Photovoltaic Generation System

ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI
ISTITUTO TECNICO INDUSTRIALE STATALE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

Via Caneve, 93 30173 Mestre Venezia
Tel. +39-041-5350355 Fax +39-041-5346841
Web: www.itispacinotti.it
CENTRO DE ESTUDOS DO DESERTO

NJAMBASANA - KUROKA
ANGOLA
PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION SYSTEM WITH BACK-UP
BATTERIES
TECHNICAL PLAN REPORT
Relazione tecnica NjambasanaEN.doc

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ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................ 3
STANDARDS REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 4
NEW SYSTEM STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................. 5
WIRING SYSTEM SIZING - OVERLOAD AND SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTIONS .................................. 8
DC side Photovoltaic generator................................................................... 8

DC side Accumulator batteries .................................................................... 8
AC side ........................................................................................................ 9
EARTHING PROTECTION AGAINST INDIRECT CONTACTS ............................................................. 9
PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES ......................................................................................... 10

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TECHNICAL PLAN REPORT ABOUT THE REALIZATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC

GENERATION SYSTEM WITH BACK-UP BATTERIES FOR
"CENTRO DE ESTUDOS DO DESERTO"
NJAMBASANA KUROKA - ANGOLA
Annexes
Drawing 1 Plan view. Scale 1:100
Drawing 2 Plan view. Scale 1:200
Drawing 3 Elevation view. Scale 1:100
Drawing 4 Electrical schematics. PV generator. CC side
Drawing 5 Electrical schematics. Back-up system. CC side
Drawing 6 Electrical schematics. Block diagram
Drawing 7 Graphic symbols key
Calculation sheet 1 Compatibility evaluation PV array
Calculation sheet 2 Symbol key
Calculation sheet 3 System producibility and yield
Standards References
The following references have been observed to design the systemlan:
IEC 60050-826:2004 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 826: Electrical installations.
IEC 60364-1:2005 - Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of
general characteristics, definitions.
IEC 60364-4-41:2005 - Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection
against electric shock.
against thermal effects.
against overcurrent.
against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances.
IEC 60364-5-51:2005 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5-51: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment Common rules.
IEC 60364-5-52:2009 Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment Wiring systems.

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equipment Isolation, switching and control.
equipment Earthing arrangements and protective conductors.
equipment Other equipment.
equipment Safety services.
IEC 60364-6:2006 Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 6: Verification.
IEC 60364-7-712:2002 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7-712: Requirements for special
installations or locations Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems.
IEC 61439-0:2010 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 0: Guide to specifying
assemblies.
IEC 61439-1:2011 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 1: General rules.
IEC 61439-2:2011 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 2: Power switchgear and
controlgear assemblies.
IEC 62305-1:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 1: General principles.
IEC 62305-2:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 2: Risk management.
IEC 62305-3:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 3: Physical damage to structures and life hazard.
IEC 62305-4:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems within structures.
IEC 61194:1992 Characteristic parameters of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems.
IEC 61727:2004 Photovoltaic (PV) systems Characteristics of the utility interface.
IEC 61724:1998 Photovoltaic system performance monitoring Guidelines for measurement, data
exchange and analysis.
IEC 62124:2004 Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone systems Design verification.
IEC/TS 61836:2007 Solar photovoltaic energy systems Terms, definitions and symbols.
EN 61173:1994 Overvoltage protection for photovoltaic (PV) power generating systems Guide.
Introduction
Note: this plan has been developed referring to partial information received and not checked on
site. Therefore, before proceeding with the realization, these informations have to be checked
and/or integrated.
The Centro de Estudos do Deserto is located in Njambasana, Angola. It is equipped with an electrical
installation powered by a diesel generator with an a.c. single phase generator whose rated power is 7.5 kVA,
located about 150 m far from the school building.
This design plans the realization of a 6 kWp photovoltaic generator provided with back-up batteries with
capacity of 41 kVAh, 10 hours discharge (estimated endurance in a working day), to integrate the diesel
generator generation of electricity.

