
Revision Log
Version: 2.0
Prepared by: Nigel Johnson
Re-branded to E.ON Central Networks.

Version: 1.0
Prepared by: Nigel Johnson
Date: December 2006

Date: April 2006
New document issued.
Version: 2
Date of Issue: December 2006

The master version of the this document resides in the E.ON UK Documentum database
CAUTION any other copy may be out of date
Central Networks plc
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Eathing Manual
CONTENTS
E3.0
INTRODUCTION
E3.1 Wenner Method for Measuring Soil Resistivity at Primary/Grid sites

E3.1.1
E3.1.2
E3.1.3
E3.1.4
E3.1.5
E3.1.6
Instruments
Checks for other buried equipment
Wenner Test Method
Probes in areas of tarmac or concrete
Problems with depth of probes
Fluctuating results
5
5
6
8
8
8
E3.2 One Rod Method for Measuring Soil Resistivity at Distribution Sites
E3.3 Estimation of Soil Resistivity using Geological Survey Data
10
APPENDIX AE3.1 CHART FOR ONE ROD METHOD RESISTIVITY TEST
12
APPENDIX AE3.2 CHART FOR WENNER TEST
13
Appendix AE3.3 - Wenner Soil Resistivity Field Sheet
14
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E3.0 Introduction
1m cube
The resistance to the earth of any earth electrode is
influenced by the resistivity of the surrounding soil. This will
depend to a large extent on the nature of the soil and its
moisture content. Resistivity may change with depth,
temperature, moisture content and can vary from place to
place depending on the strata of the soil and rock
formation. The soil resistivity figure will have a direct impact
on the overall substation resistance and how much
electrode is required to achieve the desired values. It will
also influence separation distances between two adjacent
earth systems (e.g. HV and LV earths at Hot distribution
sites). The lower the resistivity, the less electrode is
required to achieve the desired earth resistance value. It is
an advantage to know the resistivity value at the planning
Figure E3.1 Soil Resistivity
stage as this gives a good indication of how much electrode
is likely to be required. This section describes the different methods that can be used to determine
the soil resistivity.
The resistivity of any material is defined as the electrical resistance measured between the
opposite faces of a uniform 1m3 cube (See Fig E3.1). The accepted symbol is and is measured in
ohm-meters (m). Typically soils can vary from a few ohm-meters for very wet loams up to
thousands of ohm-meters for granite. Table E3.2 shows the values expected for a range of soil
types together with examples of the likely resistance values for two types of electrode. In practice
soil is very rarely homogenous and so the values indicted should be taken as a rough guide only.
The Wenner (four terminal) test is the Company approved method for determining soil resistivity at
Primary/Grid sites (see Section E3.1). The soil resistivity data can influence the chosen site location
as well as the decision on the best type of earthing electrode system to be installed. For example,
it helps to decide if its an advantage to drive rods to a greater depth or whether to increase the
surface area by installing more buried tape. The survey can produce considerable savings in
electrode and installation costs when trying to achieve the required resistance.
If the results gained from the soil resistivity survey are unclear then soil modeling can be
undertaken. With up-to-date techniques a fairly good and accurate soil model can be produced.
Also core drilling usually associated with a Geo-Technical survey will give an accurate soil model
and can be used to check measured soil resistivity results.
Soil resistivity is also important in determining the separation distances between the HV and LV
electrodes at Hot distribution substations. A Wenner test could be used but a simpler procedure
has been developed for use at these sites. This is known as the one or driven rod method and
gives an average value of soil resistivity (see Section E3.2).
Once an electrode system is installed then the actual resistance value must be measured and
recorded. If this falls short of the design value then additional electrodes will be required to rectify
the problem.
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Eathing Manual
E3.1 Wenner Method for Measuring Soil Resistivity at Primary/Grid sites

