Artificial Neural

Network

Gandhi Institute for

Technological Advancement,
Bhubaneswar
Presented By:
Anirban Roy
Under the guidance of:
Dr. Mrutyunjaya Panda

Artificial Neural
Network

Just as life attempts to understand

itself better by modeling it, and in
the process create something new,
so Neural computing is an attempt
at modeling the working of a brain
and this presentation is an attempt
to understand the basic concept of
Artificial Neural Network.

Contents
Brief Historical Background
What exactly is a Neural Network?
Structure of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

Architecture & Design of ANN

Learning Processes in ANN

Applications of ANN
Limits to Neural Networks
Future of ANN
Conclusion

Brief Historical Background

McCulloch and Pitts introduced first
neural networking computing model in
1940.
Rosenblatts work resulted in two-layer
network model in 1950.
It was capable of learning certain
classifications by adjusting connection
weights.
Demerits:
It was not capable of solving classical XOR
problem.

What exactly is a Neural

Network?
Powerful data modeling tool capable of capturing
and representing complex I/O relationships.
Composed of large no. of highly interconnected
processing elements that are analogous to neurons.

Neural Network?
Most common Neural Network Model is the
Multilayer Percepton (MLP).
The goal of this network is to create a model that
correctly maps the input to the output using historical
data so that the model can be used to produce the
output when the desired output is unknown.
Neural Network resemble Human Brain in these ways:
A neural Network acquires knowledge through
learning.
A ANNs knowledge is stored within inter-neuron
connection strengths known as synaptic weights.
ANN modify own topology just as neurons in the
brain can die and new synaptic connections can
grow.

Structure of Artificial Neural

Network (ANN)
Described by Frank Rosenblatts theory in 1958.

Basic element of ANN is Percepton.

Percepton has 5 basic elements:

n vector
Weights
Summing function
Threshold device
An output (+1/-1)

The threshold has a predefined setting.

If Summation < Threshold implies O/P= -1
If Summation > Threshold implies O/P= +1

Architecture of ANN

Feed-forward Network:
Uni-directional Signal Flow without
Feedbacks
O/P of one layer doesnt affect other
layers
Used in pattern recognition
Referred to as bottom-up or topdown organization.

Feedback Networks:
Contains feedbacks & dynamic in
nature
Powerful and extremely
complicated Network
Referred to as interactive or
recurrent
State is always changing in nature

Network Layers or Design of ANN

Activity of I/P units represents raw information.
Activity of hidden unit is determined by activities of
I/P units and the weights on the connections between
I/P and hidden units.
Behavior of O/P unit depends on activity of hidden
units and weights between hidden and O/P units.
Hidden units are free to construct their own
representations of the I/P.

Learning Processes in ANN

Applications of ANN

Character Recognition
Image Compression
Stock Market
Food Processing
Medicine
Target Recognition
Machine Diagnostics
Signature Analysis
Monitoring
Airline Security Control

Airline Security Control

Practical Example
Airports use ANN to screen for plastic explosives.
Luggage is bombarded with neutrons and gamma ray
re-emitted are recorded and fed to an ANN.
The received value is compared to the possible or
approximated value for safe goods (since explosives
are rich in nitrogenous compounds).
Explosives are detected with 95% probability.
To minimize classification error, supervised training
was conducted for the ANN.
The entire security system can handle 600 to 700
bags per hour.
The ANN raises false alarms on only 2 percent of the
harmless bags.

Limits to Neural Networks

Neural Network programs sometimes become
unstable when applied to larger problems.
Mathematical theories used to guarantee the
performance of ANN is still under development.
Rapid increase in processing time requirements as
size of the problem expands.
Unable to explain any results that they obtain.
Network function as black boxes whose rules of
operation are completely unknown.
The ANN needs to go through rigorous training and
learning periods for more efficient results.
Operational problem encountered when attempting
to simulate the parallelism of neural networks.

Future of ANN

Robots that can see, feel and predict the world around
Improved stock prediction
Common usage of self-driving cars
Composition of music
Handwritten documents to be automatically
transformed into word processing documents
Study trends found in Human genes.
Self-diagnosis of medical problems.
More intelligent computer systems and other
machines.

Conclusion