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The system is organised to prefer energy consumption from the photovoltaic source that will be used, if
possible, for the direct consumption and/or to maintain in charge the battery set; the diesel generator will be
used as last resource in case of insufficient generation either from the photovoltaic or batteries charge.
If the existing diesel generator provides a remote self-starting, it could be automatically controlled to integrate
the generation of electricity, if necessary; on the contrary manual starting and stop have to be provided when
required.
New system structure

PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR
Photovoltaic plant:
The photovoltaic plant is divided in two arrays of 3 kWp, each one connected to its own inverter. Each array will
be installed on the ground and will be organized in 12 modules of 250 Wp, divided into two strings.
This will be the situation:
Inverter 1: Rated Power in a.c.= 3300 W

Strings 1 and 2 are connected to inverter 1:
String 1: Rated Power in d.c. = 1500 W
Inverter 2: : Rated Power in a.c. = 3300 W

Strings 3 and 4 are connected to inverter 2:
o
All strings are perfectly the same both for composition and for exposure.
The photovoltaic modules have the following characteristics:
Monocrystallin silicon, n. 96 cells 125x125 mm with series connection
Anodized aluminium frame and thermally pre-stressed solar glass front cover
Double insulation
Protection class IP65 junction box (prewired)
Electrical Characteristics at STC:

o
Pmax = 250W
Tolerance 3%
Vmpp = 48.6V
Impp = 5.15
Voc = 59.8V
Isc = 5.38
Temperature coefficient of voltage = -0.35%/C
Temperature coefficient of power = -0.45%/C
Maximum voltage = 750V
Efficiency = 14.7%

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The photovoltaic strings have the following electrical characteristics at STC:
String Pmax = 1500W
String Vmpp = 292V
String Impp = 5.15A
String Voc = 359V
String Isc = 5.38A
At 10C Voc is:

o
String Voc (-10C) = 403V
Therefore string Vmpp is 292V at 25C, whereas at the extreme working conditions (-10C and +70C)
it is 336V and 235V respectively.
Modules connections to form strings will be realized with cables prewired to the modules themselves, or,
whether they will not be long enough, with solar cable FG21M21 2x(1x4) mm2 or similar; bonding of strings to
the Array Switchboard will be made with the same type of cable. Cable characteristics are:
Flexible conductor annealed copper made
HEPR G21 special rubber insulation
Rubber M21 outer sheath
Maximum Voltage DC, also to the earth: 1800 Vdc
Ambient Temperature: -40C - +90C
Maximum conductor temperature: 120C
Maximum short circuit temperature: 250C
Suitable also for direct or indirect underground wiring
Photovoltaic plant exposure:

The geographical installation site is 15 45 52 S 12 06 21 E, at 47 m above sea level.
Since the orientation of the building is north-south with roof pitches exposed to east and west respectively, and
therefore not suitable for a rooftop array, an array installation on the ground has been decided. Since the site is
in the southern hemisphere, modules must be orientated to face north with an inclination of about 10. It is
necessary to space out module rows, to avoid mutual shading, of at least 25-30 cm.
Array dc Switchboard:
The four dc lines from the four strings will be connected to the array board and two dc lines will be shunted
from it towards the respective inverters. The array board will be located inside the school building next to
inverters; it will be an insulating material enclosure for 18 DIN rail modules.
There will be two switch-disconnectors for d.c. ABB S800PV-M type, In=32A, Ue=800Vdc, DC21-A. Above each
one, the parallel of the two strings belonging to the two subarray will be done and blocking diodes AGENTECH
SD-2510-A, UL = 500V, IAVG = 10A type, will be installed.
Above disconnectors also SPD ABB OVR PV 40 600, IK = 20 kA type will be installed. It is necessary to connect
the SPD output terminal to the earthing arrangement and, with a bonding not longer than 0.5 m, to the inverter
earth terminal.