E3.1.1
Instruments
A four-terminal earth tester is required (see Table E4.1), equipped with four probes and connecting
leads. The latter shall be mounted on reels for easy run-out and recovery and shall be checked for
continuity and condition prior to use. The calibration of the instrument shall be checked before
taking any readings, using the test resistors supplied with the instrument. Provision shall also be
made for a laboratory re-calibration check of the instrument every year.
E3.1.2
Checks for other buried equipment
Before carrying out any testing, checks shall be made from other utility records, our own cable
records and using radio detection equipment, for the presence of any buried cables, earth
conductors or other metalwork. These could adversely affect the accuracy of the readings taken,
particularly if they are parallel to the measurement route. Conventional metal detectors will only
locate very large pipelines or objects close to the surface, so cannot be relied upon. Location
equipment should be used in the inductive mode (to locate pipes which are not connected to the
earthing system), and direct mode (to locate any pipes or cables bonded to the earth grid). For the
latter, the transmitter is connected to the earthing system at the substation.
The routes chosen should preferably be free of long buried metal pipes or lead sheathed cables
etc., but if this is not possible the measurement route should be positioned at right angles to these
items wherever possible. The route chosen should not be close and parallel to an overhead line. If
the line supports are earthed, then this will adversely affect the readings. If the soil resistivity
measurement leads are long and in parallel with an overhead line, then an induced voltage may
occur in the leads should fault current flow through the overhead line. To avoid this, measurement
routes should preferably be at right angles to overhead lines. If they must be in parallel, then a
separation of 20m or more from the line is required.
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E3.1.3
Wenner Test Method
Fig. E3.2 shows the general measurement setup. The four earth probes should be driven into the
ground in a straight line, at a distance a metres apart and driven to a depth of P cm.
C1
P1
P2
C2
x
y
Depth P of
test probes
Make sure any links are

removed between the
terminals on the tester
Fig E3.2 Arrangement for the Wenner Test
The maximum depth of the probe should not exceed 20cm nor exceed 1/20th of the probe spacing
distance a. A series of resistance readings are taken for various spacings of the probes. For large
sites the maximum spacings are increased to enable the soil resistivity to be assessed at a greater
depth. Table 3.1 shows the required spacings for various sites.
Table E3.1
Recommended probe spacing/depths for soil resistivity tests
Spacing & Probe Depths

Probe
Dist. X to Dist. Y to
Soil
Spacing Resistivity Voltage Current
Depth d Probe
a
Probe
(3/4 of a)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
0.75
0.5
1.5
1
1.5
2
3
1
2.25
3
4.5
1.5
3.75
5
7.5
2.5
7.5
10
15
5
11.25
15
22.5
7.5
15
20
30
10
18.75
25
37.5
12.5
22.5
30
45
15
30
40
60
20
37.5
50
75
25
Version: 2
Minimum recommended range of spacings for

different substation types
Max.
Probe
depth
P
(cm)
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
Wood Pole 11kV GM Dist.

S/S
Locations
Small
66/33 to
11kV S/S

Towers,
132kV S/S &
large sites
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The four probes should be connected to the tester, with the outer probes connected to the C1 and
C2 terminals, and the inner probes to the P1 and P2 terminals. The instrument should be kept in a
central position and a series of resistance measurements made as the four electrodes are moved
out in equal distances from the central point. A calculation is made to determine the average soil
resistivity of all layers of soil between the surface and a depth d which is taken to be of the
separation distance a. The meter should be left on to allow the built in filters to operate and the
value after 30 seconds should be taken. If the reading is varying significantly, this may be due to :
Electrical interference
High contact resistance at the test probes
Damaged test leads
Reading at the lower limit of the instruments measuring capability
If, after investigating the above, the reading is still changing by more than 5%, then record a series
of ten consecutive readings over an interval of few minutes, calculate the average and then
proceed with the rest of the measurements.
The apparent soil resistivity is then given by =2aR (m) where:
a
R
= ground resistivity in m
= 3.142
= electrode spacing in metres
= measured resistance in at spacing 'a'
Appendix AE3.3 can be used as a field sheet to record the results and plot the apparent resistivity
as the spacing is increased. Table AE3.2 can be used to look up apparent soil resistivities and is
based on the above formula. Values that do not appear in the table need to be calculated
individually. It is a good to plot the results at the testing stage as any wild variations could indicate
the presence of buried metalwork that is distorting the results. If this is the case then a new test
route should be found. An idealised plot can be seen in Fig E3.3 and in this instance shows a site
where there is a high resistivity layer above a deeper lower resistivity layer.
Fig E3.3 Typical Soil Resistivity Plot

