Operating States of a Power System

Operating States of a
Power System

METU

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 1

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Supply-Demand Balance

Basic Condition
Summation of generated
power must always be
equal to consumed
power and total losses

470 MW
250 MW

300 MW

Transmission
System

1200 MW

200 MW
200 MW
150 MW

Pli

Pgi

Supply-Demand Balance
Total Supply = Total Demand + Losses
Pgi = Plk + Plosses
EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 2

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Load (Equality) Constraints

Loads must always be satisfied;

Under all operating
conditions,
At the presently available
price of electricity

470 MW
250 MW
1200 MW

300 MW

Transmission
System

200 MW
200 MW
150 MW

+
Pli

Pgi

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 3

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Load (Equality) Constraints

Kirchoffs Current Law

P1 + P2 + ... + Pk = PL
k

P1

i=1

P2

P i = PL
k

PL

Pi P L = 0
i=1

or
g (x,u) = 0

Pk

PL = 300 MW

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 4

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Load (Equality) Constraints
Expression

All loads are satisfied

g1(x,u) = 0
g2(x,u) = 0
.
.
.
gn(x,u) = 0

P1
P2

PL1

Pk
P1
P2

PL2

Pk

P1
P2

PLn

Pk

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 5

Operating States of a Power System

METU

Load (Equality) Constraints

(Short Form)
Vector Form
g1(x,u)
g2(x,u)
.
.
.

gn(x,u)

0
0
.
.
.
0

or
G(x,u) = 0
EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 6

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Operating (Inequality) Constraints

h1(x,u) 0
h2(x,u) 0
.
.
.
hm(x,u) 0

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 7

Operating States of a Power System

METU

Operating (Inequality) Constraints

(Short Form)
h1(x,u)
h2(x,u)
.
.
.

hm(x,u)

0
0
.
.
.
0

or
H(x,u) 0
EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 8

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Security (Inequality) Constraints
(Short Form)
S(x,u) 0

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 9

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Normal Operating State
G(x,u) = 0
H(x,u) 0
S(x,u) 0

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 10

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Restorative Operating State
G(x,u) 0
H(x,u) 0

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 11

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Normal (Alert) Operating State
G(x,u) = 0
H(x,u) 0
S(x,u) / 0

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 12

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Emergency Operating State

System is intact
G(x,u) = 0
H(x,u) / 0

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 13

METU

Operating States of a Power System

In-Extremis Operating State

System is split
G(x,u) 0
H(x,u) / 0

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 14

METU

Operating States of a Power System

Transition among the States
Restorative Control
(Central, slow)

Normal (Secure)
Operating State

G(x,u) = 0
H(x,u) 0
S(x,u) / 0

Restorative Control
(Central, slow)

Contincency
Corrective Control
(Central, slow)

G(x,u) 0
H(x,u) 0
Protective Control
(Local, fast)

Contincency

Reduction in reserve
margins,
Increased probability of
disturbance,
i.e. Storm, snow, rain, etc

Preventive Control
(Central, slow)

Normal (Alert)
Operating State

Preventive Control
(Central, slow)

G(x,u) = 0
H(x,u) 0
S(x,u) 0

Corrective Control
(Central, slow)

Restorative Control
(Central, slow)

Restorative
Operating State

Emergency
Operating State
G(x,u) = 0
H(x,u) / 0
(System is intact)

Succesive outages,
Islanding,
Loss of power
balance,
Frequency deviations

In-Extremis
Operating State
G(x,u) 0
H(x,u) / 0
(System is split)

EE 710 Electricity Marketing, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., METU, Spring 2005, Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAIOGLU, Page 15