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Inverter:
Inside the building two inverters SMA Sunny Boy 3300 type, single-phase 230 V 50 Hz, with LF separation
transformer, will be installed; these equipments, if properly set, can work in off-grid installations.
Main electric characteristics are:
Pmaxdc = 3820W
Vmaxdc = 500V
Vmpp = 200-400V
Vstart = 250V
IINMAX = 20A
IINMAX per string = 16A
Pac = 3300W
Pmaxac = 3600W
IOUTMAX = 18A
Choosing the inverter it has been checked that the input voltage and current range (dc side) were compatible
with those suitable for the inverter; as to inverter power relating to the one of the photovoltaic array, contrary
to what happens for installations in Italy, it was decided to overrate the inverter of 10% because STC could be
frequently exceeded.
BACK-UP SYSTEM
Evaluation of the battery box capacity:
Since data are not available, the electrical system absorption during school days has been supposed starting
from the diesel generator power.
A corresponding daily absorption of 37 kWh, at cos = 0.9, at 41 kVAh has been supposed.
Considering 160 Ah at 12V, HAZE HZB12-160 type (Valve regulated lead acid) stationary batteries, having to
interface the energy backup at the voltage of 24V, and having decided to split the system into two inverter also
in this case, two groups each one made of 12 elements are considered and connected to create two 24V
backups of 960Ah each.
In this way there will be two backups each one with the following electric characteristics:
Vdc = 24V
Capacity at 10h (C10) = 960Ah
Backup energy (C10) = 23040VAh
Discharge current at 10h Idc= 96A
Short circuit current Idc = 28200A
Battery boxes must be located inside the building, next to the input point of the riser from the diesel generator.
Their connection to the respective inverters will be done using H07V-K 2x(1x70) mm2 cables.
Disconnecting Switchboard dc side:
Next to the battery boxes a disconnecting and protection metallic board will be located, with two Schneider
FUPACT INF160 disconnector-fuses with 160A gG fuses. The disconnectors will be quadripolar with two by two

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series connected terminals for dc working. Lines from battery boxes will arrive to the board and from it lines to
inverters will depart.
Inverters:
Two SMA Sunny Island 3324 inverters single-phase
230 V 50 Hz will be installed near the preceding
elements. Lines from disconnecting board of the battery boxes will be connected to the inverter dc side; the
riser from the diesel generator, which must be disconnected from the main board of the building, will be parallel
connected to the inverters ac side. The ac output will be connected to the parallel board to supply the system.
Main electrical characteristics:
Max. Battery Current = 104 A
Max. Battery Charging Current = 140 A
Battery Voltage= 24 V
Max. input power (AC input) PMAX = 12.8 kW
Max. input current (AC input) = 56 A
Continuous AC power (AC output) = 3300 W
Nominal AC current (AC output) = 14.5 A
PARALLEL SWITCHBOARD
The parallel board will be installed next to general existing board. It will be supplied through lines H07V-K
2x(1x6) mm2 type by the four inverters (2 Sunny Boy 3300 connected to the photovoltaic array and 2 Sunny
Island 3324 connected to the back-up batteries).
The board will contain four bipolar disconnectors ABB E202/25 below which there will be the parallel of supplies
and the H07V-K 2x(1x16) mm2 line protected by a thermal magnetic circuit breaker, which resupplies the
existing board.
Wiring System Sizing - Overload and short-circuit protections

DC side Photovoltaic generator
Photovoltaic array array board: line FG21M21, S = 4 mm2 type. Current Ib is 5.15 A, in short-circuit conditions
is 6.7 A. Line current-carrying capacity is 55 A, widely higher than what required. Therefore line protections
against both short-circuit and overload are not necessary.
Array board Inverter: line H07V-K, S = 6 mm2 type. Current Ib is 10.3 A, in short-circuit conditions is 13.4 A.
Line current-carrying capacity is 33 A, higher than what required. Therefore line protections against both shortcircuit and overload are not necessary.
DC side Accumulator batteries
Batteries - Inverter: line H07V-K, S = 70 mm2 type. Current Ib is 96 A, in short-circuit conditions is 28200 A.
Line current-carrying capacity is 171 A. The line is protected against overload and short-circuit by 160 A gG
fuses on sectioning board.

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AC side
Inverter - Parallel Board: line H07V-K, S = 6 mm2 type. Current Ib is 18 A at most, the short-circuit is supplied
by the diesel generator, if working, or by the batteries, or by the photovoltaic generator. In any case a shortcircuit in one of these lines causes the involved inverter detachment and it is not dangerous for the line. Lines
current-carrying capacity is 23 A, higher than what required. Therefore line protections against both shortcircuit and overload are not necessary.
Parallel board General board (existing): line H07V-K, S = 16 mm2 type. Line current-carrying capacity is 68 A
and is protected by a 63 A curve B thermal magnetic circuit breaker.
Earthing Protection against indirect contacts