Soil resisitivity
450
400
350
Resistivity
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Depth
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At least two or three series of measurements, via routes perpendicular to one another should be
taken, to allow interference and small local variation effects to be balanced out. If any readings
were unstable, then additional routes will be necessary, possibly further away from the site. Note
that it is important to ensure that measurements are symmetrical about point X midway between
the voltage probes. An Excel spreadsheet Soil Resistivity Tests.xls has been developed to help
interpret the results.
E3.1.4
Probes in areas of tarmac or concrete
In some cases, the required position for one of the inner voltage probes may coincide with an area
covered with tarmac or concrete. Measurements can usually still be obtained by using a flat metal
plate, of approximately 10 to 15cm square, placed on a cloth soaked with saline water, instead of
the driven probe. A small weight on top of the plate will help to decrease contact resistance. The
usual precautions concerning buried metal structures apply and the area where the plate is used
should not contain reinforced steel which runs in the same direction as the measurement route, or
the reading will be adversely affected.
E3.1.5
Problems with depth of probes
Despite suggestions to the contrary in many manufacturers publications, the test probes depth
(P) need normally only need be inserted to a depth in the range of 5 to 20cm, as shown in Table
E3.2. The outer (current) probes are required to have a reasonably low resistance to earth, sufficient
to allow approximately 50mA to flow. However, if the surface soil is dry or frozen, the high contact
resistance with the probe will restrict the flow of test current. To overcome this it is recommended
that a short steel rod having a smaller radius than the test probe is driven into the soil to a depth
of 20cm and removed. A weak solution of preferably warm, saline water is poured into the hole and
the test probe re-inserted. If this does not provide a satisfactory reading, the probe may be driven
in a little deeper. A better arrangement is a cluster of three to five probes positioned 25cm apart
and connected together. Probe clusters are normally only required at long test spacings and would
introduce an error if used at small spacings. It is very unusual to require probe depths of more than
30cm and precautions will be required to ensure that third party equipment or cables are not
damaged if probes are driven to more than 20cm depth. Their installed depth should never exceed
1/20th of a.
E3.1.6
Fluctuating results
If there are large fluctuations in the measured values at one particular spacing, then it is likely that
interference from buried cables/pipes or stray ground currents are present. Additional sets of
readings must be taken at locations a few metres away. Having first discounted readings which are
obviously incorrect, then the average resistivity value for each probe separation a is used to
generate the soil model. It is important to note that measurements near the site will often be
subject to interference from buried structures which will result in lower apparent readings than in
undisturbed soil. This is why readings cannot be taken using this method within the area of an
existing substation.
Software programs are available for carrying out detailed calculations, based upon data from the
above readings, to provide a best-fit, representative soil model for the area, consisting of a
number of vertical or horizontal layers having different resistivity values.
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E3.2 One Rod Method for Measuring Soil Resistivity at Distribution Sites
At Hot distribution substations it is necessary to segregate the HV and LV earths in accordance
with sections E5.10.2 and E5.10.3. In order to do this the average soil resistivity value is required.
This is a simpler test than the full Wenner test described above. The test is based on measuring the
resistance of a single rod that is driven into the ground for a known depth. The resistance
measurement and rod dimensions are then used to calculate the average soil resistivity required to
produce the measured resistance. The resistance measurement can be made by using the 61.8%
method described in Section E4.0.3.5. Using the formula for calculating the resistance (R) of a rod in
uniform soil,
R=
8L
ln 1
2L d
gives
2LR
8L
ln 1
d
Where L is the length and d is the diameter of the rod, both in metres.
The apparent resistivity to match the measured resistance is calculated or looked up from the table
in Appendix AE3.1. For most distribution substations it is sufficient to drive the rod to a depth of
2.4m and use this reading as the average soil resistivity value. In difficult locations a 1.2m rod is
acceptable but if it even this proves difficult to drive in, then its an early indication that there may
be a high resistivity rock layer just be below the surface which could give problems achieving the
desired electrode value. Once the average soil resistivity is known a separation distance between
the HV and LV can be determined. It is a good idea to position the test rod so that it can be
incorporated into the final earthing arrangement. Fig E3.4 shows the general arrangement for this
test.
P2
31m
C2
50m
0.5m
deep
hole
5/8 dia
2.4m
(or 1.2m)
rod
Procedure:Measure rod resistance using 61.8% test (see Section E4.0.3.5)