PV Generator
The PV system will be isolated from earth. The first earth fault won't cause a considerable current, if the second
earth fault occurs the generator part between the two earth points short-circuits; the control device in the
inverter signals the first fault.
Possible conductive parts must be connected to the existing earthing arrangement; the metal frames of PV
modules, even if in double insulation, must be connected to ground to allow inverter control device working.
The PV system above inverter transformer will be IT type (isolated neutral system).
For the first earth fault, being an IT system, the following relation must be verified:
RE
120
Id
where RE is the earthing arrangement resistance and Id the earth fault current; in case the second earth fault
happens the protective conductor connecting exposed-conductive-parts in earth fault, short-circuiting modules
between them, is flowed by the string current, bringing the exposed-conductive-parts in fault at a voltage equal
to current multiplied by the conductor part impedance, in the worst case. Also in this case possible voltage
values are not dangerous and the existing earthing arrangement is surely suitable.
Accumulator batteries
Accumulator batteries are connected to provide terminals with a voltage of 24V; the system is a SELV type.
Safety is due to voltage levels that are not dangerous themselves. But it will be necessary to keep apart all
parts at a voltage higher than 24V.
AC side
Inverters exposed-conductive-parts must be connected to the existing earthing arrangement. The protection
against indirect contacts in the AC side will be an integral part of the existing one in the supply system, and it
will be extended to them if necessary. As it was said during the first earth fault current is extremely minimal, so
the relation is surely verified with any earthing arrangement.

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Protection against overvoltages

Inverters are the sensitive devices to overvoltages, although having internal protections. In fact they could be
damaged on input lines (DC side) or on output lines (AC side) by overvoltages caused by lightning strikes fallen
nearby.
So it will be necessary to protect the inverters with SPD both on DC side (photovoltaic array, devices housed in
the array board) and on AC side (system side, device housed in the parallel board); it is not necessary to
protect the inverters on the buffer battery side because the probability of induced overvoltages on this side is
surely minimal.
SPDs on DC side will be ABB OVR PV 40 600 type, with the following characteristics:
Type 2
Response time: 25 ns
Residual current < 1 mA
Built-in thermal protection: 25 A cc
Nominal discharge current: 20 kA
Nominal voltage: 600 V cc
Maximum system voltage: 700 V cc
Protection level: 2.8kV (L-L)/1.4kV (L-PE)
SPDs on AC side will be ABB OVR T2 1N 40 275 P type, protected by a 16 A gG prefuse, with the following
characteristics:
Type 2
Response time: 25 ns
Residual current < 1 mA
Nominal discharge current: 20 kA
Maximum discharge current: 40 kA
Protection level: 1.4kV (L-N)/1.4kV (L-PE)
10
PLAN PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY

Referring to output data of the attached JRC European Commission table obtained from the
following specifications:
PV technology: Monocrystallin silicon
Nominal power of the PV system: 6kW
Mounting options: fixed, slope=10 from the horizon tal plane, azimuth 0N (180)
Location: 1545'56"S,120'9"E, altitude=88m a.s.l.
The following losses are estimated:

Estimated losses due to temperature=15.6%
Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects=2.4%
Inverter losses=6%
Cables losses=1%
Combined PV system losses considering also albedo coefficient=25.0%
Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system:
Hm=2240 kWh/m2 (see table)
Average annual gross electricity production:

6x2240=13440 kWh
Productivity (expected annual production from the given system):
0.75x13440=10080 kWh
Estimated efficiency:
=10080/13440=0.75=75.0%
PV FIELD
PN [W]
VOC P [V]
VOC S [V]
VCC M-I [V]
250
59,8
358,8
500
I SC P [A]
I SC S [A]
ISC M-S-I [A]
I SC S
<
5,38
5,38
16
ISC M-S-I
OK
ISC T-M-I [A]
ISC T
<
20
ISC T-M-I
OK
VOC M-P [V]
VOC M-S [V]
VCC M-I [V]
-0,35
59,9225
359,535
500
V MP-P [V]
VMP-P-M A[V]
V MP-S-MA [V]
V MPP MA-I [V]
48,6
48,7225
292,335
400
VMP-P-MI [V]
VMP-S-MI [V]
V MPP MI-I[V]
48,4425
290,655
200
ISC T [A]
10,76
VOC S
<
VCC M-I
OK
STRING VOLTAGE CHECK
STRING CURRENT CHECK
ARRAY CURRENT CHECK
%/C
VOC M-S
<
VCC M-I
OK
MAXIMUM OPEN CIRCUIT STRING

VOLTAGE CHECK
V N-S-MA
<
V MPP MA-I
OK
MAXIMUM OPERATING STRING VOLTAGE

CHECK
V N-S-MI
>
V MPP MI-I
OK
MINIMUM OPERATING STRING VOLTAGE

CHECK
PV FIELD
INVERTER DATA
VCC M-I [V]
ISC M-S-I [A]
ISC T-M-I [A]
500
16
20
V MPP MA-I
V MPP MI-I[V]
[V]
400
200
%/C
V MP-P [V]
48,6
MODULES DATA
PN [W]
250
VOC P [V]
59,8
I SC P [A]
5,38
-0,35
ARRAY HIPOTHESIS
STRING NUMBER
2
MODULES
NUMBER PER
STRING
6
SYMBOL KEY
SYMBOL
PN
VOC P
I SC P
VOC S
VCC M-I
I SC S
ISC M-S-I
DESCRIPTION
Module Nominal Power

Module open circuit
voltage
UNIT OF
MEASUREMEN
T
SYMBOL
DESCRIPTION
VOC M-P
Maximum module VOC

at -10 C
VOC M-S
Maximum string VOC at 10 C
Module short circuit

current
V MP-P[V]
Module optimum
operating voltage
String open circuit voltage
VMP-P-MA
Module operating
voltage at -10 C
V MP-S-MA
String Maximum
operating voltage
At -10 C
V MPP MA-I
Inverter maximum
MPP voltage
VMP-P-MI
Module Minimum
operating voltage at
+70 C
String minimum
operating voltage at
+70 C
Module Maximum short

circuit voltage
String short circuit current
Inverter maximum input

current per string
Total short circuit current
ISC T-M-I
Inverter maximum input

current
Temperature Coefficient
of VOC
ISC T
UNIT OF
MEASUREMEN
T
VMP-S-MI
V MPP MI-I
%/C
Inverter minimum MPP

voltage
V
V
V
V

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ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

ISTITUTO TECNICO INDUSTRIALE STATALE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

CENTRO DE ESTUDOS DO DESERTO

Relazione tecnica NjambasanaEN.doc

ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

DC side Photovoltaic generator................................................................... 8

Relazione tecnica NjambasanaEN.doc

ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

TECHNICAL PLAN REPORT ABOUT THE REALIZATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC

Relazione tecnica NjambasanaEN.doc

ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

New system structure

Inverter 1: Rated Power in a.c.= 3300 W

String 1: Rated Power in d.c. = 1500 W

String 2: Rated Power in d.c. = 1500 W

Inverter 2: : Rated Power in a.c. = 3300 W

String 3: Rated Power in d.c. = 1500 W

String 4: Rated Power in d.c. = 1500 W

Monocrystallin silicon, n. 96 cells 125x125 mm with series connection

Protection class IP65 junction box (prewired)

Electrical Characteristics at STC:

Temperature coefficient of voltage = -0.35%/C

Temperature coefficient of power = -0.45%/C

Maximum voltage = 750V

Relazione tecnica NjambasanaEN.doc

ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

The photovoltaic strings have the following electrical characteristics at STC:

String Pmax = 1500W

String Vmpp = 292V

String Impp = 5.15A

String Voc = 359V

String Isc = 5.38A

At 10C Voc is:

String Voc (-10C) = 403V

Flexible conductor annealed copper made

HEPR G21 special rubber insulation

Rubber M21 outer sheath

Maximum Voltage DC, also to the earth: 1800 Vdc

Ambient Temperature: -40C - +90C

Maximum conductor temperature: 120C

Maximum short circuit temperature: 250C

Suitable also for direct or indirect underground wiring

Photovoltaic plant exposure:

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ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

IINMAX per string = 16A

Capacity at 10h (C10) = 960Ah

Backup energy (C10) = 23040VAh

Discharge current at 10h Idc= 96A

Short circuit current Idc = 28200A

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ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

230 V 50 Hz will be installed near the preceding

Max. Battery Current = 104 A

Max. Battery Charging Current = 140 A

Max. input power (AC input) PMAX = 12.8 kW

Max. input current (AC input) = 56 A

Continuous AC power (AC output) = 3300 W

Nominal AC current (AC output) = 14.5 A

Wiring System Sizing - Overload and short-circuit protections

Relazione tecnica NjambasanaEN.doc

ISTITUTO di ISTRUZIONE SUPERIORE ANTONIO PACINOTTI

Earthing Protection against indirect contacts