then use table in Appendix AE3.1 to look up soil resistivity value
or
to obtain soil resistivity value, multiply resistance reading by
2.45 for a 2.4m rod
or 1.39 for a 1.2m rod
Fig E3.4 General Arrangement for One Rod Method at Distribution Sites
A further technique would be to take a series of measurements as the rod is driven into the ground
at greater and greater depths. When the results are plotted out they could be useful in the
following situations:-
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Eathing Manual
(i)
to accurately locate the water table or low resistivity soil layers. The rod resistance will
be seen to drop dramatically once this level is reached, assuming the surface material
has a higher resistivity. This could influence the decision on whether to install deep
drive electrodes or to install a horizontal electrode system.
(ii)
at primary and grid sites where readings using the Wenner method are not possible
near to the substation. Rods may be driven into the ground even within the substation
(once the area is proven free of buried cables/equipment). The results obtained are then
used to verify or modify the soil model obtained via Wenner measurements at suitable
locations outside the substation. On completion of the test the rod could be
incorporated into the main earth grid if appropriate.
The earth resistance of a rod will usually reduce as its driven depth is increased. The resistance of a
rod should never increase with driven depth. It is the rate at which the resistance decreases with
depth that allows the soil structure and layer resistivities to be determined. Soil structure where
the deeper layer has a lower resistivity than the upper, will produce sudden changes in the
gradient of the rods resistance curve. Where the top layer has a lower resistivity than the lower
layers then the structure is more difficult determine, as the test current will tend to continue to
flow in the top, lower resistivity layer. The resulting low current density in the higher resistivity
layer has little influence on the measured resistance of the rod. Where a very high resistivity
stratum is penetrated, the rod resistance may remain virtually constant with increasing depth. If a
further lower resistivity layer is penetrated beneath this, then the rod resistance will again begin to
decrease with increasing depth.
The technique does suffer from the fact that the rod resistance is determined by conditions close
to it and there is often a wide variation between rod resistances (of the same length) obtained at
different positions around a site.
E3.3 Estimation of Soil Resistivity using Geological Survey Data

Whilst less accurate than direct measurement, geological data can given a reasonable indication as
to the resistivity of the ground in a particular area.
You may also find it useful to build up a data base of resistivity measurements from actual jobs. By
using these two sources of information you can determine how much electrode to install at most
job locations without the need for a preliminary survey.
Of course you MUST MEASURE the actual resistances of the earth system after installation to
confirm your predictions.
In the short term the geological data can be obtained from the one inch series Solid and Drift
edition geological survey maps published by:
British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG. Tel. 0115 9363100
These maps are colour coded to show different underlying geological types and surface deposits
such as clay and head. The following table gives typical resistivity ranges for a number of different
ground types.
This method shall not be used in isolation where extensive earth installations are going to be
installed such as at primary and bulk supply point substations. Accurate soil resistivity
measurements and soil modelling techniques are essential to the proper design process.
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Eathing Manual
However, geological information can be useful when short-listing possible sites. It may help you to
choose a site with low earth resistivity instead of a site with high resistivity. Intelligent site
selection can considerably reduce the cost of earthing and also remove/reduce the implications of
creating a Hot Zone.
Where the maps indicate very high soil resistivities such as limestone, granite, gritstone etc. it is
recommended that a soil resistivity test is carried out as the cost to install the earth electrode
could be a significant proportion of the cost of the overall job.
Table E3.2 - Typical soil resistivity values and likely electrode resistances
For homogenous soil
For homogenous soil
Soil/Ground Type
Typical
Resistivity likely resistance of a likely resistance of 50m
of a 70mm2
2.4m rod ()
(m)
Mercia Mudstone
Coal Measures
Loam
Alluvium
Boulder Clay
Keuper Marl & Waterstones
Head
Sand/Gravel
Limestone
Pebble Beds
Permian Limestone & Marl
Gritstone
Version: 2
20
20
25
35
50
50
70
300
300
300
400
1000
8
8
10
14
20
20
28
120
120
120
160
400
earthwire()
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.9
1.9
2.6
11
11
11
15
38

Page 11 of 14
Eathing Manual
Appendix AE3.1 Chart for One Rod Method Resistivity Test

Table to calculate soil resistivity using single rod technique described in Section E3.2 (assuming 5/8 dia. rod).
Example: - 4.8m rod with resistance of 20 gives average soil resistivity of 89 m
Length of
Length of
rod 1.2m 2.4m 3.6m 4.8m
rod 1.2m 2.4m 3.6m
6m
Resistance ()
Resistance ()
1
1
2
3
4
5
56
78
138
195
2
3
5
7
9
11
57
80
141
198
3
4
7
10
13
16
58
81
143
202
4
6
10
14
18
21
59
82
146
205
5
7
12
17
22
27
60
84
148
209
6
8
15
21
27
32
62
86
153
216
7
10
17
24
31
38
64
89
158
223
8
11
20
28
36
43
66
92
163
230
9
13
22
31
40
48
68
95
168
237
10
14
25
35
44
54
70
98
173
243
11
15
27
38
49
59
72
100
178
250
12
17
30
42
53
64
74
103
183
257
13
18
32
45
58
70
76
106
188
264
14
20
35
49
62
75
78
109
193
271
15
21
37
52
67
81
80
112
198
278
16
22
40
56
71
86
82
114
203
285
17
24
42
59
75
91
84
117
208
292
18
25
45
63
80
97
86
120
213
299
19
27
47
66
84
102
88
123
218
306
20
28
49
70
89
107
90
126
223
313
21
29
52
73
93
113
92
128
228
320
22
31
54
77
98
118
94
131
232
327
23
32
57
80
102
124
96
134
237
334
24
33
59
83
107
129
98
137
242
341
25
35
62
87
111
134
100
140
247
348
26
36
64
90
115
140
102
142
252
355
27
38
67
94
120
145
104
145
257
362
28
39
69
97
124
150
106
148
262
369
29
40
72
101
129
156
108
151
267
376
30
42
74
104
133
161
110
153
272
383
31
43
77
108
138
167
112
156
277
390
32
45
79
111
142
172
114
159
282
397
33
46
82
115
147
177
116
162
287
403
34
47
84
118
151
183
118
165
292
410
35
49
87
122
155
188
120
167
297
417
36
50
89
125
160
193
125
174
309
435
37
52
91
129
164
199
130
181
321
452
38
53
94
132
169
204
135
188
334
470
39
54
96
136
173
210
140
195
346
487
40
56
99
139
178
215
145
202
359
504
41
57
101
143
182
220
150
209
371
522
42
59
104
146
187
226
155
216
383
539
43
60
106
150
191
231
160
223
396
556
44
61
109
153
195
236
165
230
408
574
45
63
111
157
200
242
170
237
420
591
46
64
114
160
204
247
175
244
433
609
47
66
116
163
209
253
180
251
445
626
48
67
119
167
213
258
185
258
457
643
49
68
121
170
218
263
190
265
470
661
50
70
124
174
222
269
195
272
482
678
51
71
126
177
226
274
200
279
495
696
52
73
129
181
231
279
205
286
507
713
53
74
131
184
235
285
210
293
519
730
54
75
134
188
240
290
215
300
532
748
55
77
136
191
244
296
220
307
544
765
Version: 2

4.8m
6m
249
253
258
262
266
275
284
293
302
311
320
329
338
346
355
364
373
382
391
400
409
417
426
435
444
453
462
471
480
489
497
506
515
524
533
555
577
600
622
644
666
688
711
733
755
777
799
822
844
866
888
910
933
955
977
301
306
312
317
322
333
344
355
365
376
387
398
408
419
430
441
451
462
473
484
494
505
516
527
537
548
559
570
580
591
602
613
623
634
645
672
699
726
752
779
806
833
860
887
914
941
967
994
1021
1048
1075
1102
1129
1156
1182
Page 12 of 14
Eathing Manual
Appendix AE3.2 Chart for Wenner Test

This table is to assist in determining soil resistivity using the Wenner technique in section E3.1 and is
based on the formula = 2 a R. Values that fall outside this chart should be calculated individually.
Example: -a spacing of 2m, with a resistance reading of 1 gives a soil resistivity value of 13 m
Rod Spacing a
1m
Measured
Resistance ()
1
0.1
1
0.2
2
0.3
3
0.4
3
0.5
4
0.6
4
0.7
5
0.8
6
0.9
6
1
13
2
19
3
25
4
31
5
38
6
44
7
50
8
57
9
63
10
69
11
75
12
82
13
88
14
94
15
101
16
107
17
113
18
119
19
126
20
157
25
188
30
220
35
251
40
283
45
314
50
346
55
377
60
408
65
440
70
471
75
503
80
534
85
565
90
597
95
628
100
942
150
1257
200
1885
300
Version: 2
2m
3m
5m
10m
15m
20m
25m
30m
40m
50m
1
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
13
25
38
50
63
75
88
101
113
126
138
151
163
176
188
201
214
226
239
251
314
377
440
503
565
628
691
754
817
880
942
1005
1068
1131
1194
1257
1885
2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
17
19
38
57
75
94
113
132
151
170
188
207
226
245
264
283
302
320
339
358
377
471
565
660
754
848
942
1037
1131
1225
1319
1414
1508
1602
1696
1791
1885
3
6
9
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
63
94
126
157
188
220
251
283
314
346
377
408
440
471
503
534
565
597
628
785
942
1100
1257
1414
1571
1728
1885
6
13
19
25
31
38
44
50
57
63
126
188
251
314
377
440
503
565
628
691
754
817
880
942
1005
1068
1131
1194
1257
1571
1885
9
19
28
38
47
57
66
75
85
94
188
283
377
471
565
660
754
848
942
1037
1131
1225
1319
1414
1508
1602
1696
1791
1885
13
25
38
50
63
75
88
101
113
126
251
377
503
628
754
880
1005
1131
1257
1382
1508
1634
1759
1885
16
31
47
63
79
94
110
126
141
157
314
471
628
785
942
1100
1257
1414
1571
1728
1885
19
38
57
75
94
113
132
151
170
188
377
565
754
942
1131
1319
1508
1696
1885
25
50
75
101
126
151
176
201
226
251
503
754
1005
1257
1508
1759
31
63
94
126
157
188
220
251
283
314
628
942
1257
1571
1885

Page 13 of 14
Eathing Manual
Appendix AE3.3 - Wenner Soil Resistivity Field Sheet

Spacing 'a'
of
electrodes
(m)
Distance
"x" to
potential
probes (m)
Distance
"y" to
current
probes(m)
Max.
Depth P
of probes
(cm)
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
0.5
1
1.5
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
20
25
1.5
3
4.5
7.5
15
22.5
30
37.5
45
60
75
5
10
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Resistance
reading from
Instrument R
()
Soil
Resistivity
Depth 'd' (m)
(3/4 of 'a')
Average soil
resistivity to
depth 'd' (m)
(see note below)
0.75
1.5
2.25
3.75
7.5
11.25
15
18.75
22.5
30
37.5
Note: -Average Soil resistivity () is based on the formula: - =2 a R (where = 3.142)
C1
P1
P2
C2
x
y
Depth P of
test probes
Make sure any links are
removed between the
terminals on the tester
Version: 2

Page 14 of 14

Manual Soil Resistivity Wenner Method

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Manual Soil Resistivity Wenner Method

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Earthing Manual

Soil Resistivity Measurements

Prepared by: Nigel Johnson

Re-branded to E.ON Central Networks.

Date: December 2006

New document issued.

Date of Issue: December 2006

E3.1 Wenner Method for Measuring Soil Resistivity at Primary/Grid sites

E3.3 Estimation of Soil Resistivity using Geological Survey Data

APPENDIX AE3.1 CHART FOR ONE ROD METHOD RESISTIVITY TEST

APPENDIX AE3.2 CHART FOR WENNER TEST

Appendix AE3.3 - Wenner Soil Resistivity Field Sheet

Date of Issue: December 2006

Date of Issue: December 2006

E3.1 Wenner Method for Measuring Soil Resistivity at Primary/Grid sites

Checks for other buried equipment

Date of Issue: December 2006

Wenner Test Method

Make sure any links are

Recommended probe spacing/depths for soil resistivity tests

Spacing & Probe Depths

Minimum recommended range of spacings for

Wood Pole 11kV GM Dist.

Date of Issue: December 2006

Fig E3.3 Typical Soil Resistivity Plot

Date of Issue: December 2006

Probes in areas of tarmac or concrete

Problems with depth of probes

Date of Issue: December 2006

Procedure:Measure rod resistance using 61.8% test (see Section E4.0.3.5)

Date of Issue: December 2006

E3.3 Estimation of Soil Resistivity using Geological Survey Data

Date of Issue: December 2006

Date of Issue: December 2006

Appendix AE3.1 Chart for One Rod Method Resistivity Test

Date of Issue: December 2006

Appendix AE3.2 Chart for Wenner Test

Date of Issue: December 2006

Appendix AE3.3 - Wenner Soil Resistivity Field Sheet

Note: -Average Soil resistivity () is based on the formula: - =2 a R (where = 3.142)

Date of Issue: December 2006

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